ja
Translingual
[edit]Symbol
[edit]ja
English
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Borrowed from Afrikaans ja (“yes”), from Dutch ja (“yes”). More at yea.
Alternative forms
[edit]Adverb
[edit]ja (not comparable)
- (chiefly South Africa, informal) Yes.
- 1940, Penguin Parade (issue 7, page 25)
- Ja, he had been fooled and it was not pleasant for a man to go home and tell his wife that he been verneuked.
- 1940, Penguin Parade (issue 7, page 25)
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]From the Revised Romanization of Korean 자 (ja).
Alternative forms
[edit]Noun
[edit]ja (plural jas or ja)
- (Korean units of measure) Synonym of Korean foot: a traditional unit of length equivalent to about 30.3 cm.
Anagrams
[edit]Afrikaans
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Adverb
[edit]ja
Descendants
[edit]Alemannic German
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Old High German ja, jā, from Proto-Germanic *ja. Cognate with German ja, Dutch ja, English yea, Swedish ja.
Adverb
[edit]ja
References
[edit]- Abegg, Emil, (1911) Die Mundart von Urseren (Beiträge zur Schweizerdeutschen Grammatik. IV.) [The Dialect of Urseren], Frauenfeld, Switzerland: Huber & Co., page 13.
Assan
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *axʷ (“I”). Compare Kott ai (“I”), Pumpokol ad (“I”), and Arin aj.
Pronoun
[edit]ja
- I (first-person singular subjective)
Synonyms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]Atong (India)
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Cognate with Garo ja (“moon, month”).
Noun
[edit]ja
References
[edit]- van Breugel, Seino. 2015. Atong-English dictionary, second edition. Available online: https://www.academia.edu/487044/Atong_English_Dictionary.
Catalan
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Adverb
[edit]ja
- already, (in negative sentences) any more
- now, immediately, at once
Derived terms
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- “ja” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.
Central Melanau
[edit]< 0 | 1 | 2 > |
---|---|---|
Cardinal : ja | ||
Alternative forms
[edit]Numeral
[edit]ja
Synonyms
[edit]Cimbrian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Middle High German ja, from Old High German ja, jā, from Proto-West Germanic *jā, from Proto-Germanic *ja. Cognate with German ja, English yea.
Particle
[edit]ja
References
[edit]- “ja” in Martalar, Umberto Martello, Bellotto, Alfonso (1974) Dizionario della lingua Cimbra dei Sette Communi vicentini, 1st edition, Roana, Italy: Instituto di Cultura Cimbra A. Dal Pozzo
Cypriot Arabic
[edit]Root |
---|
j-y-y |
2 terms |
Etymology
[edit]Verb
[edit]References
[edit]- Borg, Alexander (2004) A Comparative Glossary of Cypriot Maronite Arabic (Arabic–English) (Handbook of Oriental Studies; I.70), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 192
Danish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Interjection
[edit]ja
Antonyms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]Noun
[edit]ja n (singular definite jaet, plural indefinite jaer)
Inflection
[edit]Dimasa
[edit]Noun
[edit]já
Derived terms
[edit]Dutch
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]- (obsolete) jae
Etymology
[edit]From Middle Dutch ja, from Old Dutch *jā, from Proto-Germanic *ja.
Pronunciation
[edit]Adverb
[edit]ja
- yes
- Synonym: jep
- Antonyms: nee, neen
- Wil je met ons meegaan? — Ja, graag! ― Would you like to come with us? — Yes, I'd love to!
Derived terms
[edit]Noun
[edit]ja m or n (plural ja's, diminutive jaatje n)
Interjection
[edit]ja
- yes!
- Synonym: yes
- "Ja!" riep hij luid toen er een doelpunt viel. ― Yes! he screamed loudly when they scored a goal.
- (Suriname, informal) A casual greeting acknowledging the presence of a person; hey, hi, what's up
- (Suriname, informal) Used as a request for someone to repeat something not heard or understood clearly; say again, what's that
Descendants
[edit]- Afrikaans: ja
- Indonesian: ya
- Berbice Creole Dutch: ja
- Jersey Dutch: jâ
- Negerhollands: ja, ju
- Skepi Creole Dutch: ja
- → Saramaccan: jahái, jaái
Esperanto
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Borrowed from German ja. Compare Polish jo, Yiddish יאָ (yo), English yea. Related to jes.
