Utilisatrice:BeatrixBelibaste/bac32
- gibbeting (d · h · j · ↵)
- hanging in chains (d · h · j · ↵)
- en:Gibbeting
- Leicester Research Archive, publications des membres de l'université de Leicester
- rech. avec "gibbeting irons"
- historiographie ancienne / trad en français
- William Andrews, Old-time punishments, 1890
- William Andrews, Bygone punishments - version Gutenberg avec images
- vf Châtiments de jadis, 1902 ref
- images en ligne de la vf
- lexique : "pendaison en chaînes"; ferrures ayant servi à la pendaison en chaînes...
- compte rendu de l'ouvrage, Archives d'anthropologie criminelle
- en:Albert Hartshorne, Hanging in chains, 1893 (couverture, images couleur, bonne résolution)
- autres : éd. 1891 N/B aussi sur Google - images seulement
- version Gutenberg avec images déjà traités
- List of Gibbeting irons in chains (liste des gibets en fer subsistants, p. i)
- Google 1891
- Markham, Christopher A., "The Leicester Gibbeting Irons" (avec ico)., The Antiquary; London Vol. 2, N° 6, (Jun 1906): 212-213. Proquest
- gibet de James Cook, 1832
- ico
- gibet de James Cook, 1832
- abolition 1834
- Anno quarto & quinto Gulielmi IV Regis. Cap. XXVI, "An act to abolish the practice of hanging the bodies of criminals in chains". (25th July 1834.). (doc en ligne)
- en:Anatomy Act 1832
- à surveiller
- Sarah Tarlow, The Golden and Ghoulish Age of the Gibbet in Britain, (2016, livre annoncé en open access (yay!!!!), pas encore disponible en mars 2017...)
- HARNESSING THE POWER OF THE CRIMINAL CORPSE, études de cas, docu. timeline, législation, etc.
- publications
- GIBBETING OR HANGING IN CHAINS (résumé recherche gibbet)
- Statistiques sur hangings in chains (1752-1832)
- Richard Ward, TURNED OFF AT THE EXECUTION DOCK: THAMES SCENERY IN THE CITY OF THE GALLOWS
- Patrick Low, Last Dying words
- à voir
- Kay Lewis, A Curse upon the Nation: Race, Freedom, and Extermination in America and the Atlantic World (6 pendus encagés à Antigua, 1736, etc.)****
- Hayden, Erica Rhodes. " Before the Poison Had Been Far Spread": An Examination of Punishments Dealt to Slave Rebels in Two 18th Century British Plantation Societies. Diss. Vanderbilt University, 2009. https://etd.library.vanderbilt.edu//available/etd-03272009-134230/
- https://etd.library.vanderbilt.edu/available/etd-03272009-134230/unrestricted/HaydenPoison.pdf
- "The judges determined that breaking on the wheel and burning at the stake were "too lenitive and not Sufficiently Exemplary because the Criminals were not long enough under their Suffering."159 They turned to the use of the gibbet to extend their suffering and invoke "greater Terror into the Slaves that may see their Suffering."160 Like the executions on the wheel, the dead from the gibbets were decapitated and burnt. It is interesting that authorities believed they needed to find a more edifying means to punish the conspirators, thus turning to the gibbet." (Antigua 1736, au total, 6 encagés vivants)**
- Emma Battell Lowman et Sarah Tarlow, « Le “gibbeting” anglais. La punition du cadavre du criminels [sic] dans la Grande-Bretagne des XVIII-XIXe s. », dans Mathieu Vivas (éditeur), (Re)lecture archéologique de la justice en Europe médiévale et moderne, Bordeaux, Ausonius, coll. « Scripta Mediaevalia » (no 35), (ISBN 978-2-35613-243-7), p. 315-330.
- Paul H. Blackman et Vance McLaughlin, « Mass legal executions in America up to 1865 », Crime, Histoire & Sociétés / Crime, History & Societies, Vol. 8, n°2 | 2004, 33-61.
- Connor, Steven. "Iron and the Soul."
- The history of torture throughout the ages (gibbeting alive...)
- carte
- Gibbet sites 1752-1834 (carte pour le site Criminal corpses), listant les noms et l'année de l'érection du gibbet *****
- à dépouiller
- Executed today, cat Gibbeted
- William Andrews, Bygone punishments
- vf Châtiments de jadis, 1902 ref
- images en ligne de la vf
- Albert Hartshorne, [https://archive.org/details/hanginginchains00hart
Gibbeting, dit aussi hanging in chains ou hanging in irons, est un châtiment post-mortem par lequel le corps d'un condamné à mort est, après son exécution, enserré dans une armature de fer (gibet de fer), exposé à une potence et laissé à pourrir.
- exposition publique du corps après l'exécution
Vocabulaire / lexique
[modifier | modifier le code]- La rareté des études traitant du sujet en langue française ont empêché l'adoption d'un vocabulaire stable dans cette langue.
- Québec, cas de la Corriveau et du pendu de l'Ile-Jésus... vocabulaire plus ancien
- gibbeting / hanging in chains / hanging in irons
- gibbet (peut désigner gallows, potence, fourches patibulaires, échafaud...)
- gibbet cage, gibbet iron... (cage ou cage de fer, gibet de fer...
- en français
- pendaison en chaînes... pendus encagés...
Historique
[modifier | modifier le code]- King P. (2017) Introduction. In: Punishing the Criminal Corpse, 1700-1840. Palgrave Historical Studies in the Criminal Corpse and its Afterlife. Palgrave Macmillan, London
- attestations médiévales, gibbeting alive
- Peter King, Hanging not Punishment Enough’: Attitudes to Aggravated Forms of Execution and the Making of the Murder Act 1690–1752 context d'adoption du Murder Act
Encagé vivant
[modifier | modifier le code]"gibbeting alive"
- faire rech. avec "hung up in chains alive", hung in chains alive, gibbeted alive...
- véracité ou mythe ?
- The last live gibbeting in England, histoire à valider...
- occurences ici (avec mot-clé alive), à analyser de façon critique
- encagement vivant des esclaves
- quelques occurences avérées dans les colonies (esclaves, Amérindiens...)
- 1736 Antigua....
Gibbeting alive des esclaves
[modifier | modifier le code]Meurtre de leur maître et sa famille par un couple d'esclaves (État de New York, 1708)
[modifier | modifier le code]- meurtre de William Hallett, son épouse enceinte et ses cinq enfants
- la femme brûlée vive, l'homme partiellement empalé et encagé vivant
- Kenneth Scott, « The Slave Insurrection in New York in 1712 », New York Historical Society Quarterly, 45 (1961), p. 45 ici
- billet de blog
- Annals of Newton
- Manual of the corporation of the city of New York, 1870, p. 765, sous la date de 1707
Révolte des esclaves, New York, 1712
[modifier | modifier le code]- révolte des esclaves de New York de 1712 [article à corriger, statistiques des condamnations erronées],
- Kenneth Scott, « The Slave Insurrection in New York in 1712 », New York Historical Society Quarterly, 45 (1961), p. 43-74.
- en ligne : Google Books - ici aussi
- Robin, esclave hung in chains alive : 62, 66, 68
- The Negro Plot of 1712, 1890, p. 162-163. (témoignage de John Sharpe, allusion à Robin p. 163)
- Edgar J. McManus, Black Bondage in the North, Syracuse University Press, 2001 (1973), p. 129-130 (Robin survit 5 jours dans ces conditions, selon le témoignage de John Sharpe (p. 129, note 28)***
- sentence condamnant Robin à être encagé vivant :
encagement vivant en Jamaïque
[modifier | modifier le code]- Thomas R. Day, Jamaican Revolts in British Press and Politics, 1760-1865, thèse, 2016
Barbade, 1692
[modifier | modifier le code]- Slave revolts and conspiracies in seventeenth-century Barbados
- 1692 :
- 3 leaders du complot, Ben, Sambo et Samson, encagés vivants pour les contraindre à livrer le nom de leurs complices
- 7 autres condamnés à être encagés vivants
- 1692 :
Caroline du Sud
[modifier | modifier le code]- https://books.google.ca/books?id=0uUXAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA563&dq=%22gibbeted+alive%22+south+carolina&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjVhfDhtOTjAhUqtlkKHUezCM8Q6AEIJjAA#v=onepage&q=%22gibbeted%20alive%22%20south%20carolina&f=false
- rech. Avec Jibited alive" (1765, Jacksonboro
- Le botaniste John Bartram, passant par Jacksonboro, en Caroline du Sud note le 1er septembre 1765 dans son journal de voyage la présence de deux esclaves noirs encagés vivants pour avoir empoisonné leur maître.[1]
Dans la fiction
[modifier | modifier le code]- occurrences dans la fiction
- Ambrose Gwinnett, prétendant avoir survécu à la pendaison, puis au gibbetting
- Life and unparalleled voyages and adventures of Ambrose Gwinnett, 1850 (sans doute d'autres éditions avant)
- édition 1770
- une précédente édition : The Life and Strange Voyages and Uncommon Adventures of Ambrose Gwinnett, London 1771, [mentionnée ici]
- fréquentes éditions
- édition 1839
- ed 1825 avec ico gibet ***
- occurrences dans la littérature anti-esclavagiste [et anti-peine de mort ?]
