ci
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Page categories
English
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Borrowed from Mandarin 詞/词 (cí).
Noun
[edit]ci (uncountable)
- One of the Classical Chinese poetry forms
Anagrams
[edit]Aka (Central Africa)
[edit]Noun
[edit]ci
Further reading
[edit]- Marvin Lionel Bender, Topics in Nilo-Saharan linguistics (1989) (cí, cì)
- [1] (ɕi)
Balinese
[edit]Romanization
[edit]ci
- Romanization of ᬘᬶ
Bambara
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Noun
[edit]cí
- thatch, especially of the species Diheteropogon grandiflorus
Etymology 2
[edit]Noun
[edit]cí
- commission, errand
- message, order
- mission, task, assignment
- ò cí bɛ́ í kàn
- it is your duty
- work, labor (especially agricultural)
- cí kɛ́
- to work in the fields
- usefulness, utility
- cí tɛ́ nìn ná
- that's useless
Verb
[edit]cí
Etymology 3
[edit]Verb
[edit]cì
- to hit
- fíyɛn bɛ́ cì
- the wind is blowing
- fàli cì
- to hit an donkey
- to break
- à y'á kùn cì
- He knocked him unconscious
- to destroy
- to split, divide, cut
- dɔ́gɔ cì
- to split wood
- to burst, explode with a loud noise
- màrifa cì
- to fire off a round (with a gun)
- to trace, tattoo
- bála cì
- to plot an area of a field to be hoed
- tùgu cì
- to vaccinate in the arm
Noun
[edit]cì
Corsican
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Ultimately from either Latin hīc (“here”) or hinc (“from here”). Akin to Italian ci; see there for more. Compare Sicilian cci.
Adverb
[edit]ci
Pronoun
[edit]ci
- us (both direct and indirect object)
See also
[edit]References
[edit]Dalmatian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Latin quem. Compare Portuguese quem, Romanian cine, Spanish quien, Romansch che, Sardinian chíne.
Pronunciation
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]ci
Dhimal
[edit]Noun
[edit]ci
Further reading
[edit]- John T. King, A Grammar of Dhimal
Esperanto
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Italian or French tu, Russian ты (ty), etc., plus the i of personal pronouns.
Pronunciation
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]ci (accusative cin, possessive cia)
- (rare) thou, you (second-person informal singular pronoun)
- 1905, Ludoviko Lazaro Zamenhof, Fundamento de Esperanto:
- Mi legas. — Ci skribas (anstataŭ “ci” oni uzas ordinare “vi”).
- I read. — Thou writest (instead of “ci” one ordinarily uses “vi”.)
- 1899, Felikso Zamenhof, (Please provide the book title or journal name):
- Ekamis la konato / Kaj reciproke ŝi; / Post paso de monato / Ŝanĝiĝis »Vi« per »ci«.
- Her acquaintance fell in love / and reciprocally she; / after the passage of a month / "You" changed into "thee".
- 1907, Henri Vallienne, Kastelo de Prelongo, ch. 6:
- Cia sintenado estos vere fiera, li moke murmuretis en ŝian orelon, kiam ci estos vekinta la tutan loĝantaron.
- Thine attitude shall be truly proud, he mockingly whispered into her ear, when thou shalt have awakened the whole population.
Usage notes
[edit]Some people believe that this word was used in the past and then became archaic, but this is not true. Actually, this word has never been in common usage; Zamenhof advised against using 'ci' as early as the Dua Libro de l' Lingvo Internacia, published in 1888. Many Esperantists don't even understand it. Some authors have used 'ci' to portray archaic language, for translations, and for stylistic effects. This usage is criticized by other writers.
- Ludwig L. Zamenhof, Dua Libro de l' Lingvo Internacia; Ludwig L. Zamenhof, Lingvaj Respondoj; Bertilo Wennergren, Plena Manlibro de Esperanta Gramatiko (PMEG); Bernard Golden, La Gazeto #11, June 15, 1987; Zlatko Tisjlar, Frekvencmorfemaro de Parolata Esperanto.