Pronunciation
[edit]Adverb
[edit]ja
- emphatic particle; indeed, certainly, surely, after all
- 2015, Kalle Kniivilä, “Sopiro al Sovetio [Yearning for the Soviet Union]”, in Krimeo estas nia [Crimea is ours]:
- Sed la bona soveta tempo neniam revenos. Ĝi ja neniam ekzistis.
- But the good Soviet times will never return. After all, they never existed.
- (literally, “But the good Soviet time will never come again. It indeed never existed.”)
Usage notes
[edit]The word ja emphasizes the entire sentence or a specific word or phrase, stressing the reality of it. It is most often placed before or after the sentence's main verb, or before an adverb modifying the main verb. Otherwise, it is usually placed in front of a word or phrase that it emphasizes.
It is also commonly used for emphatic negation, combined with ne or a correlative starting in neni-, usually with ja placed in front of it.
Derived terms
[edit]- jes ja (“yes indeed”)
Related terms
[edit]- do (“therefore, indeed, so”)
- ekzakte (“exactly”)
- fakte (“in fact”)
- ĝuste (“just, right, exactly”)
- reale (“really, actually”)
- vere (“truly”)
Estonian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Finnic *ja, from Proto-Germanic *jahw (“and”); compare Gothic 𐌾𐌰𐌷 (jah), Old High German ja, joh.
Conjunction
[edit]ja
Synonyms
[edit]Faroese
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Old Norse já, from Proto-Germanic *ja.
Pronunciation
[edit]Adverb
[edit]ja
Antonyms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]Noun
[edit]ja n (genitive singular jas, plural ja)
Declension
[edit]Declension of ja | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
n3 | singular | plural | ||
indefinite | definite | indefinite | definite | |
nominative | ja | jaið | ja | jaini |
accusative | ja | jaið | ja | jaini |
dative | jai | jainum | jaum | jaunum |
genitive | jas | jasins | jaa | jaanna |
Finnish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Finnic *ja (compare Estonian ja, Ingrian ja, Livonian ja, Votic ja), borrowed from Proto-Germanic *jahw (“and”) (compare Gothic 𐌾𐌰𐌷 (jah), Old High German ja, joh).[1]
Pronunciation
[edit]Conjunction
[edit]ja
- (coordinating) and
- Siellä oli poikia ja tyttöjä. ― There were boys and girls there.
- Menin kotiin ja aloin soittaa pianoa. ― I went home and started playing the piano.
- Iltapalaksi on leipää, juustoa, kinkkua, tomaattia ja maitoa. ― For supper we have bread, cheese, ham, tomato and milk.
- Mies juoksee ja juoksee. ― The man runs and runs.
- Ja sitten alkoi sataa. ― And then it started raining.
- Mene ja tiedä. ― Go figure. (literally, “Go and know.”)
- viisi ja puoli ― five and a half
- ensimmäisen ja viimeisen kerran ― for the first and the last time
Usage notes
[edit]- On the differences between ja and sekä:
- ja can be used more widely than sekä. As an example, sekä may not be used to join two independent clauses.
- Vaahdota voi sekä sokeri ja sekoita joukkoon kuivat aineet. ― Cream the butter and sugar, and mix in the dry ingredients.
- sekä has a nuance of the things being more separate than with ja. If both words are used, ja ties things closer together than sekä.
- mansikka- ja vadelmahillo sekä muut hedelmäsäilykkeet ― strawberry and raspberry jam as well as other fruit preserves
- In legal language, ja and sekä are distinguished more clearly. sekä is considered "stronger" than ja. For example, an attribute specified before a list will apply to every item with ja, but not with sekä.
- paineella tyhjennettävät ja täytettävät säiliöt ― containers that can be filled and emptied under pressure
- paineella tyhjennettävät sekä täytettävät säiliöt ― containers that can be filled and emptied under pressure
- ja can be used more widely than sekä. As an example, sekä may not be used to join two independent clauses.
Synonyms
[edit]- sekä (see the above usage notes)
Adverb
[edit]ja
Noun
[edit]ja
- AND (logic gate or connector)
Declension
[edit]Rarely inflected; if inflection is necessary, it is used as a first component in a compound, such as JA-portti ("AND gate").
Inflection of ja (Kotus type 21/rosé, no gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
nominative | ja | jat | |
genitive | jan | jaiden jaitten | |
partitive | jata | jaita | |
illative | jahan | jaihin | |
singular | plural | ||
nominative | ja | jat | |
accusative | nom. | ja | jat |
gen. | jan | ||
genitive | jan | jaiden jaitten | |
partitive | jata | jaita | |
inessive | jassa | jaissa | |
elative | jasta | jaista | |
illative | jahan | jaihin | |
adessive | jalla | jailla | |
ablative | jalta | jailta | |
allative | jalle | jaille | |
essive | jana | jaina | |
translative | jaksi | jaiksi | |
abessive | jatta | jaitta | |
instructive | — | jain | |
comitative | See the possessive forms below. |
Possessive forms of ja (Kotus type 21/rosé, no gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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|
Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Häkkinen, Kaisa (2004) Nykysuomen etymologinen sanakirja [Modern Finnish Etymological Dictionary] (in Finnish), Juva: WSOY, →ISBN
Further reading
[edit]- “ja”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish][1] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-02
Franco-Provençal
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Adverb
[edit]ja (ORB, broad)
References
[edit]- déjà in DicoFranPro: Dictionnaire Français/Francoprovençal – on dicofranpro.llm.umontreal.ca
- ja in Lo trèsor Arpitan – on arpitan.eu
Garo
[edit]Etymology
[edit](This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Noun
[edit]ja
Synonyms
[edit]German
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Middle High German ja, from Old High German ja, jā (“yes”), from Proto-Germanic *ja (“yes”).
Pronunciation
[edit]- IPA(key): [jäː] (Standard, overall more common)
- IPA(key): [ʝäː] (standard, overall less common)
Audio: (file) Audio: (file) - IPA(key): [jɑː] (Austrian German)
- IPA(key): [jɒ~jɔ] (Austrian German, common in casual speech as an influence of the Austro-Bavarian language)
- Rhymes: -aː
- Homophone: Jahr (according to a widespread pronunciation of this word)
Adverb
[edit]ja
- yes; yea, yeah, aye
- Synonym: jawohl
- Willst du das? Ja. ― Do you want that? Yes.
- Aber ja! ― Yes, of course!
- (intensifier) obviously; certainly; of course; really; just; as you know; as is generally known (indicates and emphasises that one is expressing a known fact)
- Synonyms: doch, bekanntlich
- Es kann ja nicht immer so bleiben. ― It obviously cannot always remain so.
- Der Peter war ja gestern krank. ― Peter was sick yesterday, as you know.
Usage notes
[edit]- (yes): Ja is used to indicate agreement with a positive statement. To contradict a negative statement (where English would use “yes”), doch is used instead.
- (obviously): Ja means roughly the same as English obviously or as you know, but given its shortness it is used much more frequently. In colloquial German, ja is used in most statements of facts already known to the one addressed.
Antonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Interjection
[edit]ja
Further reading
[edit]Gothic
[edit]Romanization
[edit]ja
- Romanization of 𐌾𐌰
Guerrero Amuzgo
[edit]Adjective
[edit]ja
Pronoun
[edit]ja
Gutnish
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Old Norse ek. Compare Swedish jag.
Alternative forms
[edit]- jag (Fårö and Lau dialects)
Pronoun
[edit]ja
- I (first-person singular pronoun)
Inflection
[edit]inflection of "ja" | |
---|---|
subject | ja |
object | mi |
possessive | min, mein, mitt, meine |
Etymology 2
[edit]Adverb
[edit]ja
Usage notes
[edit]Uncertain or stalling answer; jo is used for yes-no questions
Related terms
[edit]Interjection
[edit]ja
References
[edit]- "ja" in Gutamålgildes Årdliste
- "ja in Gustavson, H. (red.). 1972-1986. Ordbok över Laumålet på Gotland. Uppsala: AB Lundequistska Bokhandeln.
Hausa
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Adjective
[edit]jā (feminine jā, plural jājā̀yē)
Hungarian
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]- IPA(key): [ˈjɒ], [ˈjɒː] (the long pronunciation is used in case of great surprise)
Audio: (file) - Rhymes: -jɒ
Interjection
[edit]ja
- (informal) yep (indicates agreement, approval, or understanding)
- (informal) oh (indicates understanding something finally after a misunderstanding or confusion)
- Este nem jár a vonat. – Ja, hát akkor menjünk busszal!
- “No train is leaving in the evening.” “Oh, well then let's travel by bus!”
- Ezt nem is Miki küldte! – Ja, lehet, hogy én értettem félre.
- “This was not sent by Miki!” “Oh, then I must have misunderstood it.”
Further reading
[edit]- (yep, oh): ja in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (‘The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
- (indeed, actually, as a matter of fact): ja in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (‘The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
Ido
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Borrowed from French déjà, Italian già, Spanish ya, from Latin iam, replacing Esperanto jam which is cognate. Decision no. 987, Progreso VI.
