雄黄:修订间差异
主要成份应该是四硫化四砷,而不是二硫化二砷。 |
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{{infobox mineral
|
| category = [[硫化物矿物]]
| boxwidth = 330px
| boxbgcolor =
| image = Realgar-229713.jpg
| imagesize = 260
| alt =
| caption = 来自美国[[金县 (华盛顿州)|华盛顿州金县]]Royal Reward矿的雄黄晶体
| formula = As<sub>4</sub>S<sub>4</sub>或AsS
| IMAsymbol = Rlg<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Warr|first=L.N.|date=2021|title=IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mineralogical-magazine/article/imacnmnc-approved-mineral-symbols/62311F45ED37831D78603C6E6B25EE0A|journal=Mineralogical Magazine|volume=85|issue=3|pages=291–320|doi=10.1180/mgm.2021.43|bibcode=2021MinM...85..291W|s2cid=235729616|access-date=2022-06-05|archive-date=2022-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615125628/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mineralogical-magazine/article/imacnmnc-approved-mineral-symbols/62311F45ED37831D78603C6E6B25EE0A}}</ref>
| molweight =
| strunz = 2.FA.15a
| dana =
| system = [[单斜]]
| class = 棱柱形 (2/m) <br/><small>([[H-M记号]]相同)</small>
| symmetry = ''P2<sub>1</sub>/n'' (no. 14)
| unit cell = a = 9.325(3) [[埃格斯特朗|Å]] <br/>b = 13.571(5) Å <br/>c = 6.587(3) Å <br/>β = 106.43°; Z = 16
| color = 红色至黄橙色;抛光部分浅灰色,具有丰富的黄色至红色内部反射
| colour =
| habit = 棱柱状条纹晶体;更常见块状、粗到细粒状或结壳
| twinning = {100}接触双晶
|
|
| tenacity = 可切,略脆
| mohs = 1.5–2
| luster = 树脂到油脂
| streak = 橙红色到红色
| diaphaneity = 透明
| gravity = 3.56
| density =
| polish =
| opticalprop = 双轴 (-)
| refractive = n<sub>α</sub> = 2.538<br/> n<sub>β</sub> = 2.684<br/> n<sub>γ</sub> = 2.704
| birefringence = δ = 0.166
| pleochroism = 几乎无色至淡金黄色
| 2V = 40°
| dispersion = r > v,非常强
| extinction =
| length fast/slow =
| fluorescence=
| absorption =
| melt =
| fusibility =
| diagnostic =
| solubility =
| other = 有毒性和[[致癌性]]。长时间暴露于光线下分解成副雄黄或由亚砷酸盐和雌黄组成的粉末。
| alteration =
| references = <ref name=Handbook>{{cite web |url=http://rruff.info/doclib/hom/realgar.pdf |title=Realgar |website=Handbook of Mineralogy |publisher=RRUFF Project |access-date=2022-06-05 |archive-date=2022-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713072544/https://rruff.info/doclib/hom/realgar.pdf }}</ref><ref name=Mindat>{{Mindat |id=3375 |name=Realgar}}</ref><ref name=Webmin>{{WebMineral |url=http://webmineral.com/data/Realgar.shtml |name=Realgar}}</ref><ref name=Klein>{{cite book |first1=Cornelis |last1=Klein |first2=Cornelius S. |last2=Hurlbut |title=Manual of Mineralogy |url=https://archive.org/details/manualofmineralo00klei |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |year=1985 |edition=20th |page=[https://archive.org/details/manualofmineralo00klei/page/282 282] |isbn=0-471-80580-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hejny |first1=Clivia |last2=Sagl |first2=Raffaela |last3=Többens |first3=Daniel M. |last4=Miletich |first4=Ronald |last5=Wildner |first5=Manfred |last6=Nasdala |first6=Lutz |last7=Ullrich |first7=Angela |last8=Balic-Zunic |first8=Tonci |title=Crystal-structure properties and the molecular nature of hydrostatically compressed realgar |journal=Physics and Chemistry of Minerals |date=May 2012 |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=399–412 |doi=10.1007/s00269-012-0495-y|bibcode=2012PCM....39..399H |s2cid=96885484 }}</ref>
}}
'''雄黄'''({{lang-en|Realgar}}),又称'''鸡冠石''',是一种含[[砷]][[硫化物矿物]],[[化学式]]为[[同质异形体|α]]-[[四硫化四砷|As<sub>4</sub>S<sub>4</sub>]]。它是一种柔软的可切矿物,以[[单斜晶系]]晶体或粒状、紧密块状和粉末狀出现,常与[[雌黄]](As<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>)共生;它呈橙红色,在320°C时熔化,并产生蓝色火焰,释放出砷和硫的烟雾。雄黄质地柔软,[[莫氏硬度]]为1.5至2,[[比重]]为3.5。它的[[条痕]]是橙色的。
==用途==
雄黄在中国、秘鲁和菲律宾用于提取少量砷的[[矿石]]。<ref>{{cite web |title=Arsenic |date=January 2021 |website=Mineral commodity summaries |publisher=United States Geological Survey |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-arsenic.pdf |access-date=28 February 2021 |archive-date=2022-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212064728/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-arsenic.pdf }}</ref>
雄黄有毒。它有时被用来杀死[[杂草]]、[[昆虫]]和[[啮齿动物]],<ref>{{cite report |title=Realgar |date=April 2008 |series=Hazardous Substance Factsheet |publisher=State of New Jersey |department=N.J. Department of Environmental Protection |url=http://nj.gov/health/eoh/rtkweb/documents/fs/0156.pdf |access-date=2022-06-05 |archive-date=2022-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418104638/https://nj.gov/health/eoh/rtkweb/documents/fs/0156.pdf }}</ref>
雄黄通常用于皮革制造,以去除动物毛皮上的毛发。但因为雄黄是一种已知的[[致癌物]]和毒物,且存在替代品,故现在很少将其用于此。
===历史用途===
古希腊人称雄黄为''{{lang|el|σανδαράκη}}''({{transl|el|sandarákē}})。在中世纪的西班牙和16世纪的英国,它被用来毒死老鼠。<ref>{{cite web |title=[no title cited] |year=1914 |publisher=Clarendon Press at Oxford |url=https://archive.org/stream/oed8aarch#page/n215/mode/1up |via=archive.org |language=en}}<br/>{{cite web |title=[no title cited] |year=1890 |publisher=Beyrouth Impr. