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Historia de la Filosofía Occidental
Filosofía Clásica
- Tales de Mileto - Ionian. "all is water"
- Anaximandro de Atenas - Ionian. "The Boundless", Evolution
- Anaxímenes de Mileto - Ionian. earth water and fire, all is water
- Pitágoras - all is numbers, souls are immortal
- Jenófanes de Sicily - Elatic. anti-militant, skeptical
- Heráclito - Ionian. mutability de the world, all is fire, paradoxes
- Parménides - Elatic. everything has the same substance, logic
- Protágoras de Abdera - Sophist, relativism
- Zenón de Elea - Elatic. motion as logically impossible, as is one substance
- Empédocles - Pluralist. four elements, Vegetarianism
- Hipias - Sophist. empiricist
- Leucipo - Atomist. determinist
- Anaxágoras de Clazomenae - Pluralist. order is de mind, atomist
- Arquelao de Macedonia
- Demócrito - Atomist
- Sócrates de Atenas - virtue, dialectics, truth
- Aristipo de North Africa - Cyreniac. hedonism
- Antístenes de Atenas - Cynic. wise cant be fooled, denied contradictions
- Jenofonte de Greece - history
- Platón de Atenas - idealism, polity
- Diógenes de Greece - Cynic. individualist, independent
- Euclides de Greece - geometry
- Aristóteles de Atenas - social advocate, moderation, universal logic
- Jenócrates - soul as numbers
- Pirrón de Elis - skeptic
- Epicuro - atomism, hedonism
- Zenón de Citium - acceptance de objectivity allows overcoming de passion
- Timón - Pyrrhonist, skeptic
- Arquímedes - engineering, Pi, geometer
- Crisipo - stoic, calculo
- Sexto Empírico - skeptic, Pyrrhonist
- Plotino - neoplatonist, central unity, chaos at the periphery, humans as microcosms
- Porfirio - student de Plotinus
- Jámblico de Siria - late neoplatonist, espoused theurgy
Filosofía Medieval
- San Agustín de Hipona - everything is in the present tense, original sin
- Hipatia - Platonism, mathematics, "heretic"
- Pelagio - free will, anti-original sin
- Cirilo de Alejandría - Christ as a single person with two aspects, persecuted opposing philosophers
- Nestorio - Christ as a dual man/God, "heretic"
- Proclo - late Neoplatonist
- Al-Farabí - God through logic, Aristotlean logic Platonian society
- Saadia Gaon - linguistics, duty over pleasure
- al-Razí - chemist and early scientific genius; God creates the universe by rearranging pre-existing laws
- Pedro Abelardo - general turns universal after abstraction, intention over consequence
- Ibn Daud - free will
- Pedro Lombardo - history de philosophy
- Averroes (Ibn Rushd, "The Commentator") - Gods existence can be proven by reason alone
- Maimónides - reason to its extent, then faith
Filosofía Moderna Temprana
- Joseph Glanvill - anti-empirical skeptic, anti-atheist
- Arnold Geulincx - anti-dualist
- Louis Pascal - pro-faith, fideistic mathematician
- Henry More - compatibility de faith and reason, theistic
- Geraud Cordemoy - dualist
- Pierre Nicole - egoism
- Ralph Cudworth - immutable morality
- Margaret Cavendish - spiritual materialist feminism
- Antoine Arnauld - logic
- Richard Cumberland - anti-egoist, universal benevolence
- Jacques Rohault - animal mechanism
- Simon Foucher - skepticism
- Roger Boyle - chemist, mechanist
- Nicolás Malebranche - uncausality
- Samuel Pufendorf - social contract
- Baruch Spinoza - metaphysics, God, unity de existence, dual natures, thought and extension, practical knowledge
- Anne Conway - universal substance, monad
- Pierre Régis - interaction de accidentally conjoined substances accepted on faith
- John Locke - empiricism, human nature, majority rule
- Damaris Masham - feminist
- John Toland - rational theism
- Pierre Bayle - fideist, skepticism, Pyrrhonist
- Madeline de Souvré - human nature
- Samuel Clarke - obligation to worship, Newtonian
- Anthony Ashley Cooper, conde de Shaftesbury - moral sense without God
- John Norris - Malebrancian
- Gottfried Leibniz - timeless monads, relationism
- George Berkeley - idealism, empiricism
- Catherine Cockburn - empiricism, rational morality
- Giambattista Vico - genius-centered historian
- Bernard Mandeville - egoist
- Francis Hutcheson - greatest happiness principle, moral sense
- Joseph Butler - conscience as moderation de self-love
- Christian Wolff - fatalism, rationalism
- John Gay - theistic roots de utilitarianism