Pronunciation
[edit]Adverb
[edit]ja
- already
- Lu ja dormeskis.
- He/she has already fallen asleep.
Derived terms
[edit]- ne ja (“not yet; not even”)
Related terms
[edit]References
[edit]Ingrian
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Proto-Finnic *ja. Cognates include Finnish ja and Estonian ja.
Pronunciation
[edit]Conjunction
[edit]ja
- and
- 1936, N. A. Iljin and V. I. Junus, Bukvari iƶoroin șkouluja vart, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 25:
- Kiko ja Miko jo uijuut.
- Kiko and Miko are already swimming.
Synonyms
[edit]Adverb
[edit]ja
- also, too
- 1936, D. I. Efimov, Lukukirja: Inkeroisia alkușkouluja vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 3:
- On meil hyvät mașinistat -
paravozat ollaa ja.- We have good engine drivers -
we have steam locomotives, too.
- We have good engine drivers -
Synonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]Ultimately from a Germanic language, from Proto-Germanic *ja (compare Swedish ja and German ja). Cognates include Finnish jaa and Estonian jah, jaa.
Pronunciation
[edit]Particle
[edit]ja
- yes
- 1936, V. I. Junus, N. A. Iljin, Inkeroisin keelen oppikirja alkuşkouluja vart (toine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 42:
- Onok se maa teil?
- Ja, ono.- Is that your land?
Yes, it is.
- Is that your land?
Synonyms
[edit]Antonyms
[edit]References
[edit]- Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 99
- Olga I. Konkova, Nikita A. Dyachkov (2014) Inkeroin Keel: Пособие по Ижорскому Языку[2], →ISBN, page 79
Japanese
[edit]Romanization
[edit]ja
- The hiragana syllable じゃ (ja) or the katakana syllable ジャ (ja) in Hepburn romanization.
- The hiragana syllable ぢゃ (ja) or the katakana syllable ヂャ (ja) in Hepburn romanization.
Kashubian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Particle
[edit]ja
Further reading
[edit]- Stanislow Frymark (2020) “ja”, in Kashubian Language in Canada, the USA and New Zealand; Lexical Interferences in Kashubian Language in Canada, the USA and New Zealand (in English and Kashubian), Zómk Zôbòrsczi, →ISBN
Latvian
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Conjunction
[edit]ja
Lithuanian
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]ja f
Lower Sorbian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Slavic *(j)a, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.
Pronoun
[edit]ja sg
Declension
[edit]Lule Sami
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Germanic *jahw (“and”).
Conjunction
[edit]ja
Further reading
[edit]- Koponen, Eino, Ruppel, Klaas, Aapala, Kirsti, editors (2002–2008), Álgu database: Etymological database of the Saami languages[3], Helsinki: Research Institute for the Languages of Finland
Maltese
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Particle
[edit]ja
- vocative particle; oh!; you!
- Ja Mulejja! ― Oh my Lord!
- Ja iblah! ― You idiot!
- 1998, Anton Buttigieg, “Lill-Qamar”, in Żibeġ u Boċċi:
- Stagħnejt, ja Qamar,
dal-lejl bil-poeżija
tar-realtà.- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
Usage notes
[edit]- While not obligatory even in standard Arabic, the vocative particle is predominantly omitted in Maltese. It does remain a common word, however, especially when equivalent to English “you”.
Mbati
[edit]Noun
[edit]ja
References
[edit]- LePage, Sarah Gloria (2020) "The phonology of Mbati"[4], University of North Dakota
North Frisian
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]ja
- (Sylt and Mooring) they
Synonyms
[edit]Northern Sami
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Germanic *jahw (“and”).
Pronunciation
[edit]Conjunction
[edit]ja
Further reading
[edit]- Koponen, Eino, Ruppel, Klaas, Aapala, Kirsti, editors (2002–2008), Álgu database: Etymological database of the Saami languages[5], Helsinki: Research Institute for the Languages of Finland
Northern Sotho
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Bantu *-dɪ́a.