- Crèvecoeur, en:Letters from an American Farmer
- mention d'un esclave encagé vivant (occurence fictive)
- Saar, Doreen Alvarez (1987). "Crèvecoeur's "Thoughts on Slavery": "Letters from an American Farmer" and Whig Rhetoric". Early American Literature. 22 (2): 192–20
- mention d'un esclave encagé vivant (occurence fictive)
- Joseph Priestley, dans un sermon contre l'esclavage prononcé à Birmingham en 1788, affirme à ses auditeurs à propos des esclaves « for rebellion, (as any attempt to recover their liberty is called), they are generally gibbeted alive »[2].
Qui est encagé ?
[modifier | modifier le code]Esclaves
[modifier | modifier le code]- voir aussi section "Encager vivant"
- Aguirre, Adalberto, and David V. Baker. "Slave executions in the United States: A descriptive analysis of social and historical factors." The Social Science Journal 36.1 (1999): 1-31.
- Southern Slavery and the Law" https://www.academia.edu/33109683/_Thomas_D._Morris_Southern_Slavery_and_the_Law_1_bookzz.org_.pdf
- Vincent Brown, The Reaper’s Garden: Death and Power in the World of Atlantic Slavery, Harvard University Press, 2010 (ISBN 0674057120 et 9780674057128) (extraits téléchargés)
Amérindiens
[modifier | modifier le code]- David V. Baker, « American Indian Executions in Historical Context », Criminal Justice Studies, 20:4, 315-373 (2007)
- D. Hearn, Legal Executions in New England: A Comprehensive Reference, 1623–1960 (McFarland 1999).
- Registry of Known American Indian Executions, 1639 – 2006 (sommaire)
Populations colonisées
[modifier | modifier le code]- Australie, Inde...
Encager le corps des femmes ?
[modifier | modifier le code]- Paddy Low, Dissecting a woman***
- pratique inexistante ou rare selon ls érudits/commentateurs/historiens
- E. J. Burford, Sandra Shulman, Of bridles and burnings: the punishment of women, St. Martin's Press, 1992, p. 106 : « Since wind and weather rotted away the clothes to leave the body naked to the elements and the eyes of the prurient, gibbeting was rarely inflicted upon female corpses owing to a general sense of shame, and perhaps to prevent certain... »[3]
- Baker, David V.: "A Descriptive Profile and Socio-Historical Analysis of Female Executions in the United States: 1632-1997," 10(3) Women and Criminal Justice 57 (1999)
- "on the wheel (12), burning (66), hung in chains (8), bludgeoning (6), gibbeting (6)..."
- pratique existante
- * Neil Davie, « Le corps criminel (sur)exposé ? Femmes, meurtres, et pendaisons publiques en Angleterre, 1780-1868 », in Michel Prum (dir.), La place de l'Autre, Paris, l'Harmattan, 2010, p. 195-218.
- version anglaise ici : The Criminal Body (Over-) Exposed? Women, Murder and Public Executions in England, 1780-1868 (2010)
- réticence à condamner et exécuter les femmes
- moi : quid du hanging in chains?
- p. 2 : mention de l'usage du gibbeting et dissection pour les femmes
- version anglaise ici : The Criminal Body (Over-) Exposed? Women, Murder and Public Executions in England, 1780-1868 (2010)
- mention de cas particuliers - Grande-Bretagne
- Margaret Jones aurait été pendue avec son époux en août 1735 à Manafon Montgomery pour le meurtre de John Rea. La source indique : « Both may have been hanged in chains after execution »[4]
- « The initial reaction to violent crime by women was often stupefaction. (...) But when this 'unnatural' behaviour manifest itself in purposeful rather than casual crime, society usualy cracked down hard (...) When three women took part, alongside four men, in a brutal robbery in Southwark in 1785, they were ordered to be hung in chains in Kent Street, where the offence had taken place. [avec réf. à note 83, non consultable] »[5]
- dispo UL : HV 6949 A589 M166 1989 À voir pour la référence (note)
- Female executions 1735 – 1799, mention de la pendaison des femmes en question (sous la date 1785 - 4 femmes, 3 hommes complices), sans mention de "hanging in chains" (date d'exécution : 2 août 1785; noms des coupables : Ann Smith, Christian Ireland, Mary Smith, Elizabeth Jackson; lieu : Kent Street, Southwark, Surrey; crime : Highway robbery)
- Plus de détails : ici, ici ici (pas de mentions de gibbeting), aucune mention dans Tarlow
- exemples de cas différenciés (homme au gibet, pas la femme)
- femmes noires/esclaves
- David V. Baker, http://murderpedia.org/female.C/images/christian_virginia/david-baker.pdf Black Female Executions in Historical Context
- mention d'une esclave, Jenny, qui aurait été encagée vivante en 1770 au Maryland pour avoir empoisonné son maître
- article fantastique pour ses remarques/stat sur esclavage, question genrée, etc.
- contexte
- abolition du burning at stake pour les femmes, 1790
- Simon Devereaux, « The Abolition of the Burning of Women in England Reconsidered », Crime, Histoire & Sociétés / Crime, History & Societies, Vol. 9, n°2 | 2005, 73-98.
- Andrea McKenzie, « « Petty treason » dans son contexte : genre et verdicts dans les procès pour meurtre entre conjoints aux assises du tribunal d’Old Bailey à Londres, Angleterre, 1674-1790 », Les Cahiers de Framespa [En ligne], 25 | 2017
- Gavigan, Shelley A. M. "Petit Treason in Eighteenth Century England: Women's Inequality Before the Law", Canadian Journal of Women and the Law 3.2 (1989-1990): 335-374.
occurrences de femmes encagées
[modifier | modifier le code]- Dorothy Newman et son amoureux George Bromham (or Broomham) / Combe Gibbet, 1676
- https://www.executedtoday.com/2013/03/03/1676-george-bromham-and-dorothy-newman-on-the-combe-gibbet/
- https://www.hungerfordvirtualmuseum.co.uk/index.php/8-places/277-combe-gibbet
- en:Combe Gibbet
- Hannah, 1723
- "For instance, in May of 1723 a slave woman named Hannah was hung in irons near Annapolis, Maryland, for murdering a white man."[6]
- « When necessary, however, the machinery of the law could visit terrible punishment on offenders and make them horrible examples to the rest of the slave community. In 1723 the attorney general brought to trial a slave, Hannah, under indictment for a brutal ax murder. On conviction the court decreed that she be sent to a gallows erected on a ridge in plain view of public highway, there to be hanged until dead "and that after She is Dead she be hanged up in Chains on the said Gallows there to remain Until She be Rotten" »[7].
- « There was one instance of a black murdering a white during the period prior to the law of 1724's enactment. In 1723 Negro Hannah was condemned upon confession for clubbing a white man to death. The Provincial Court added a grisly spectacle to her execution. Once dead, her body was to be "hanged up in Chains on the . . . Gallows there to remain Untill she be Rotten." Such practice would shortly become commonplace. This is the first documented instance where it was done. Hannah was valued and her master compensated. (55) »[8]
- note 55 : "Provincial Court Judgments, W.G. #1, pp. 140-141."
- Jenny/Jemmy, 1755
- "Likewise, on July 4, 1755, a slave woman named Jenny suffered the same fate at Port Tobacco, Maryland, for poisoning her master."[9]
- voir section Maryland pour sources
- Jenny 1770
Les crimes
[modifier | modifier le code]- crimes perçus comme particulièrement choquants et haineux : piraterie, vol de grand chemin, révolte contre des personnes perçues comme hiérarchiquement supérieurs : révolte des esclaves contre leurs maîtres, meurtre d'Amérindiens ou d'Aborigènes australiens contre des Blancs...
Piraterie
[modifier | modifier le code]- British Pirates and Society, 1680-1730
- Samantha Frénée, « Pirates and Gallows at Execution Dock : Nautical Justice in Early Modern England », Criminocorpus [En ligne], Les Fourches Patibulaires du Moyen Âge à l’Époque moderne. Approche interdisciplinaire, Communications, mis en ligne le 14 décembre 2015, consulté le 19 mars 2017.