French
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Late Latin ecce hīc.
Pronunciation
[edit]Adverb
[edit]ci
Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]- “ci”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Hausa
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Chadic, ultimately from Proto-Afroasiatic *taʔ- (“to eat, especially something soft, to close lips, especially loosely”). Compare Akkadian 𒋫𒀪𒌑 (ta-ʔu-u2 /ta'u/, “to eat”), Mehri tewō (“eat”), Arabic تَأْتَأَ (taʔtaʔa, “to stammer, to stutter, to reduplicate sounds, to mumble or move lips”), and with varying Berber forms Tamahaq ⵜⵜ (tǝtt), Tarifit ⵜⵜ (tǝtt), Central Atlas Tamazight ⵜⵛ (tc), and Kabyle teṭṭ (pharyngeal-coloring found as well in the Arabic variant تَعْتَعَ (taʕtaʕa), and in that sense possible further connections to طَعِمَ (ṭaʕima, “to taste”) and عَضَّ (ʕaḍḍa, “to bite”)).
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]ci (grade Ø)
Ido
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Determiner
[edit]ci
- Alternative form of ici (“these”)
Pronoun
[edit]ci
- Alternative form of ici (“these”)
Indonesian
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Xiamen Hokkien 錢/钱 (chîⁿ, “mace”).
Noun
[edit]ci (first-person possessive ciku, second-person possessive cimu, third-person possessive cinya)
- (obsolete) weight unit: 1/10 tahil (for opium).
Etymology 2
[edit]From Sundanese ᮎᮤ (ci), ultimately from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *wahiʀ.
Noun
[edit]ci (first-person possessive ciku, second-person possessive cimu, third-person possessive cinya)
- river (large stream which drains a landmass)
Synonyms
[edit]Etymology 3
[edit]Noun
[edit]ci (first-person possessive ciku, second-person possessive cimu, third-person possessive cinya)
Further reading
[edit]- “ci” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.
Interlingua
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Adverb
[edit]ci
- here (at this place)
Italian
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Latin cē (the name of the letter C).
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]ci f (invariable)
- The name of the Latin-script letter C/c.; cee
See also
[edit]- (Latin-script letter names) lettera; a, bi, ci, di, e, effe, gi, acca, i, gei / i lunga, cappa, elle, emme, enne, o, pi, cu, erre, esse, ti, u, vu / vi, doppia vu, ics, ipsilon / i greca, zeta
Further reading
[edit]- ci2 in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana
Etymology 2
[edit]Uncertain. Rohlfs[1] and Von Wartburg[2] favoured/favored Late Latin ecce hīc. Maiden[3] casts doubt on this etymology, pointing out that Italian ci is an unstressed 'weak' form, while Latin hic otherwise survives in Italian only in stressed forms (reinforced by Latin ecce or eccum) such as ciò, qua, and qui. (It should also be noted that all of the latter trigger syntactic doubling in a following word, thanks to their original final /k/, while ci does not.)[4] Maiden proposes instead an origin in Latin hince, variant of hinc (“hence, from here”), pointing out that in parts of southern Italy there exists a 1PL pronoun 'nci (cf. also 'nce). Treccani,[5] on the other hand, proposes an origin in Latin hīce, a variant of hīc (“here”). In any case, the Italian term is certainly cognate with Neapolitan ce, Sicilian cci and Sassarese zi, all three of which share similar adverbial senses, with the latter two also having pronominal senses.
Alternative forms
[edit]- -ci (enclitic)
Pronunciation
[edit]
Pronoun
[edit]ci
- us
- Loro ci conoscono ― They know us
- (reflexive) ourselves; each other
- Ci arrabbiamo ― We (ourselves) get angry
- Ci amiamo ― We love each other
- to us
- Lui ci ha detto questo ― He said this to us
- replaces the indefinite personal pronoun si (“one”) before reflexive si (“oneself”); one
- Ci si lava. ― One washes oneself.