Verb
[edit]ja
- to eat
Norwegian Bokmål
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Adverb
[edit]ja
Antonyms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]Interjection
[edit]ja
Noun
[edit]ja n (definite singular jaet, indefinite plural ja or jaer, definite plural jaa or jaene)
References
[edit]- “ja” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
Norwegian Nynorsk
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Adverb
[edit]ja
Antonyms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]Interjection
[edit]ja
Noun
[edit]ja n (definite singular jaet, indefinite plural ja, definite plural jaa)
References
[edit]- “ja” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
Old French
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Adverb
[edit]ja
- already
- as soon as possible
- quickly
- (with "ne") never
References
[edit]- Godefroy, Frédéric, Dictionnaire de l’ancienne langue française et de tous ses dialectes du IXe au XVe siècle (1881) (ja)
Old Polish
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Slavic *(j)azъ. First attested in the 13th century.
Pronoun
[edit]ja
- first-person pronoun; I
Declension
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit](This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Interjection
[edit]ja
- (reduplicated) The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:
- the name of some idol
References
[edit]- B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “ja”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN
- B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “ja”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN
Pennsylvania German
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Compare German ja, Dutch ja, Swedish ja.
Interjection
[edit]ja
Pite Sami
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Germanic *jahw (“and”).
Conjunction
[edit]ja
Further reading
[edit]- ja in Bidumsáme Báhkogirrje (“Pite Sami word list”)
- Koponen, Eino, Ruppel, Klaas, Aapala, Kirsti, editors (2002–2008), Álgu database: Etymological database of the Saami languages[6], Helsinki: Research Institute for the Languages of Finland
Pnar
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Khasian *ʤaː. Cognate with Khasi ja.
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]ja
Polish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Old Polish ja. Doublet of ego.
Pronunciation
[edit]- IPA(key): /ja/
- (Middle Polish) IPA(key): /ˈjɒ/
Audio 1: (file) Audio 2: (file) Audio 3: (file) - Rhymes: -a
- Syllabification: ja
Pronoun
[edit]ja
- first-person pronoun; I
- Ja chcę mieć przyjaciół. ― I want to have friends.
Usage notes
[edit]The mute forms mię and mi cannot be used in accented positions in the sentence. Mię is considered dated in standard Polish but can still be heard commonly in some dialects or in colloquial speech.
Declension
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]See also
[edit]Trivia
[edit]According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), ja is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 16 times in scientific texts, 2 times in news, 84 times in essays, 892 times in fiction, and 2034 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 3028 times, making it the 15th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[1]
References
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- ja in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
- ja in Polish dictionaries at PWN
- Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “ja”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
- “JA”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 2019 September 4
- Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “ja”, in Słownik języka polskiego
- Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “ja”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
- J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1902), “ja”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 2, Warsaw, page 119
Portuguese
[edit]Adverb
[edit]ja (not comparable)
Russenorsk
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Russian я (ja). May also be a Russianized form of Danish jeg or Swedish jag.
Pronoun
[edit]ja
- I (pronoun)
Synonyms
[edit]References
[edit]- Ingvild Broch, Ernst H. Jahr (1984) Russenorsk: Et pidginspråk i Norge [Russenorsk: A pidgin language in Norway], 2 edition, Oslo: Novus Forlag
Rwanda-Rundi
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]- -jya (Rwanda)
Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Bantu *-gɪ̀a.
Verb
[edit]-ja (infinitive kuja, perfective -gīye)
- (Kirundi) to go to
Serbo-Croatian
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Slavic *(j)azъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ēź-, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.
Pronunciation
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]jȃ (Cyrillic spelling ја̑)
- I
- Ja sam učio. ― I have studied.
Declension
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Adverb
[edit]jȁ (Cyrillic spelling ја̏)
- (colloquial, regional) yes, yeah
Etymology 3
[edit]Interjection
[edit]ja
- Archaic form of jao.
- 1891, Vuk Stefanović Karadžić, Srpske narodne pjesme:
- Ja Ivane, mio pobratime!
- O woe, Ivan, dear blood-brother!
Silesian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Particle
[edit]ja
Further reading
[edit]- ja in silling.org
Slovak
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Slavic *(j)a, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.
Pronunciation
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]ja
Usage notes
[edit]Declension
[edit]Related terms
[edit]References
[edit]- “ja”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2024
Anagrams
[edit]Slovene
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Particle
[edit]jā
Etymology 2
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]ja
Further reading
[edit]- “ja”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, portal Fran
Sotho
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Bantu *-dɪ́a.
Verb
[edit]ja
- to eat
Spanish
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Interjection
[edit]ja
- representation of laughter, ha
- Also used repeatedly: jaja, jajaja
Derived terms
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- “ja”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014
Swahili
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Bantu *-jìja. Compare Zulu -za.