- http://www.cindyvallar.com/PiratesDeathChartrev.pdf (liste de pirates, avec leur mort; rech avec chains ou gibbet
- Gutoff, Jonathan M., "The Law of Piracy in Popular Culture", JOURNAL OF MARITIME LAW AND COMMERCE, V. 31, NO. 4 (OCT. 2000), P. 643-648.
- résumé : "This 2000 article discusses "how the legal regime that has governed piracy is reflected in current works of popular culture. After briefly reviewing the background of pirate literature from the 17th to the 20th centuries" the article pays special attention to the depiction of pirates and piracy in films and television. Topics discussed include egalitarianism, pirate punishments, and jurisdiction over pirates. Reprinted from the Journal of Maritime Law & Commerce."[10]
- p. 646, extrait pertinent : «
B. Sentence
Those convicted of piracy in London were hanged at "Execution Dock," near Wapping, on the north bank of the Thames, to set an example for that neighborhood's large population of maritime workers. Outside London, those found guilty of piracy generally were hanged at prominent dockside locations. To make sure that the example set for mariners also would serve others who might be tempted to "go upon the account," the bodies of pirates were often wrapped in chains where all could witness, and perhaps contemplate, the wages of sin. (The chaining, it should be noted, was done not as a sign of humiliation but to hold the bodies together during the inevitable decomposition). After the trial and execution of William Kidd in 1701, his body was set out in chains in the Thames River at Tilbury Point.
The actual punishments of pirates have proved, for the most part, too gruesome to serve as entertainment for modern audiences. As a result, Hollywood has only hinted at the end of sea robbers. Long John Silver worries about going to Execution Dock but does not end up there. Similarly, in Captain Kidd (1945), the movie's protagonist is condemned, but the character (played by Charles Laughton) is not seen swinging from a gibbet or bobbing up and down in the tide.
Recently, however, there has been some change. In Cutthroat Island, the waterfront of Port Royal, Jamaica is decorated with a variety of realistic corpses hanging in chains and cages in various states of decomposition. These are banged about with much abandon in an otherwise dull chase scene. If gore sells, the punishment of piracy offers numerous chances to make a killing. »[11]
Justice militaire
[modifier | modifier le code]- les corps de 10-12 marins, exécutés pour une infraction quelconque à bord de l'un des vaisseaux de guerre de la Royal Navy, exhibés dans les chaînes ou dans des cages de fer, en vue de Port Royal, Jamaïque, en 1806. À cette vue, Les marins d'un navire négrier de passage ressentent "excited more of pity for their fate than of abhorrence for their offence", alors que les captifs promis à l'esclavage, sont alarmés, ayant peur d'être soumis à un sacrifice de cette sorte.
- Memoirs of ... Captain Hugh Crow of Liverpool, 1830, p. 118
- commentaire dans Vincent Brown, The Reaper’s Garden: Death and Power in the World of Atlantic Slavery, p. 129-130
Survol géographique
[modifier | modifier le code]Royaume-Uni
[modifier | modifier le code]- Patrick Low, Capital punishment in the north east of England 1800-1878 and post mortem punishment 1752-1878, thèse ici (téléchargée, Google Drive et Dropbox]
- Albert Hartshorne, Hanging in Chains, T.F. Unwin, 1891
Angleterre
[modifier | modifier le code]Execution Dock
[modifier | modifier le code]- Samantha Frénée, « Pirates and Gallows at Execution Dock : Nautical Justice in Early Modern England », Criminocorpus [En ligne], Les Fourches Patibulaires du Moyen Âge à l’Époque moderne. Approche interdisciplinaire, Communications, mis en ligne le 14 décembre 2015. (ico)
Écosse
[modifier | modifier le code]- Rachel Bennett, Capital Punishment and the Criminal Corpse in Scotland 1740 to 1834, thèse, 2016 (étude récente et exhaustive, gibbeting bien traité)
- autre version
- [Chapter 7 - Hanging in Chains: The Criminal Corpse on Display]
- autre version
Irlande
[modifier | modifier le code]- en:Burning of Wildgoose Lodge (1816)
- 18 hommes sont pendus, leurs corps [de tous? Certains?] ensuite laissés à pourrir au gibet
- l'écrivain irlandais en:William Carleton, venu dans la région en 1817, est marqué par le gibet et le corps pourrissant du leader Patrick Devaun / Paddy Devaun (Patrick 'Devant' in Carleton's story.) et en tire plus tard 'Wildgoose Lodge'.
- Wild deeds, rough justice – An Irishman’s Diary about the Wildgoose Lodge massacre and its aftermath, 2016
- Paterson, T. F. G. "The Burning of Wildgoose Lodge." Journal of the County Louth Archaeological Society 12, no. 2 (1950): 159-80. doi:10.2307/27728752. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27728752
- Muirí, Réamonn Ó. "The Burning of Wildgoose Lodge: A Selection of Documents." Journal of the County Louth Archaeological and Historical Society 21, no. 2 (1986): 117-47. doi:10.2307/27729616. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2772961
- Casey, Daniel J. "Carleton in Louth." Journal of the County Louth Archaeological and Historical Society 17, no. 2 (1970): 97-106. doi:10.2307/27729257. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27729257
- Casey, Daniel J. "Wildgoose Lodge: the evidence and the lore." Journal of the County Louth Archaeological and Historical Society 18.2 (1974): 140-164. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27729362
- Casey, Daniel J. "Wildgoose Lodge: the evidence and the lore (continued)." Journal of the County Louth Archaeological and Historical Society 18.3 (1975): 211-231. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27729387
- Resurrection: The Return of the Gothic Home in Contemporary Irish Art rôle des gibets ds la mémoire de l'événement
- Remembering Wildgoose Lodge: Gothic Trauma Recalled and Retold' (Irish Studies and the Dynamics of Memory https://www.peterlang.com/view/9781787072251/xhtml/chapter02.xhtml
- trad. Wildgoose Lodge en français, dans "Romans irlandais" de Léon de Wailly (1861)
- The Life of William Carleton (autobiographie), p. 130 et suiv. ("studded with gibbets")
Malte
[modifier | modifier le code]États-Unis
[modifier | modifier le code]- Selon Espy et Smykla, le dernier condamné exécuté aux États-Unis par « hanging in chains » serait un dénommé John Marshall, exécuté en Virginie-Occidentale le 4 avril 1913[12]. Bien que cette information soit reprise par diverses publications[13], parfois avec scepticisme[14], les journaux de l'époque prouvent que Marshall est mort pendu à Moundsville pour le meurtre de son épouse.[15],[16].
- M. Watt Espy et John Ortiz Smykla, Executions in the United States, 1608-2002: The ESPY File (ICPSR 8451) (compilation de données)
- analyse, présentation, fichier Excel
- autre analyse, avec tableau Executions by Method, 1608-2002, listant hanging in chains / gibbeting... un cas d'exécution par Hanging in chains en 1910-1919!! (tableau VI)
- Between 1608-2002, 143 US prisoners were executed by gunfire, 66 were burned to death, 15 were hung in chains until death, 14 were bludgeoned/broke on wheel, and one was pressed to death between two heavy objects
- [acrosswalls.org/wp-content/uploads/data/excel/executions-us.xlsx fichier d'analyse], depuis ici et ici
- Stuart Banner, The Death Penalty : An American History, 2002 (surtout p. 72 et suiv.)
- chap 3 Degrees of death(téléchargé)
- Thorsten Sellin, « The Philadelphia Gibbet Iron », Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, vol 46, no 1, 1955, p. 11-25.
- BAKER, American Indian Executions in Historical Context (téléchargé)
- Gabriele Gottlieb, THEATER OF DEATH: CAPITAL PUNISHMENT IN EARLY AMERICA, 1750-1800
- https://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/archaeology/research/projects/criminal-bodies-1/project-reading/ (Banner, Garland)
Caroline du Sud
[modifier | modifier le code]- https://www.ccpl.org/charleston-time-machine/pirate-executions-1718 (plusieurs occurences, pas seulement 1718
Virginie
[modifier | modifier le code]- Kathryn Preyer, « Crime, the Criminal Law and Reform in Post-Revolutionary Virginia », Law and History Review, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Spring, 1983), p. 53-85, ici p. 58-64**-65 (gibbeting pour duel)
- P. Scott, Criminal Law in Colonial Virginia (1930)
- cage trouvée King George County, 1895/1896, puis fait l'objet d'une exposition itinérante
- trouvée par William Henry Harrison Cawood
- acte autorisant Cawood à exposer l'artefact
- obituaire (archivé : " the notable incident of his later life was his discovery of the "skeleton in chains," which was carried by him to Washington and exhibited there at the steamboat wharf and elsewhere."
