Appendix:Faroese Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Faroese, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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No. English Faroese
føroyskt
1 I eg
2 you (singular)
3 he, she, it hann
4 we vit
5 you (plural) tit
6 they teir
7 this hesin, hetta
8 that hin, hitt, hetta
9 here her
10 there har
11 who hvør
12 what hvat
13 where hvar (no movement)
14 when nær
15 how hvussu
16 not ikki
17 all allur
18 many mangur
19 some nakað
20 few fáur
21 other annar
22 one ein
23 two tveir
24 three trý
25 four fýra
26 five fimm
27 big stórur
28 long langur
29 wide breiður
30 thick tjúkkur
31 heavy tungur
32 small lítil
33 short stuttur
34 narrow mjáur
35 thin tunnur
36 woman kona
37 man (adult male) kallur
38 man (human being) maður
39 child barn
40 wife kona
41 husband maður
42 mother móðir, mamma
43 father faðir, babba
44 animal dýr, djór
45 fish fiskur
46 bird fuglur
47 dog hundur
48 louse lús (/lus/)
49 snake slanga, snákur
50 worm ormur
51 tree træ
52 forest skógur
53 stick stavur, stong, pinnur
54 fruit frukt, ávøkstur
55 seed fræ
56 leaf leyvsblað
57 root rót
58 bark (of a tree) børkur
59 flower blóma, blomstur
60 grass gras
61 rope reip
62 skin húð
63 meat kjøt
64 blood blóð
65 bone bein
66 fat (noun) feitt, fiti
67 egg egg
68 horn horn
69 tail hali (of mammals); halafaks, tagl (of horses); vel (of birds), sporl (of fish, seals, etc.)
70 feather fjøður
71 hair hár
72 head høvd, høvur
73 ear oyra
74 eye eyga
75 nose nøs
76 mouth munnur
77 tooth tonn
78 tongue (organ) tunga
79 fingernail negl
80 foot fótur
81 leg leggur, fótleggur
82 knee knæ
83 hand hond
84 wing vongur
85 belly magi, búkur
86 guts innvølur
87 neck hálsur
88 back ryggur, bak
89 breast bróst
90 heart hjarta
91 liver livur
92 to drink drekka
93 to eat eta
94 to bite bíta
95 to suck súgva
96 to spit spýta
97 to vomit spýggja, goysa
98 to blow blása
99 to breathe anda
100 to laugh læa, flenna, grína
101 to see síggja
102 to hear hoyra
103 to know vita
104 to think hugsa, teinkja
105 to smell lukta, tevja, snodda
106 to fear óttast, ræðast
107 to sleep sova
108 to live liva
109 to die doyggja
110 to kill drepa
111 to fight klandrast, berjast
112 to hunt veiða
113 to hit sláa, buka
114 to cut skera, rista
115 to split klúgva, kloyva (transitive); klovna, rivna, syndrast (intransitive)
116 to stab stinga, rena
117 to scratch klóra, rispa, skøva
118 to dig grava
119 to swim svimja
120 to fly flúgva
121 to walk ganga, spáka
122 to come koma
123 to lie (as in a bed) liggja
124 to sit sita
125 to stand standa
126 to turn (intransitive) snurra, mala
127 to fall detta, rapa, falla
128 to give geva
129 to hold halda
130 to squeeze kroysta, krympa
131 to rub gníggja, narra
132 to wash tváa, vaska
133 to wipe turka
134 to pull toga, draga, hála
135 to push skumpa
136 to throw kasta, blaka, tveita
137 to tie binda, knýta
138 to sew seyma
139 to count telja
140 to say siga
141 to sing syngja
142 to play leika, spæla
143 to float flóta
144 to flow streyma, renna, fløða
145 to freeze frysta
146 to swell trútna, bólgna, hovna, svølla
147 sun sól
148 moon máni
149 star stjørna
150 water vatn
151 rain regn
152 river á
153 lake vatn
154 sea sjógvur, hav
155 salt salt
156 stone steinur
157 sand sandur
158 dust dust
159 earth jørð
160 cloud skýggj
161 fog toka, mjørki
162 sky himmal
163 wind vindur
164 snow kavi
165 ice ísur
166 smoke roykur
167 fire eldur
168 ash øska
169 to burn brenna
170 road gøta, vegur
171 mountain fjall
172 red reyður
173 green grønur
174 yellow gulur
175 white hvítur
176 black svartur
177 night nátt
178 day dagur
179 year ár
180 warm lýggjur
181 cold kaldur
182 full fullur
183 new nýggjur
184 old gamal
185 good góður
186 bad óndur (evil); vánaligur (food, weather, etc.)
187 rotten fúnaður, rotin
188 dirty skitin
189 straight beinur
190 round rundur
191 sharp (as a knife) hvassur, gløggur
192 dull (as a knife) óhvassur
193 smooth hálur, mjúkur
194 wet vátur
195 dry turrur
196 correct rættur
197 near nærstaddur, høgligur
198 far langt, leingi
199 right høgri
200 left vinstri
201 at hjá
202 in í
203 with við
204 and og
205 if um
206 because vegna
207 name navn

See also

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Bibliography

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  • Les langages de l'humanité (Michel Malherbe), Robert Laffont, Paris 1995 - →ISBN

Further reading

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Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
(edit this template)