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]-ja (infinitive kuja)
Conjugation
[edit]Conjugation of -ja | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Imperatives | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information. |
Derived terms
[edit]- Verbal derivations:
- Applicative: -jia
Swedish
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Old Norse já, from Proto-Germanic *ja.
Pronunciation
[edit]- Interjection
- Noun
Adverb
[edit]ja (not comparable)
Related terms
[edit]Noun
[edit]ja n
Declension
[edit]Declension of ja | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Uncountable | ||||
Indefinite | Definite | |||
Nominative | ja | jaet | — | — |
Genitive | jas | jaets | — | — |
Etymology 2
[edit]See jag.
Pronunciation
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]ja
References
[edit]- ja in Svensk ordbok (SO)
- ja in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
- ja in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)
Anagrams
[edit]Tswana
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Bantu *-dɪ́a.
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]go ja (past jelê)
- to eat
Re jele bogobe maabane - We ate bogobe yesterday.
Tz'utujil
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Article
[edit]ja
Upper Sorbian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Slavic *(j)a, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.
Pronunciation
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]ja
Declension
[edit]First person pronouns | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||
Nominative | ja | mój | my | |||||
Genitive | mje (after preposition) mnje |
naju | nas | |||||
Dative | mi (after preposition) mni |
namaj | nam | |||||
Accusative | mje (after preposition) mnje |
naju | nas | |||||
Instrumental | mnu | namaj | nami | |||||
Locative | mni | nas | ||||||
Second person pronouns | ||||||||
Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||
Nominative | ty | wój | wy | |||||
Genitive | će (after preposition) tebje |
waju | was | |||||
Dative | ći (after preposition) tebi |
wamaj | wam | |||||
Accusative | će (after preposition) tebje |
waju | was | |||||
Instrumental | tobu | wamaj | wami | |||||
Locative | tebi | was | ||||||
Third person pronouns | ||||||||
Masculine singular | Feminine singular | Neuter singular | Dual virile | Dual nonvirile | Plural virile | Plural nonvirile | ||
Nominative | wón | wona | wono | wonaj | wonej | woni | wone | |
Genitive | jeho (after preposition) njeho |
jeje (after preposition) njeje |
jeho (after preposition) njeho |
jeju | jich (after preposition) nich |
|||
Dative | jemu (after preposition) njemu |
jej (after preposition) njej |
jemu (after preposition) njemu |
jimaj (after preposition) nimaj |
jim (after preposition) nim | |||
Accusative | jón (after preposition) njón (animate) jeho (animate after preposition) njeho |
ju (after preposition) nju |
jo, je (after preposition) njo, nje |
jeju (after preposition) njeju |
jej (after preposition) njej |
jich (after preposition) nich |
je (after preposition) nje | |
Instrumental | nim | njej | nim | nimaj | nimi | |||
Locative | nich |
Further reading
[edit]- “ja” in Soblex
Votic
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Finnic *ja.
Pronunciation
[edit]Conjunction
[edit]ja
References
[edit]- Hallap, V., Adler, E., Grünberg, S., Leppik, M. (2012) “ja”, in Vadja keele sõnaraamat [A dictionary of the Votic language], 2nd edition, Tallinn
West Frisian
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Interjection
[edit]ja
Derived terms
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- “ja”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011
West Makian
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]ja
- (intransitive) to cry
Conjugation
[edit]Conjugation of ja (action verb) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | |||
inclusive | exclusive | |||
1st person | taja | maja | aja | |
2nd person | naja | faja | ||
3rd person | inanimate | ija | daja | |
animate | ||||
imperative | naja, ja | faja, ja |
References
[edit]- Clemens Voorhoeve (1982) The Makian languages and their neighbours[7], Pacific linguistics
Ye'kwana
[edit]ALIV | ja |
---|---|
Brazilian standard | fa |
New Tribes | ja |
Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Cariban *pa (“grandchild”).