- David Hume - never knowing causes, empiricism, morality as passion
- Julien La Mettrie - materialist, physician genetic determinist
- David Hartley - mechanisms for ideas
- Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu - skepticism, humanism
- Leonhard Euler - number theory
- Etienne de Condillac - empiricism
- Richard Price - liberal, intuitionist-rational morality
- Jean d'Alembert - agnosticism, empiricism
- Voltaire - deist, sensationalism
- Denis Diderot - atheism, social contract theory
- John Wesley - theism, divine grace
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau - anti-contractual social theory, natural state de humanity
- Thomas Bayes - probability
- Baron d'Holbach - materialism, atheism
- Helvétius - hedonism, egoism, empiricism
- Adam Smith - political economy
- Thomas Jefferson - liberal
- Thomas Reid - realism common sense
- Thomas Paine - American revolutionary
- G.E. Lessing - truth as historical development
- Edmund Burke - traditionalist, aesthete
- Immanuel Kant - synthetic a priori truths, metaphysics de morals, duty morality
- Mary Wollstonecraft - feminism
- Jeremy Bentham - revolutionary, utilitarian
- Moses Mendelssohn - theist, immortal souls tolerance
- Dugald Stewart - common sense realism
- William Godwin - anarchism, social theorist, utilitarianism
- Friedrich Schiller - unKantian ethics
- Thomas Malthus - overpopulation
- William Paley - moral sense theory, teleological argument de God
- Johann Gottlieb Fichte - noumenal self, idealism, nationalism
Filosofía Moderna
- C.F. Gauss - electromagnetics prime numbers
- Madame de Staël - essayist de philosophy
- Friedrich Wilhelm Schelling - transcendental idealism
- Friedrich Schleiermacher - faith over reason, hermeneutics
- P.S. de Laplace - determinism
- Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel - absolute idealism
- Jean-Baptiste Lamarck - evolution
- Saint-Simon - socialism
- Joseph Fourier - heat conduction archeology
- Arthur Schopenhauer - pessimistic human nature, the human will
- Richard Whately -logician
- Charles Babbage - difference engine, economy
- N.I. Lobachevsky - nonEuclidean geometry
- John Austin - legal positivism, utilitarian
- Auguste Comte - sociology, communitarian, positivism
- William Whewell - realism, creative theory in science
- James Mill - utilitarianism, associationist
- P.J. Proudhon - anarchism, anti-feminism
- Bernard Bolzano - objective independence de truths
- Ralph Waldo Emerson - abolitionist, egalitarian, nontheist, humanist
- Ludwig Feuerbach - nontheistic humanism
- Augustus De Morgan - logical validity
- Margaret Fuller - egalitarian, social reformer
- Søren Kierkegaard - theist existentialist
- George Boole - Boolean algebra
- Henry David Thoreau - revolutionary, passive resistance
- Henry Sidgwick - conflicting moralities
- Richard Dedekind - Peano postulates, real numbers defined as cuts de rational numbers
- W. K. Clifford - morally wrong to believe in errors or uncertainties
- Charles Peirce - pragmatism, abductive logic, syllogism
- Edward Caird - idealist
- Ernst Mach - logical positivism, radical empiricism
- T.H. Green - anti-laissez-faire, abstract thought
- Gottlob Frege - quantifiers
- Wilhelm Dilthey - metaphysics as a cultural phenomenon
- Friedrich Nietzsche - nihilism, ultimate skepticism, primacy de the will
- Lewis Carroll - epistemology
- Bernard Bosanquet - the Absolute, idealism, contradictions as illusions
- Giuseppe Peano - logicization de arithmatic
- Elizabeth Stanton - separation de church and state, egalitarian
- David George Ritchie - idealism, natural rights
- Emile Durkheim - sociology as transcendent de biological and psychological explanation
- William James - pragmatism
- Josiah Royce - absolute idealism
- Charlotte Perkins Gilman - feminist, matriarchical
- F. H. Bradley - absolute idealism
Filosofía contemporánea
- Max Planck - the Planck constant
- Sigmund Freud - psychodynamics, structure de the psyche
- Max Weber - sociology, separation de observation and judgment
- Henri Bergson - thought and creativity as opponents to material entropy
- John Dewey - pragmatism, philosophy de education
- Alexius Meinong - levels de reality
- Cook Wilson - realist epistemology