- Dead Man in an Iron Cage, The New York Times, 6 juil. 1895, p. 10
- Annonce de la découverte (New York journal, March 30, 1896, p. 4, dernière colonne)
- The "skeleton in armor" which Mr. W. H. H. Cawood found some time since buried in King George county will be exhibited at the Easton, Md., fair next week. (Alexandria Gazette, samedi 12 septembre 1896, p. 3 (source)
- "Mr. W. H. H. Cawood, formerly of this city, but now of King George county, Vs., will have the skeleton of a man in an iron cage, which he found while working a public road in that county, on exhibition at the Tappahannock fair." (Alexandria gazette. (Alexandria, D.C.), September 07, 1897, Image 3
- https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2874964/the_union_republican/
- donné/ vendu au Smithsonian en 1901
- “Societies and Academies.” Science, vol. 13, no. 327, 1901, pp. 547–548. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1627754.
- ici, p. 272 envoyé au Smithsonian
- Droop, E. H., Washington, D. C: Iron gibbet from Virginia. Purchase. 38091. (accessions du Smithsonian pour l'année 1901) source
- aussi ici et ici et ici
Maryland
[modifier | modifier le code]- analyse sur Epsy file
- Seven Hangmen of Colonial Maryland (téléchargé) - Archives of Maryland Online
- Noirs exécutés au Maryland, 1726-1775
- Maryland homicids 1725-1756 (dont sources pour le gibbeting de la femme esclave Jemmy/Jenny en 1755)
- The Negro in Maryland: A Study of the Institution of Slavery, p. 131-132 (rech chains)
- 1761
- un esclave ayant tué sa maîtresse, son enfant et une femme esclave, Saint Mary's County
- Read the Report of the Justices of a special Court held for
Saint Mary's County whereby it appears they had passed Sentence of Death upon Negro Peter Slave of John Booth for the Murder of — Booth Wife of the said John and a Child of him the said John, and of his Wife, and it appearing by the said Report that it was a barbarous and cruel Murder, ordered he be hanged in Chains on the main Road as near the Place where the Fact was committed as possible on Friday the eighth of June next. source
New York (État)
[modifier | modifier le code]Tête retrouvée à Hempstead, déc 1934
[modifier | modifier le code]- film Getty Three boys find a skull in an iron cage in a vacant lot in 1935 Hempstead, Long Island, New York
- Boys Unearth Skeleton in Torture Cage; Discovery in Hempstead Linked to Pirates, New York Times, 29 déc 1934, p. 1 : "An age-old human skeleton encased in a crude metal cage, similar to torture chambers used by pirates, was unearthed today by boys playing in a vacant lot at Union Place and Main Street here. An iron spike 6 inches long protruded from a hole just below the right eye of the victim...."
- Caged Skull Wins Name From Records of 1776, Daily News, New York (New York), 6 fév. 1935,
- Skull in iron held by Detective Hizinmhi, and found last December hy Hempstead, Nassau, child, has started eager inquiry hy historians. One theory is that skull is that of British soldier of Revolutionary days (légende photo, super ico, voir lien - non libre en raison de la date)
- That skeleton, with skull bound tightly in an iron cage, which a youngster uncovered Dec. 28 in Hempstead, drew a name yesterday and a personal record. Back in 1776 it strutted in scarlet tunic with His Majesty's troops, come to put down the American Rebellion. With a companion, this one time .trooper attacked the home of an American miller and sportsman named Hedger, in the belief of two historically minded ladies of Great Neck who combed old records and announced their find. Hedger, the accounts say, found the pair choking his sister. One escaped. The other, Private Silby, 'he shot through the throat. And Silby "was hung in an iron frame on a jribbet, on the plains north of Hempstead, and his regiment paraded before it." The quotations were found in Onderdonk's "Revolutionary Incidents of Queens County" (the area then included Nassau) by Mrs. F. Howard Covey and Mrs. John Baker, with information that. Silby's iron strapped corpse hung from its gallows many years after, and terrified night travelers un- used to the eerie rasping of the swinging cage. Mrs. Covey and Mrs. Bakerhave sent the information to F. Trubee Davison, president of the American Museum of Natural History, Antiquarians explored theories from criminal prosecution to fiendish piratical torture ever since the day that 9-year-old Buddy Gorman of Hempstead uncovered the skull in the side of a sand pile. Two teeth were missing when the skull reached the Museum, and Sergt. Philip Goldstein of the Hempstead police spent days investigating. Finally Buddy's mother recalled that Buddy had extracted the teeth for keepsakes and had been ordered to throw them back on the sandpile and wash his hands.
- Human head encased in an iron cage, 1er janv 1935, "An aged human skeleton encased in an iron cage, which was found by boys at play in the sands at Hempstead, L.I., grim evidence it is believed of early pirates' torture devices", photo de Getty, autrefois sur Corbis, circulant largement sur Internet
- BONES IN CAGE DISCOVERED TO STIR MYSTERY, San Bernardino Sun, 30 déc 1934, p. 4
- "Two Small Boys Find Skeleton Encircled by Bars; Many Theories Are Advanced (By Associated Press) HEMPSTEAD, N. Y., Dec. 29. Two small boys stirred up a deep mystery in this 250-yenr old village when they dug up a skeleton in an iron cage from a vacant lot in the center of the town. No one recalled ever hearing of a burial in this particular lot and the theory was advanced that per haps the boys had found the rmains of a pirate who had been tortured to death. It might even be one of Captain Kidd's men, some said, as legend has persisted in reporting the presence on Long Island of that freebooter. The skull of the skeleton, a small cranium with teeth still intact, was found within the top of the crudely formed cage. The cage, badly rusted, fitted the form of a man's body and apparently had been welded together. Four iron bands were fitted around the head and bent inward at the neck and out again to take in the shoulders. They narrowed again until they met at the feet. Three bands were welded around the cage one at the neck, another about the chest and another about the waist. The skull was still inside the head portion of the cage, said Nassau county police, who took charge of the boys' discovery. An iron hook was set in at the top of the cage and authorities concluded it was designed to be hung from a scaffolding or a tree. The boys, Rudy Powers and Buddy Gorman, were digging in the lot, 200 feet from Main street, when they came upon the cage about two and a half feet underground."
- Hempstead (New York), comté de Nassau, Long Island
Inde
[modifier | modifier le code]- Radhika Singha, A Despotism of Law: Crime and Justice in Early Colonial India. Delhi: OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1998 (téléchargé) (notamment p. 240)
- Norman Chevers, A manual of medical jurisprudence for India, 1870, p. 566-567, avec planche entre les 2 pages, mention d'un gibet trouvé en Jamaïque en 1856 (d'après une publication de Once a week, mai 1866) spéculant sur le gibbeting alive, et mention d'un gibet conservé dans le musée de en:The Asiatic Society de Calcutta, avec planche illustrative des deux cages (ico!!)
- [3], p. 13 (ico)
- leader présumé d'une mutinerie, 1824
- en:Barrackpore mutiny of 1824
- Bindee (Binda) Tiwary
- Pogson, Wredenhall Robert (1833). Memoir of the Mutiny at Barrackpore. Serampore Press, p. 31 ici (corps enlevé après quelques mois car on lui faisait des offrandes...)
- The Oriental Herald and Journal of General Literature. 5. London: Sandford Arnot. 1825, p. 30 ici (mention de d'autres officiers pouvant être "gibbeted"
- Bindee (Binda) Tiwary
- gibet subsistant donné à The Asiatic Society de Calcutta en 1868
- Norman Chevers, A manual of medical jurisprudence for India, 1870, p. 566-567, avec planche entre les 2 pages, mention d'un gibet trouvé en Jamaïque en 1856 (d'après une publication de Once a week, mai 1866) spéculant sur le gibbeting alive, et mention d'un gibet conservé dans le musée de en:The Asiatic Society de Calcutta, avec planche illustrative des deux cages (ico!!)