- Ci si annoia quando non c'è niente da fare.
- One gets bored when there is nothing to do.
- it, to it
- Non ci credo. ― I do not believe it.
Usage notes
[edit]See also
[edit]Number | Person | Gender | Nominative | Reflexive | Accusative | Dative | Combined | Disjunctive | Locative | Partitive |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | first | — | io | mi, m', -mi | me | me | — | |||
second | — | tu | ti, t', -ti | te | te | |||||
third | m | lui | si2, s', -si | lo, l', -lo | gli, -gli | glie, se2 | lui, sé | ci, c', vi, v' (formal) |
ne, n' | |
f | lei, Lei1 | la, La1, l', L'1, -la, -La1 | le3, Le1, -le3, -Le1 | lei, Lei1, sé | ||||||
Plural | first | — | noi | ci, c', -ci | ce | noi | — | |||
second | — | voi, Voi4 | vi, Vi4, v', V'4, -vi, -Vi4 | ve | voi, Voi4 | |||||
third | m | loro, Loro1 | si, s', -si | li, Li1, -li, -Li1 | gli, -gli, loro (formal), Loro1 |
glie, se | loro, Loro1, sé | ci, c', vi, v' (formal) |
ne, n' | |
f | le, Le1, -le, -Le1 | |||||||||
1 | Third person pronominal forms used as formal terms of address to refer to second person subjects (with the first letter frequently capitalised as a sign of respect, and to distinguish them from third person subjects). Unlike the singular forms, the plural forms are mostly antiquated terms of formal address in the modern language, and second person plural pronouns are almost always used instead. | |||||||||
2 | Also used as indefinite pronoun meaning “one”, and to form the passive. | |||||||||
3 | Often replaced by gli, -gli in informal language. | |||||||||
4 | Formal (capitalisation optional); in many regions, can refer to just one person (compare with French vous). |
Adverb
[edit]ci
- to there, here, there
- Synonym: vi (formal)
- Ci sono andato ― I have been there
- Ci siamo ― We're here
- Ci sono molte cose ― There are many things
- C'è un problema ― There is a problem
- forms part of many verbs:
- volerci ― to require/take
- abituarci ― to get used to it
- riuscirci ― to be able to do it
- entrarci ― to do with something
- contarci ― to count on it
- pensarci ― to think about it
- starci ― to agree / to be up for something
- farcela ― to manage to do something
- crederci ― to believe it
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Rohlfs, Gerhard. 1969. Grammatica storica della lingua italiana e dei suoi dialetti, vol. 3: Sintassi e formazione delle parole. Torino: Einaudi. §899.
- ^ Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “hīc”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volume 4: G H I, page 425
- ^ Maiden, Martin. 1995. A linguistic history of Italian. London: Longman. §9.1.1.
- ^ ci in Luciano Canepari, Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana (DiPI)
- ^ ci1 in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana
Etymology 3
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Noun
[edit]ci m (uncountable)
Further reading
[edit]- ci1 in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana
- ci2 in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana
- ci3 in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana
Kangjia
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Mongolic *ci, compare Mongolian чи (či), Dongxiang chi.
Pronoun
[edit]ci
Kanuri
[edit]Noun
[edit]ci
Latin
[edit]Verb
[edit]cī
Malay
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]ci (Jawi spelling چي, plural ci-ci, informal 1st possessive ciku, 2nd possessive cimu, 3rd possessive cinya)
- river (large stream which drains a landmass)
Synonyms
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- “ci” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.
Mandarin
[edit]Romanization
[edit]ci
- Nonstandard spelling of cī.
- Nonstandard spelling of cí.
- Nonstandard spelling of cǐ.
- Nonstandard spelling of cì.
Usage notes
[edit]- Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.