- Jules Henri Poincare - knowledge as utility and not truth
- Pierre Duhem - science as metaphysical speculation
- Edmund Husserl - phenomenology
- Jane Addams - pragmatism, social ethics
- Andrew Seth - personality as reality, idealism
- Ernst Zermelo - axiomatization de set theory
- G.E. Moore - subjective good, common sense
- Benedetto Croce - anti-fascist, non-cognitivist creativity
- Albert Einstein - theory de relativity
- Carl Jung - psychology, personality theory
- Emma Goldman - anarchism
- Hans Vaihinger - concepts as fictions
- Niels Bohr - atomist and quantum theory
- Rosa Luxemburg - revolutionary, activist
- Rudolf Otto - numinous feelings
- David Hilbert - axiomatic formalization de mathematics
- Miguel de Unamuno - human morality dilemma
- Martin Buber - Jewish existentialist
- Bertrand Russell - atheism, logical positivism, logical basis for mathematics, theory de types
- Alfred North Whitehead - event and process based metaphysics
- George Herbert Mead - self-consciousness, symbolic interactionism
- Samuel Alexander - perceptual realism
- J. M. E. McTaggart - ultimate idealism, antidialectics
- John Maynard Keynes - probability, economics: inflation sometimes helps boost economies
- C. D. Broad - existence de phenomena
- Gyorgy Lukács - socialist realism, communism
- George Santayana - desire for belief in human nature, aesthetic priority
- Hans Reichenbach - relativity, probability
- A.O. Lovejoy - perceptual realism principle de plentitude, history de ideas
- W.D. Ross - intuitionist, moral duties
- Nicolai Berdyaev - theistic existentialism
- Martin Heidegger - phenomenology, being-in-the-world
- Hans Kelsen - universal legal ground rule outside de morality
- Moritz Schlick - Vienna Circle. logical positivism, positivist ethics
- Otto Neurath - Vienna Circle. anti-metaphysic, logical positivism
- Frank Ramsey - redundancy theory de truth, nature de semantic paradox, modern applications de probability calculus
- Ernst Cassirer - categories as a priori
- Nicolai Hartmann - Kantian idealism, realism
- Karl Barth - theism, neo-orthodoxy
- Kurt Gödel - Vienna Circle. systems cant analyze themselves
- Ralph Barton Perry - naturalistic perceptual realism
- Antonio Gramsci - humanistic / libertarian Marxism
- R.G. Collingwood - understanding de history by reconstruction de thought
- Roman Ingarden - perceptual realism, phenomenalism, aesthetic theory
- C.I. Lewis - naturalism, Symbolic Logic
- Gaston Bachelard - knowledge as imagination between evidence and rationality
- Alfred Julius Ayer - logical positivism, emotivist ethics
- Friedrich Waismann - Vienna Circle. logical positivism, conventionalist, analytic semantics
- Jacques Maritain - theist, one author de declaration de human rights
- Dorothy Day - theist, passive resistance, communism
- José Ortega y Gasset - relativism, populist
- Alfred Tarski - correspondence theory de truth, semantics
- Rudolf Carnap - Vienna Circle. Logical positivist, experiential, confirmation de hypotheses
- Willard van Orman Quine - pragmatism, logic, philosophy de language
- Brand Blanshard - absolute idealism naturalistic morality
- E. Nagel - logical pragmatism, reductionism
- Karl Popper - knowledge through disproof de alternatives and not proof de theory
- Ernest Addison Moody - philosopher de science, medievalist, philosophy de religion
- Jean-Paul Sartre - humanistic existentialism
- Gilbert Ryle - logical behaviorism, misapplication de semantics in philosophy
- H.H. Price - defended relationship between sense-data and objects
- Susanne Langer - emotions as inexpressible by language
- Albert Camus - existentialism, death
- Karl Jaspers - authentic existentialism
- C.L. Stevenson - emotivism
- Ludwig Wittgenstein
- Círculo de Viena - logical positivism, language as useful to convey sense-experience and logic / mathematics and all else is meaningless
- Theodor Adorno
- Escuela de Frankfurt - conformity as a paradox to individuality, the authoritarian personality
- Alan Turing - AI studies, functionalism in the philosophy de mind
- H.A. Prichard - perceptual realism, moral intuitionism
- Gabriel Marcel - theistic existentialism
- Simone Weil - eclectic philosophy de religion
- Simone de Beauvoir - existentialism, feminism
- Frantz Fanon - colonialism, phenomenology