- Proceedings, 1868, p. 79 : "An old relic in the shape of a human iron cage" : lettre de l'érudit offrant le gibet à la Society
- https://www.google.ca/?gfe_rd=cr&ei=ZO3bWO2lMumS8QfpwYX4DA#tbm=bks&q=%22Asiatic+society%22+%22iron+cage%22&* rech. avec "Asiatic Society" et "iron cage"
Barbade
[modifier | modifier le code]Jamaïque
[modifier | modifier le code]- gibet subsistant retrouvé après une inondation en 1856 et qui aurait contenu le corps d'une femme, maintenant conservé à l'Institute of Jamaica
- gibbet / hanging cage, 2009.8.22R
- An iron gibbet on which rebellious slaves awaited a slow and painful death, photo, National Library of Jamaica
- post Facebook
- voir dossier "Jamaïque" dans "Hanging in chains" (PC)
- R.B.M. "Old Times in Jamaica : The Iron Cage", Once a Week, 26 mai 1866 [vol. 1, janv-juin 1866], 581-585 (ico gibet p. 583) (tradition du châtiment des encagés vivants)
- Mary Seacole Bust And The Gibbet
- versions en ligne : ici, ici, là
- l'ico (avec la légende "Jamaica irons" a été repris et l'article a été largement cité dans Geoffrey Abbott, Execution: The Guillotine, the Pendulum, the Thousand Cuts, the Spanish Donkey, and 66 Other Ways of Putting Someone to Death, St. Martin's Press, 2006 (ISBN 146683837X et 9781466838376)
- version en ligne : http://erenow.com/common/execution-a-guide-to-the-ultimate-penalty/27.html
- Copeland, Huey, and Krista Thompson. “Perpetual Returns: New World Slavery and the Matter of the Visual.” Representations, vol. 113, no. 1, 2011, pp. 1–15. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/rep.2011.113.1.1. (Le gibet en question et une réplique créée par un artiste, Fred Wilson, au centre d'une controverse)*** (aussi ici)
- images couleur de l'expo : Thomas, Hank Willis, et al. “Artists' Portfolios (Color Plates).” Representations, vol. 113, no. 1, 2011, pp. 72–72. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/rep.2011.113.1.72.
- Chisholm, Anna. (2013). Fred Wilson's 'Un-Natural' Histories: race, trauma, and the production of knowledge, University of Minnesota Ph.D. dissertation. October 2013. Major: Art History. Advisor: Dr. Jane M. Blocker. 1 computer file (PDF); viii, 281 pages, http://hdl.handle.net/11299/160755.
- ico
- scène d'un double gibet, par Pierre Eugène du Simitière
- Black Death: Gore, Geographies and the Gallows in Jamaica (avec images)
- Marcus Wood, essai sur le dessin, dans Phil Lapsansky: Appreciations, p. 168 et suiv.
- Source: “Sketch of Street Scene Depicting Two Negroes Killed by Soldiers and Exposed out on the gallows,” undated. Du Simitiere Papers relating to the West Indies 1748–1773,” Box 4, 968.F.19H. This item is reproduced by permission of The Library Company of Philadelphia.
- mention dans Sarah Tarlow, Hanging in Chains
Sainte-Croix (hors colonie britannique)
[modifier | modifier le code]- Sainte-Croix
- possession de la Compagnie danoise des Indes occidentales et de Guinée, 1733
- révolte d'esclaves de 1759
- trois encagés vivants
- Waldemar Westergaard, “Account of the Negro Rebellion on St. Croix, Danish West Indies, 1759”, he Journal of Negro History
Vol. 11, No. 1 (Jan., 1926), pp. 50-61.
- récit d'Engelbert Hasselberg, l'un des juges
- sur Executed Today, avec extraits de Westergaard
- Dans l'énumération des esclaves exécutés, avec leurs châtiments :
- 8. Sam Hector, belonging to Pieter Heyliger, Senior, is convicted by witnesses, but has confessed nothing himself. He was set up in a gibbet or iron cage and lived 42 hours. (p. 59)
- l'un des leaders de la rébellion (p. 55)
- 9. Michel, belonging to Hugh O’Donnell, is convicted by witnesses, but confessed nothing. Got the same punishment as Sam Hector, lived 91 hours. (p. 59)
- l'un des leaders de la rébellion (p. 55)
- 12. [Name not given], belonging to Manan Rogers, is convicted by witnesses, and made a partial confession. Was set up in a gibbet from January 18, at 3:30 p.m. to Jan. 27, 8:30 a.m. (p. 59)
- 8. Sam Hector, belonging to Pieter Heyliger, Senior, is convicted by witnesses, but has confessed nothing himself. He was set up in a gibbet or iron cage and lived 42 hours. (p. 59)
Démérara (ds future Guyane / Guyana)
[modifier | modifier le code]- Démérara
- en:Demerara rebellion of 1823
- ne semble pas y avoir eu d'encagement vivant, seulement exposition après la mort
- Bryant, Joshua (1824). Account of an insurrection of the negro slaves in the colony of Demerara, which broke out on the 18th of August, 1823. Georgetown, Demerara: A. Stevenson at the Guiana Chronicle Office.
- Sur cette source : * Meredith Gamer, “Britain, Empire, and Execution in the Long Eighteenth Century”, Journal18, Issue 12 The ‘Long’ 18th Century? (Fall 2021) ****
- planches sur Commons : commons:Category:Demerara rebellion of 1823
- rech avec gibbet, jibbet, in chains; détails et ico, sur sentences, emplacement des gibets, etc.***
- Craton, Michael. “Proto-Peasant Revolts? The Late Slave Rebellions in the British West Indies 1816-1832.” Past & Present, no. 85, 1979, pp. 99–125.
Canada
[modifier | modifier le code]Québec
[modifier | modifier le code]- « Parfois le Québec est même à la fine pointe de la modernisation libérale, comme c’est le cas avec certains aspects de la peine capitale. Prenons la question de ce qu’on fait des cadavres des personnes exécutées. Le Murder Act anglais de 1752 insistait sur la profanation des cadavres des meurtriers, soit par exposition publique du corps dans un gibet, soit par la dissection publique, afin que « some further terror and peculiar mark of infamy be added to the punishment ». Plus encore, les corps des individus exécutés pour d’autres crimes que le meurtre sont le plus souvent privés de sépulture chrétienne. Au Québec, les autorités abandonnent l’exposition publique des corps dès le début du régime britannique, et la dissection ne semble pas imposée comme sentence avant les années 1780; elle sera abolie à la fin des années 1830. Enfin, dès le début du XIXe siècle, les cadavres des autres exécutés commencent à recevoir des sépultures dans les cimetières. »[17]
Nouvelle-Écosse
[modifier | modifier le code]- Edward Jordan
- en:Edward Jordan (pirate) (Halifax, 1809)
- Edward Jordan : A Fate Worse Than Death, 2013 archive
- Atkin, Edward Jordan's Skull: A Case Study on the Politcal and Ethical Issues Surrounding the Exhibition of Mortuary Artifacts and Remains (dépouille exposée jusqu'en 1844, où le crâne est donné au musée)
- An interesting trial of Edward Jordan and Margaret his wife [microform] : who were tried at Halifax, N.S. Nov. 15th, 1809, for the horrid crime of piracy and murder, committed on board the schooner Three Sisters, Captain John Stairs, on their passage from Perce to Halifax : with a particular account of the execution of said Jordan https://archive.org/details/cihm_45218/page/n5
- Report of the trial of Edward Jordan, and Margaret Jordan his wife, for piracy & murder, at Halifax on the 15th day of November, 1809, together with Edward Jordan's dying confession
[electronic resource] : to which is added the trial of John Kelly, for piracy and murder, on the 8th day of December, 1809 https://archive.org/details/cihm_92639/page/n5
- récit ds Newgate Calendars, avec ico***
- https://web.archive.org/web/20070621031609/http://museum.gov.ns.ca/mma/events/pirates.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20070824142719/http://museum.gov.ns.ca/mma/events/piratefacts.html
- The law required that the pirates be executed with their bodies displayed in public as a warning to other sailors. The body was covered in tar and hanged from chains in an iron cage called a gibbet. The Royal Navy used the same treatment on mutineers. Two pirates were hanged this way on George's Island in 1785. Another, Jordan the pirate, was hanged at Point Pleasant Park, near the Black Rock beach in 1809. At the same time, the Navy hanged six mutineers at Hangman's Beach on McNab's Island, just across the Harbour. Any ship entering Halifax Harbour in 1809 had to pass between hanging and rotting corpses
- Skull fragment - Edward Jordan, Nova Scotia Museum History Collection, Z6198
- A History of Nova-Scotia, Or Acadie, Volume 3 Jordan, Columbine - rech chains - gibbets
- autres
- 4 ou 6 membres d'équipage du en:HMS Columbine (1806) HMS Columbine (1806) condamnés pour mutinerie (Halifax, 1809) à en:McNabs Island
- Maugher Beach, gibets en place des années 1780 jusqu'au début du XIXe s. (pour piraterie)
- "Those convicted of piracy could expect to have their bodies hung in chains in a prominent place as a reminder to others of the folly of such a life. In Halifax, Maugher's Beach (Hangman's Beach) on MacNabs Island was allegedly the site where six sailors and marines were hung in gibbets for mutiny on H M S Colum- bine in August 1809. Halifax Herald, 17 August
1892." https://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol05/tnm_5_4_1-18.pdf
Terre-Neuve
[modifier | modifier le code]- meurtre de en:William Keen, 1754, 2 gibbeted, McGuire et Halluran, 10 octobre 1754
- un 3e gibbeted à Terre-Neuve au 18e s.