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]ja (obligatorily possessed; possessed jadü)
References
[edit]- Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “ja, jaadi”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana[8], Lyon
- Hall, Katherine Lee (1988) The morphosyntax of discourse in De'kwana Carib, volumes I and II, Saint Louis, Missouri: PhD Thesis, Washington University, pages 219, 289, 389: “ha:dü 'grandson' […] ----- -ha: -dü 'grandchild' […] ha:dü - grandchild”
- Hall, Katherine (2007) “hādɨ”, in Mary Ritchie Key & Bernard Comrie, editors, The Intercontinental Dictionary Series[9], Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, published 2021
- Monterrey, Nalúa Rosa Silva (2012) Hombres de curiara y mujeres de conuco. Etnografía de los indigenas Ye’kwana de Venezuela, Ciudad Bolívar: Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana, pages 62–65, 71, 75: “jaadü, jaa'dü, jua'de”
Yoruba
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Cognate with Igala jà (“to fight”)
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]jà
- (intransitive, reciprocal) to fight, to wrestle, to struggle
- (intransitive) to occur, to take place, to break out (as in a war or disease)
- Synonym: já
- ogún jà ― War broke out
Usage notes
[edit]- ja before a direct object
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]já
- (intransitive, transitive) to snap, to break off, to break loose
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 3
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]já
- (intransitive) to occur, to take place, to begin suddenly (to break out)
- Synonym: jà
- gudugbẹ̀ẹ́ já ― Calamity has broken out
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 4
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]já
- (intransitive) to ring out like a bell
- etí rẹ̀ ń já ― His ears were ringing out
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 5
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]já
- (heading, intransitive) to fall off (from some height)
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 6
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]já
Etymology 7
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]já
- to become aware, to come to full realization
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 8
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]já
- (intransitive) to become punctured
- àpò rẹ̀ẹ́ já ― His pocket has become punctured
Etymology 9
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]já
- (intransitive) to become saturated or oversaturated with something; to become too much of something
- iyọ̀ ọ́ já ọbẹ̀ yìí ― Salt has saturated this stew
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 10
[edit]Likely cognate with Igala já (“to harvest”)
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]já
- (transitive) to pluck off (usually referring to fruit or leaves)
- Synonym: wọ́
Derived terms
[edit]Zialo
[edit]Noun
[edit]ja
References
[edit]- Kirill Vladimirovich Babaev, Zialo: the newly-discovered Mande language of Guinea (2010), page 213
Zou
[edit]Verb
[edit]ja
References
[edit]- Translingual lemmas
- Translingual symbols
- ISO 639-1
- English terms borrowed from Afrikaans
- English terms derived from Afrikaans
- English terms derived from Dutch
- English lemmas
- English adverbs
- English uncomparable adverbs
- South African English
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- English nouns
- English countable nouns
- English indeclinable nouns
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- en:Units of measure
- Afrikaans terms inherited from Dutch
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- Afrikaans terms with IPA pronunciation
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- Afrikaans lemmas
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- Afrikaans phrasebook
- Alemannic German terms inherited from Old High German
- Alemannic German terms derived from Old High German
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- Urner Alemannic German
- Assan terms inherited from Proto-Yeniseian
- Assan terms derived from Proto-Yeniseian
- Assan lemmas
- Assan pronouns
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- Atong (India) nouns
- Catalan terms inherited from Latin
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- Catalan terms with IPA pronunciation
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- Rhymes:Catalan/a
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- Central Melanau lemmas
- Central Melanau numerals
- Central Melanau cardinal numbers
- Cimbrian terms inherited from Middle High German
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- Cimbrian terms inherited from Old High German
- Cimbrian terms derived from Old High German
- Cimbrian terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic
- Cimbrian terms derived from Proto-West Germanic
- Cimbrian terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Cimbrian terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Cimbrian lemmas
- Cimbrian particles
- Sette Comuni Cimbrian
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- Cypriot Arabic terms inherited from Arabic
- Cypriot Arabic terms derived from Arabic
- Cypriot Arabic lemmas
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- Cypriot Arabic form-I verbs
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- Danish terms derived from Old Norse
- Danish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Danish/a
- Rhymes:Danish/a/1 syllable
- Danish lemmas
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- Danish nouns
- Danish neuter nouns
- Dimasa lemmas
- Dimasa nouns
- Dutch terms inherited from Middle Dutch
- Dutch terms derived from Middle Dutch
- Dutch terms inherited from Old Dutch
- Dutch terms derived from Old Dutch
- Dutch terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Dutch terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Dutch terms with audio links