Noone
[edit]Verb
[edit]ci
Synonyms
[edit]References
[edit]- R. Blench, Beboid Comparative
Nupe
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Conjunction
[edit]ci
- Used to order actions temporally: then; and
- Musa à bá nakàn yínna, Gàná ci à gí eci yínna ― Musa will cut meat today, and Gana will eat yam today
Usage notes
[edit]- ci is solely used to join verbs/sentences and not nouns, for which tò is used. Additionally, when ci is used, the subject of each verb must be specified.
See also
[edit]Old French
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Late Latin ecce hīc.
Adverb
[edit]ci
- here (in this place)
- c. 1250, Marie de France, Guigemar:
- Va t'en de ci ! Lai me aveir pes.
- Go, leave this place! Let me have peace.
Descendants
[edit]Old Irish
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]ci
- Alternative form of cía
Conjunction
[edit]ci
- Alternative form of cía
Polish
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]- (stressed) tobie
Etymology 2
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ti.
Pronoun
[edit]ci
Etymology 3
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]ci m
Romanian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From ce.
Pronunciation
[edit]Conjunction
[edit]ci
- (adversative) but; so that; on the contrary, opposite
- Nici eu, ci el. ― Not I, but he.
See also
[edit]Sicilian
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Akin to Italian ci; see there for more.
Adverb
[edit]ci
Etymology 2
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]ci
Usage notes
[edit]- Unlike in Italian, the Sicilian pronoun ci is not used for the first-person plural ('us'). The Sicilian equivalent is ni.
Inflection
[edit]3rd person | m | f | pl |
---|---|---|---|
nominative | iddu | idda | iddi |
prepositional | iddu | idda | iddi |
accusative | lu | la | li |
dative | ci | ci | ci |
reflexive | si | si | si |
Tarantino
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]ci (relative)
Tedim Chin
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Kuki-Chin *tsii, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-tsji.
Noun
[edit]ci
References
[edit]- Zomi Ordbog based on the work of D.L. Haokip
Venetian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Latin quis (compare Italian chi).
Pronoun
[edit]ci (interrogative)
- who?
Usage notes
[edit]- Redoubled for reinforcement.
- Ci èlo ci?
- Who on earth is he?
- Ci èlo ci?
Walloon
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Old French cist, from Latin ecce istum (< iste).
Pronunciation
[edit]Determiner
[edit]ci (after an open syllabe : ç', feminine : cisse, masculine form before vowel : cist, feminine form before vowel : ciste, plural : ces)
- this
- Ci rotch
- This rock
- C' est ç' rotch-ci
- It's this rock
- Cist ome
- This man
- Cisse gayole
- This box
- Ciste afwaire
- This affair
- Ces måjhons
- These houses
Pronoun
[edit]ci (before a vowel : c', alternative form : çou)
Welsh
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Brythonic *ki, from Proto-Celtic *kū, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱwṓ.
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]ci m (plural cŵn)
Derived terms
[edit]- ci poeth (“hotdog”)
- ciaidd (“savage, fierce”)
- corgi (“corgi”)
- cynaidd (“canine”)
- cynffongi (“sycophant, sponger”)
- cynol (“canine”)
- dwrgi (“otter”)
- gellgi (“a Welsh staghound”)
- gwenci (“weasel”)
- hyddgi (“staghound”)
- (literary) ciros (“dog roses”)
- rhos y cŵn (“dog roses, sweetbriers”)
- rhosyn y cŵn (“dogrose”)
- ufferngi (“hell-hound”)
Mutation
[edit]Welsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
ci | gi | nghi | chi |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
White Hmong
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]ci
Zhuang
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]- (Standard Zhuang) IPA(key): /ɕi˨˦/
- Tone numbers: ci1
- Hyphenation: ci
Etymology 1
[edit]Noun
[edit]ci (1957–1982 spelling ci)
Classifier
[edit]ci (1957–1982 spelling ci)
Verb
[edit]ci (1957–1982 spelling ci)
- to sew with a sewing machine
- to machine on a lathe
Etymology 2
[edit]Verb
[edit]ci (Sawndip form 𫩝, 1957–1982 spelling ci)
- (intransitive, of wind) to blow
- (transitive) to blow
- Synonym: (dialectal) baed
- (transitive) to play (a wind instrument)
- (transitive) to pump (a bellows)
Etymology 3
[edit]Verb
[edit]ci (1957–1982 spelling ci)
Etymology 4
[edit]Classifier
[edit]ci (1957–1982 spelling ci)
- Used for stick-like objects.