- Cornelius Bryan, 1790, condamné à être hung in chains pour le meurtre de son capitaine, exécution reportée d'un an pour enquêter de quelle juridiction relevait le crime; Bryan ensuite pendu 1791, fut-il gibbeted?
- http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~cannf/links_irish.htm
- John Hearn, 1815, condamné à être pendu, puis gibbeted pour le meurtre de sa femme, la dentence de gibbeting est plus tard remise par le juge
- source http://collections.mun.ca/PDFs/cns_enl/ENLV2G.pdf, article Gibbets, p. 519
- Peter Downing, Harbour Grace, 1834
- Peter Downing, Harbour Grace, 1834
- Linda Little, Collective Action in Outport Newfoundland: A Case Study from the 1830s, 1990
- Patrick Collins, Gibbet Hill: Unfinished Justice, 2016
- Catherine Mandeville Snow, Tobias Mandeville et Arthur Spring, reconnus coupables en 1834 du meurtre de John William Snow de Port de Grave, mari de Catherine. Ils devaient aussi être disséqués et encagés après la sentence, mais la foule empêcha la sentence post-mortem sur les hommes. (Voir Little) La femme, enceinte, fut pendue après la naissance du bébé. La sentence originale prévoyait-elle vraiment l'encagement de la femme avec celles des hommes???
- http://ngb.chebucto.org/Newspaper-Obits/hynes-news-1831-1840.shtml
- http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/NFLD-ROOTS/1999-03/0921376369
- Gibbet Hill, Harbour Grace
- histoire : The Murder of Lieutenant Lawry: A Case Study of British Naval Impressment in Newfoundland, 1794 http://keithmercer.weebly.com/uploads/1/7/6/7/17679083/nls_2006.pdf
- peinture du 18e s. montrant Saint-John avec Gibbet Hill et les potences, à trouver
- thèse justice Terre Neuve 18e s.
- https://research.library.mun.ca/13488/1/Trainor_MarkWilliamThomas_Master.pdf (Downing, Catherine Snow)
Australie, Tasmanie, etc.
[modifier | modifier le code]- en:List of people legally executed in Australia, mention de 10 occurences de gibbet
- dernier condamné gibbeted dans l'empire britaannique : John McKay, 1837 (son complice, John Lamb, est grâcié à la dernière minute)
- R. v. McKay and Lamb [1837]
- retrait du corps de McKay, The Sydney Monitor, lun. 2 oct. 1837, p. 3
- identification du site, historique, potentiel historique et patrimonial, etc. (téléchargé),
- autre version (téléchargé)
- ici
- autres cas : index par sujet, capital punishment
- Christopher Dawson, « A Thoroughly Modern Hanging », essai réalisé pour l'exposition Path to Abolition: A History of Execution in Queensland de Queensland Supreme Court, 2014, p. 3-5
- p. 3 : "This ‘hanging in chains’, or ‘gibbetting’, took place in New South Wales as late as 1831, when the bodies of two murderers were displayed for two years at Goulburn Plains, the place of their crime. Their bodies were removed only after a somewhat-shocked colonial governor had the misfortune to ride past them two years later."
- "Gibbetting ceased in New South Wales with the adoption of a British law in 1837."
- R v Mooney and White (1831) NSW Sel Cas (Dowling) 303; [1831 NSWSupC 76] (les deux condamnés exhibés Goulburn Plains)
- William Mooney
- John White
- (en) Michaela Ann Cameron, « ‘A Murderer’s Banes in Gibbet Airns’ » [archive du ], sur St. John's, (consulté le ). **** Cas de John Kenny, pendu et gibbeted (à Parramatta) pour l'homicide de Mary Smyth (1807) - excellents éléments sur le gibbet en Nouvelle Galles du Sud - procès
- Photograph of the skeleton and chains used to gibbet a man convicted of murder and hung at Goulburn in 1831, taken between 1876 and 1877, SPF/3495 / FL8853239, Mitchell Library, State Library of New South Wales. ico****
- Extract from the 'Saturday Magazine', regarding the gibbet at Goulburn, New South Wales, 1832-1833, written 1836, and photograph taken between 1876 and 1877
- après l'abolition de la pratique
- Doodjeep et Barrabong condamnés pour le meurtre de Sarah Cook et son enfant en 1839 à York. Les deux Aborigènes sont pendus puis hanged in chains (sans doute pendu avec une chaîne et le corps laissé à pourrir)
- What lies buried will rise: exploring a story of violent crime, retribution and colonial memory
- Savagery on the Swan River settlement : the aboriginal murder cycle and the 1839 killing of Sarah Cook / collected and edited by Peter J. Bridge, 2010 ref
- ref sur List of legally executed (WP EN)
- execution (sans mention gibbet)
- Beyond..., p. 114 et suiv. ***
- R v Doodjeep and R v Barrabong, Court of Quarter Sessions, 1 July 1840. The Perth Gazette 4 July 1840. Both Doodjeep and Barrabong were found guilty and sentenced to be ‘hanged in chains on the scene of the murder.’They were both executed a week later. The Perth Gazette, 11 July 1840. source
- The Unforgiving Rope: Murder and Hanging on Australia's Western Frontier**
- http://inherit.stateheritage.wa.gov.au/Admin/api/file/9d5ab835-f51a-4276-81bc-9fd8017477bb
New South Wales
[modifier | modifier le code]En Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, la colonial legislasture adopte en 1837 [trouver le nom exact de l'instance législative en 1837] An Act to abolish the practice of hanging the Bodies of Criminals in Chains (4 & 5 Will. IV c.26) (enacted in England 25 juil. 1834), qui entre en vigueur le 13 juillet 1837[18]
Hors de l'Empire britannique
[modifier | modifier le code]Future Allemagne
[modifier | modifier le code]- à voir
- Richard J. Evans, Rituals of Retribution: Capital Punishment in Germany, 1600-1987 (Oxford University Press, 1996) *
- Richard Van Dulmen and Elisabeth Neu, Theatre of Horror: Crime and Punishment in Early Modern Germany (Polity Press, 1991) *
- Joel F. Harrington, The Faithful Executioner: Life and Death, Honor and Shame in the Turbulent Sixteenth Century (Random House, 2013)
- Joy Wiltenburg, Crime and Culture in Early Modern Germany (University of Virginia Press, 2012)
- Münster (1536)
- Révolte de Münster - Jean de Leyde
- Why 3 Man-Sized Cages Hang From a Medieval German Church Steeple, les cages seraient les originales, maintes fois réparées
- Joseph Süss Oppenheimer (1738)
-
Répliques (ou originales?) des cages dans lesquelles les cadavres de Jean de Leyde et deux autres meneurs de la Révolte de Münster ont été exposés après leur exécution en janvier 1536, accrochées au clocher de l'église Saint-Lambert
-
Cage dans lequel le corps d'Oppenheimer fut exposé
-
Exécution d'Oppenheimer
Hollande
[modifier | modifier le code]- travaux d'Anuradha Gobin https://art.ucalgary.ca/profiles/anuradha-gobin
- Anuradha Gobin, “Representing the Criminal Body in the City: Knowledge, Publics and Power in the Seventeenth-Century Dutch Republic” (thèse, McGill, 2014) https://oatd.org/oatd/record?record=oai%5C%3Adigitool.library.mcgill.ca%5C%3A132567
- Fokke (repro et description 4 images, fig 70-73) skin, Elsje Christiaens, etc ****
- Images ps ds le pdf en raison du copyright
- Figure 70: Harnessess used to hang up criminals broken on the wheel. 1764. Simon Fokke. Drawing. Location: Amsterdam City Archives
- Figure 71: Side View of Harnessess used to hand up criminals broken on the wheel. 1764. Simon Fokke. Drawing. Location: Amsterdam City Archives.
- Figure 72: Image of Brackets or Harnesses. 1764. Simon Fokke. Print. Location: Amsterdam City Archives.
- Figure 73: Image of irons from which criminals were hung after death. 1764. Simon Fokke. Drawing. Location: Amsterdam City Archives.