- Dutch terms with IPA pronunciation
- Dutch lemmas
- Dutch adverbs
- Dutch terms with usage examples
- Dutch nouns
- Dutch nouns with plural in -s
- Dutch masculine nouns
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- Dutch nouns with multiple genders
- Dutch interjections
- Surinamese Dutch
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- Dutch modal particles
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- Esperanto terms with IPA pronunciation
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- Estonian terms inherited from Proto-Finnic
- Estonian terms derived from Proto-Finnic
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- Finnish terms derived from Proto-Finnic
- Finnish terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Finnish 1-syllable words
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- Rhymes:Finnish/ɑ
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- Finnish conjunctions
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- Finnish terms with usage examples
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- Finnish nouns
- Finnish rosé-type nominals
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- Finnish two-letter words
- Franco-Provençal terms inherited from Latin
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- German terms with homophones
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- Gutnish terms inherited from Old Norse
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- ha:Colors
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- Rwanda-Rundi terms inherited from Proto-Bantu
- Rwanda-Rundi terms derived from Proto-Bantu
- Rwanda-Rundi lemmas
- Rwanda-Rundi verbs
- Kirundi
- Serbo-Croatian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Serbo-Croatian terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Serbo-Croatian terms inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Serbo-Croatian terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Serbo-Croatian terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Serbo-Croatian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Serbo-Croatian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Serbo-Croatian lemmas
- Serbo-Croatian pronouns
- Serbo-Croatian terms with usage examples
- Serbo-Croatian terms borrowed from German
- Serbo-Croatian terms derived from German
- Serbo-Croatian adverbs
- Serbo-Croatian colloquialisms
- Regional Serbo-Croatian
- Serbo-Croatian interjections
- Serbo-Croatian archaic forms
- Serbo-Croatian terms with quotations
- Serbo-Croatian personal pronouns
- Silesian terms borrowed from German
- Silesian terms derived from German
- Silesian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Silesian/a
- Rhymes:Silesian/a/1 syllable
- Silesian lemmas
- Silesian particles
- Slovak terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Slovak terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Slovak terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Slovak terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Slovak terms with IPA pronunciation
- Slovak lemmas
- Slovak pronouns
- Slovene terms borrowed from German
- Slovene terms derived from German
- Slovene 1-syllable words
- Slovene terms with IPA pronunciation
- Slovene lemmas
- Slovene particles
- Slovene informal terms
- Slovene pronouns
- Slovene dialectal terms
- Slovene terms with usage examples
- Sotho terms inherited from Proto-Bantu
- Sotho terms derived from Proto-Bantu
- Sotho lemmas
- Sotho verbs
- Spanish 1-syllable words
- Spanish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Spanish/a
- Rhymes:Spanish/a/1 syllable
- Spanish lemmas
- Spanish interjections
- Swahili terms inherited from Proto-Bantu
- Swahili terms derived from Proto-Bantu
- Swahili terms with audio links
- Swahili lemmas
- Swahili verbs
- Swahili verbs in the monosyllabic conjugation
- Swahili auxiliary verbs
- Swedish terms inherited from Old Norse
- Swedish terms derived from Old Norse
- Swedish terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Swedish terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Swedish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Swedish terms with audio links
- Swedish lemmas
- Swedish adverbs
- Swedish nouns
- Swedish neuter nouns
- Swedish pronouns
- Swedish colloquialisms
- Swedish text messaging slang
- Swedish pronunciation spellings
- Tswana terms inherited from Proto-Bantu
- Tswana terms derived from Proto-Bantu
- Tswana terms with IPA pronunciation
- Tswana lemmas
- Tswana verbs
- Tz'utujil lemmas
- Tz'utujil articles
- Upper Sorbian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Upper Sorbian terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Upper Sorbian terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Upper Sorbian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Upper Sorbian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Upper Sorbian lemmas
- Upper Sorbian pronouns
- Upper Sorbian personal pronouns
- Votic terms inherited from Proto-Finnic
- Votic terms derived from Proto-Finnic
- Votic terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Votic/ɑ
- Rhymes:Votic/ɑ/1 syllable
- Votic lemmas
- Votic conjunctions
- West Frisian terms with IPA pronunciation
- West Frisian lemmas
- West Frisian interjections
- West Makian terms with IPA pronunciation
- West Makian lemmas
- West Makian verbs
- West Makian intransitive verbs
- Ye'kwana terms inherited from Proto-Cariban
- Ye'kwana terms derived from Proto-Cariban
- Ye'kwana terms with IPA pronunciation
- Ye'kwana lemmas
- Ye'kwana nouns
- mch:Family members
- Yoruba terms with IPA pronunciation
- Yoruba lemmas
- Yoruba verbs
- Yoruba intransitive verbs
- Yoruba reciprocal verbs
- Yoruba terms with usage examples
- Yoruba transitive verbs
- Zialo lemmas
- Zialo nouns
- Zou lemmas
- Zou verbs