- English terms borrowed from Mandarin
- English terms derived from Mandarin
- English lemmas
- English nouns
- English uncountable nouns
- Aka (Central Africa) lemmas
- Aka (Central Africa) nouns
- Balinese non-lemma forms
- Balinese romanizations
- Bambara lemmas
- Bambara nouns
- Bambara terms with usage examples
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- Corsican terms derived from Latin
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- Corsican adverbs
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- Corsican personal pronouns
- Dalmatian terms inherited from Latin
- Dalmatian terms derived from Latin
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- Dalmatian lemmas
- Dalmatian pronouns
- Dhimal lemmas
- Dhimal nouns
- Esperanto terms derived from Italian
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- Esperanto terms derived from Russian
- Esperanto terms with IPA pronunciation
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- Esperanto lemmas
- Esperanto pronouns
- Esperanto terms with rare senses
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- Esperanto 1894 Universala Vortaro
- Words approved by the Akademio de Esperanto
- French terms inherited from Late Latin
- French terms derived from Late Latin
- French 1-syllable words
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- Hausa terms with IPA pronunciation
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- Ido terms with IPA pronunciation
- Ido non-lemma forms
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- Indonesian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Indonesian terms borrowed from Xiamen Hokkien
- Indonesian terms derived from Xiamen Hokkien
- Indonesian lemmas
- Indonesian nouns
- Indonesian uncountable nouns
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- Rhymes:Italian/i
- Rhymes:Italian/i/1 syllable
- Italian lemmas
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- it:Latin letter names
- Italian terms with unknown etymologies
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- it:Languages
- Kangjia terms inherited from Proto-Mongolic
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- Kangjia lemmas
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- Kanuri nouns
- kr:Anatomy
- Latin non-lemma forms
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- Rhymes:Malay/t͡ʃi
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- Malay lemmas
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- ms:Liquids
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- Old French terms inherited from Late Latin
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- Old French lemmas
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- Old French terms with quotations
- Old Irish lemmas
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- Polish 1-syllable words
- Polish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Polish terms with audio links
- Rhymes:Polish/i
- Rhymes:Polish/i/1 syllable
- Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
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- Polish non-lemma forms
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- Tarantino lemmas
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- Tedim Chin terms inherited from Proto-Kuki-Chin
- Tedim Chin terms derived from Proto-Kuki-Chin
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- Tedim Chin terms derived from Proto-Sino-Tibetan
- Tedim Chin lemmas
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- Venetian terms inherited from Latin
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- Walloon terms inherited from Old French
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- Walloon terms inherited from Latin
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- Walloon determiners
- Picard terms with usage examples
- Walloon pronouns
- Welsh terms inherited from Proto-Brythonic
- Welsh terms derived from Proto-Brythonic
- Welsh terms inherited from Proto-Celtic
- Welsh terms derived from Proto-Celtic
- Welsh terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Welsh terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Welsh terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Welsh/iː
- Welsh lemmas
- Welsh nouns
- Welsh countable nouns
- Welsh masculine nouns
- cy:Dogs
- White Hmong terms with IPA pronunciation
- White Hmong lemmas
- White Hmong verbs
- Zhuang terms with IPA pronunciation
- Zhuang 1-syllable words
- Zhuang terms borrowed from Chinese
- Zhuang terms derived from Chinese
- Zhuang lemmas
- Zhuang nouns
- Zhuang classifiers
- Zhuang verbs
- Zhuang intransitive verbs
- Zhuang transitive verbs