- (en) Anuradha Gobin, « Picturing Liminal Spaces and Bodies: Rituals of Punishment and the Limits of Control at the Gallows Field », RACAR : Revue d'art canadienne / Canadian Art Review, vol. 43, no 1, , p. 7–24 (ISSN 0315-9906 et 1981-4778[à vérifier : ISSN invalide], DOI https://doi.org/10.7202/1050817ar, lire en ligne, consulté le )
- p. 10 "In certain cases—when a crime was considered to be particularly harmful to the civic good, and therefore in need of severe punishment—special mechanisms were constructed to impress this fact upon the public. Simon Fokke produced a series of images recording the harnesses that were made to contain the bodies of a group of mutinous sailors. Dutch prosperity was largely derived from overseas expansion and trade, so the need to control the behaviour of sailors was imperative to the continuation of economic success. To send a message that mutiny would not be tolerated, the sailors were sentenced to be broken on the wheel and their bodies placed in special- ly constructed harnesses. Fokke’s images depict the harnesses from varying angles and demonstrate the intricacy of planning involved in the construc- tion of these contraptions. | fig. 4 | Based on their elaborate nature, it can be surmised that their production costs would have been sizable. Such expense, coupled with the added payment made to the executioner for any additional actions performed on the dead bodies, is indicative of the level of symbolic significance attached to how criminal corpses were handled. By including spe- cial instructions for the transportation and gibbeting of bodies in their offi- cial sentences, judicial authorities were actively conveying messages to those who would view and come into contact with these bodies."
- FIRST SPACES OF COLONIALISM: THE ARCHITECTURE OF DUTCH EAST INDIA COMPANY SHIPS, thèse avec partie concernant la mutinerie du Nijenburg, devis architecturaux des gibets inclus ds les documents judiciaires (ico incluse, 3.1 et 3.2), volonté des autorités de faire un exemple***
- Simon Fokke, mutinerie du Nijenburg, 1764 - commons:Category:Mutiny on the Nijenburg - de:Meuterei auf der Nijenburg - nl:Nijenburg (schip, 1757)
- autres ico de cette mutinerie
Impact culturel (folklore, ico, etc.)
[modifier | modifier le code]Dans l'imaginaire actuel
[modifier | modifier le code]- Sarah Tarlow, The Enduring Imaginative Power of the Criminal Corpse, Think: Leicester, 28 octobre 2016
Répliques de gibets (musées, attractions...)
[modifier | modifier le code]- en:The Clink - The Clink Prison Museum (gibet suspendu à l'extérieur)
- "The noose and Gibbet Inn, Sheffield, exploits its proximity to the place where Spence Broughton was gibbeted with a wholly inauthentic recreated gibbet" (photo de Tarlow d'un tiers)
-
The Clink
-
The Clink
Dans la fiction
[modifier | modifier le code]- Dead Guy on Display sur TV Tropes
- jeu vidéo Uncharted 4: A Thief's End
- Great Expectations Dickens
- http://www.victorianweb.org/art/illustration/mclenan/1.html
- http://www.victorianweb.org/art/illustration/mclenan/ge.html
- John P. McWilliams, « GREAT EXPECTATIONS: The Beacon, the Gibbet, and the Ship », Dickens Studies Annual, vol. 2, , p. 255–372 (ISSN 0084-9812, lire en ligne, consulté le ).
- The Gibbet, Sir John Gilbert, R. A., 1878, Wood-engraving, Seventh illustration for W. H. Ainsworth's Rookwood, A Romance, facing p. 321 (1878 edition).
-
Great Expectations
Le gibet de fer au musée (conservation et mise en valeur)
[modifier | modifier le code]- liste des gibets authentiques conservés
- répliques
- très présent dans les expositions sur les pirates
- Fred Wilson
- JOWITT, Claire et OAKLEY-BROWN, Liz. A pirate for all seasons? Captain Kidd and pirates in popular culture A review of ‘Pirates: the Captain Kidd story’, an exhibition at the Museum of London Docklands, 20 May–30 October 2011. Journal for Maritime Research, 2011, vol. 13, no 2, p. 180-183. sur academia.edu
- p. 181 : "The confines of life on board a pirate ship were reconstructed, and a tableau – which concentrated on a suspended iron gibbet cage and the ways the early modern state used the criminal body to deter onlookers from future illegality – made good use of aural effects to recreate the moment of Kidd’s execution. Rather than focusing on a gory display, the exhibition mindfully employed the spine-chilling sound a corpse in rigor mortis makes as it is forced to accommodate the metal hoops of the cage"
Iconographie
[modifier | modifier le code]- The Hanging in Chains of Francis Fearn (1782) sur Getty, trouver l'original
- "Francis Fearn On The Gibbet. The hanging in chains of Francis Fearn on Loxley Common near Sheffield, England. From a broadsheet issued at the time of his execution, 1st May 1841. (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images)
- Rowlandson
- Convicts embarking for Botany Bay - gibet en arrière-plan
- William Hogarth
- série en:Industry and Idleness / Industry and Idleness
- no 5 - The Idle Apprentice Sent to Sea (gibet au loin, sur la rive de la Tamise : un marin le pointe à l'apprenti, l'avertissant qu'il s'agit de son futur s'il ne se corrige pas
- no 11 - The Idle Apprentice executed at Tyburn - l'encadrement montre des squelettes pendus au gibet
- Broasides
- https://omeka.cloud.unimelb.edu.au/execution-ballads/items/browse?tags=hanging+in+chains
- http://ballads.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/search/?query=gibbet
- The lamentation of John Musgrave. who was executed at Kendall
- Two pirates hanging in high tide, illustration from A True Relation of the Lives and Deaths of the two most Famous English Pyrats, Purser and Clinton, by Thomas Heywood, 1639.
- The highwayman Dick Turpin, on horseback, arrives at a tree from which two bodies have been hanged. Lithograph by W. Clerk, ca. 1839. https://wellcomecollection.org/works/skftrgw3
- Newgate Calendar
- An Odd Sight Sometime Hence, vers 1756, estampe satirique,
- "Satire on the government showing the bodies of three ministers hanging from a gibbet, a fox (Henry Fox) urinating at the foot. The onlookers include a woman in a waggon and a man on crutches taken from Hogarth's Industry and Idleness."
- aussi ici
-
Cage pour laisser mourir les condamnés, Afghanistan, 1921 (voir art. en:gibbet)
Voir aussi
[modifier | modifier le code]- Sarah Tarlow,
- (en) Sarah Tarlow et Emma Battell Lowman, « Hanging in Chains », dans Harnessing the Power of the Criminal Corpse, Springer International Publishing, (ISBN 9783319779072, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-77908-9_6, lire en ligne), p. 151–190
- Sarah Tarlow, The Golden and Ghoulish Age of the Gibbet in Britain, (2016, livre annoncé en open access (yay!!!!), pas encore disponible en mars 2017...)
- autres titres dispo ou à venir de Palgrave Historical Studies in the Criminal Corpse and its Afterlife
- P. King, Punishing the Criminal Corpse, 1700-1840 : Aggravated Forms of the Death Penalty in England
- A Global History of Execution and the Criminal Corpse (dispo, certaines parties en open access)
- Dissecting the Criminal Corpse : Staging Post-Execution Punishment in Early Modern England (libre accès, dispo) (quelques stats sur le gibbeting)
- Floris Tomasini, [Remembering and Disremembering the Dead : Posthumous Punishment, Harm and Redemption over Time], sera dispo en libre accès
- autres titres dispo ou à venir de Palgrave Historical Studies in the Criminal Corpse and its Afterlife
- lien vers nombreuses données statistiques (exécutions US, GB)***
- projet de recherche : Harnessing the Power of the Criminal Corpse
- Sarah Tarlow, « The Technology of the Gibbet », International Journal of Historical Archaeology, December 2014, Volume 18, Issue 4, pp 668-699 (téléchargé) ou en ligne ici
- Sarah Tarlow & Zoe Dyndor, « The Landscape of the Gibbet », Landscape History, 36, Issue 1, 2015, p. 71-88
- Ruth Penfold-Mounce, Consuming criminal corpses: Fascination with the dead criminal body, 2010
- A Global History of Execution and the Criminal Corpse (TM), 2015 (sur Google Books)
- Richard Ward, Introduction - A Global History of Execution and the Criminal Corpse, p. 1-36 (téléchargé)
- Zoe Dyndor, The Gibbet in the Landscape: Locating the Criminal Corpse in Mid-Eighteenth-Century England, p. 102-125 (téléchargé)
- autres contributions pertinentes du même ouvrage non accessibles :
- index : hanging in chains (gibbeting), 6–8, 11–13, 15–18, 23–5, 44, 46–50, 56–8, 61 78–9, 81–3, 85–7, 93, 97, 102–25, 129, 170, 173–4, 178–9, 182, 221
- location of, 8, 24–5, 81, 86, 103, 105, 107–22 – see also executions: locations of
- technology of, 106–8
- James Kelly, Punishing the Dead: Execution and the Executed Body in Eighteenth-Century Ireland, p. 37-70
- Steve Poole, « 'For the benefit of example': Crime scene executions in England, 1720-1830 », p. 71-101 (résumé)
- Zoe Dyndor, p. 102-125
- Clare Anderson, Execution And Its Aftermath In the Nineteenth-Century British Empire, p. 170-198 (fichier sera dispo 1er sept 2016)
- An iconography of the criminal corpse in the West, no spécial de la revue Mortality, Volume 21, Issue 3, July 2016
- Melissa Schrift, Introduction - Life after death: an introduction to the criminal body in the West (libre accès)
- Sarah Tarlow, Curious afterlives: the enduring appeal of the criminal corpse (libre accès, mention gibet, anthropodermic biding...)
- autres articles du même numéro, pas en libre accès
- Peter King, Richard Ward; Rethinking the Bloody Code in Eighteenth-Century Britain: Capital Punishment at the Centre and on the Periphery. Past Present 2015; 228 (1): 159-205. doi: 10.1093/pastj/gtv026 https://academic.oup.com/past/article/228/1/159/1464229/Rethinking-the-Bloody-Code-in-Eighteenth-Century peu de gibets en peripherie, un cas d'un notable renonçant à un gibbeting par peur de l'opposition de la population
- Steve Poole, Romancing the Gibbet...
- Joris Coolen, « Places of justice and awe: the topography of gibbets and gallows in medieval and early modern north-western and Central Europe », World Archaeology, Volume 45, Issue 5, 2013
- Richard Ward, « Counting the costs of the bloody code: sheriffs’ expense claims as a source for criminal justice history », Historical Research, 2-15, à paraître
- Ward, Richard (2010) Print Culture and Responses to Crime in Mid-Eighteenth-Century London. PhD thesis, University of Sheffield.
- Owen Davies and Francesca Matteoni, « ‘A virtue beyond all medicine’: The Hanged Man's Hand, Gallows Tradition and Healing in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-century England », Social History of Medicine, mai 2015, t. 28, no 2. (réticence de pendre le corps des femmes au gibet)
- Eilís Phillips, Dead Men Telling Tales: Maritime Gibbet Lore in Nineteenth-Century Popular Culture, 2015 (gibbet dans le folklore, mention de deux femmes pendues dans les chaînes...)
- blog de Patrick Low, Last Dying Words (doctorant, histoire de la peine capitale dans le Nord de la GB, gibbets...)
- Dissecting a woman
- Hanging a Highwayman (Part 1) et Part 2
- Hang em High (mémoire d'un gibet particulier)
- Walking in a Winter Horrorland (emplacement de 3 gibets)
- A warning for the future and a memento of the past stat gibbets nord
- à consulter : Ruth Penfold-Mounce, « Consuming criminal corpses: Fascination with the dead criminal body », Mortality: Promoting the interdisciplinary study of death and dying, Volume 15, Issue 3, 2010
- et du même auteur : Corpses, Popular Culture and Forensic Science, 2016
- Albert Hartshorne, Hanging in chains (bouquin de 1891/3), ico, liste de gibets conservés en Angleterre
- Bygone punishments
- Julie Rosemary Wileman, Past Crimes: Archaeological & Historical Evidence for Ancient Misdeeds, Pen and Sword, 2015
- celui de John Breads, de Rye (avec une portion de crâne dans le gibet)
- celui trouvé en 1935 à Hempstead, Long Island, avec la tête encore à l'intérieur
- derniers cas dans ce qui allait être le Canada : Terre-Neuve, 1834... deux ou trois condamnés ?
- Peter Downing
- Linda Little, article
- Arthur Spring et Tobias Mandeville, complices de Catherine Snow
- Peter Downing
- Australie, dernier cas, 1837
- R. v. McKay and Lamb [1837]
- faire une recherche avec "capital punishment, hanged in chains" ou "reception of English law, hanging in chains" ou "gibbet", ici (détails de tous les cas, au moins 59 résultats, plusieurs cas concernant Aborigènes, notamment).
- C.H. Currey, Sir Francis Forbes: the First Chief Justice of New South Wales, Angus and Robertson, Sydney, 1968, p. 470 points out that hanging in chains was abolished in England by (1834) 5&4 Wm 4, c. 29, but that the statute was not adopted in New South Wales until 1837. (discussion ici)
- gibets retrouvés
- gibet de John Nichols, pendu en 1794, retrouvé en 1938 (ou 1936), faisant alors l'objet d'une exposition locale
- lien archivé
- aussi ici et ici
- Joris Coolen, Places of justice and awe: the topography of gibbets and gallows in medieval and early modern north-western and Central Europe, à se procurer
- répliques
- château Ramezay
- photos
- John Kalbfleich, Second Draft: Murderer of family came to a gruesome end, The Montreal Gazette, 18 mars 2016
- La destinée de la Corriveau
- "Reconstruction d’une cage semblable à la celle de la Corriveau, et conservée au musée du Château Ramezay, à Montréal."
- présentée notamment au cours de l'expo Crimes et Châtiments - La Justice en Nouvelle-France / Crime and Punishment – Justice in New France , 26 novembre 2013 au 13 octobre 2014, expo précédentes, 2014
- désignée comme "cage de pendaison" / "hanging cage"
- communiqué fr
- rumeur faisant de cette cage celle de la Corriveau
- "At Pointe-Lévy (Lauzon), the body of the murderess Marie-Josephte Corriveau (1733-1763) was exposed in an iron cage at a crossroads. The cage is exhibited in the Château Ramezay, Montreal. La Corriveau continues to haunt Quebec lore and literature" (John Robert Colombo, Canadian Literary Landmarks, Dundurn, 1984, p. 63
- voir aussi Ferland et Corriveau
Notes
[modifier | modifier le code]- John Bartram et Francis Harper, « Diary of a Journey through the Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida from July 1, 1765, to April 10, 1766 », Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 33, no 1, , p. 22 (ISSN 0065-9746, DOI 10.2307/1005551, JSTOR 1005551) : "two negroes Jibited alive for poisoning thair master"
- Joseph Priestley, A Sermon on the Subject of the Slave Trade, 1788, cité dans Akihito Matsumoto, « Priestley and Smith Against Slavery », The Kyoto Economic Review, vol. 80 (2011), no 1, p. 119-131 DOI 10.11179/ker.80.119, ici p. 124.
- https://www.google.ca/search?tbm=bks&hl=fr&q=to+a+general+sense+of+shame%2C+and+perhaps+to+prevent+certain#hl=fr&tbm=bks&q=%22to+a+general+sense+of+shame%2C+and+perhaps+to+prevent+certain%22
- Female executions 1735 – 1799
- Frank McLynn, Crime and Punishment in Eighteenth Century England, Routledge, 2013, p. 130, (ISBN 1136093168 et 9781136093166) ici
- Daniel Allen Hearn, Legal Executions in New England: A Comprehensive Reference, 1623–1960, McFarland, 2008 (ISBN 1476608539 et 9781476608532), p. 404
- Aubrey C. Land, Colonial Maryland, a history, KTO Press, (ISBN 0527187135 et 9780527187132) 1981, p. 167
- Ross M. Kimmel, "Blacks before the Law in Colonial Maryland" , Master's Thesis, January 24, 1974, chapitre 3 "Freedom or Bondage -- The Legislative Record et note 55
- Daniel Allen Hearn, Legal Executions in New England: A Comprehensive Reference, 1623–1960, McFarland, 2008 (ISBN 1476608539 et 9781476608532), p. 404
- http://www.ipl.org/IPL/Display?key=res:lii-27269&layout=blank
- http://forum2.aimoo.com/JCH/m/In-the-News/Piracy-And-The-Right-To-Self-Defense-1-554804.html
- [1]; [2], no 8649
- Jeffrey L. Kirchmeier, Imprisoned by the Past: Warren McCleskey and the American Death Penalty, Oxford University Press, 2015, (ISBN 0199967938 et 9780199967933), p. 197.
- Jack Shuler, The Thirteenth Turn: A History of the Noose, PublicAffairs, 2014, (ISBN 1610391365 et 9781610391368), p. 313 note 28
- Murderers Sing Hymns While Awaiting Death, The Pittsburg Press, 4 avril 1913; Wife Slayers Hang Together, The Gazette Times, 5 avril 1913
- West Virginia Archives & History, Executions in West Virginia - List of Executed Prisoners Within West Virginia Penitentiary, Office of Parole & Record Clerk
- Cory Verbauwhede, « Entretien avec Donald Fyson », sur Centre d'histoire des régulations sociales, (consulté le ).
- (en) Gregory D. Woods, A History of Criminal Law in New South Wales: The Colonial Period, 1788-1900, Federation Press, (ISBN 1-86287-439-5, 978-1-86287-439-8 et 1-76002-193-8, OCLC 51999309), p. 127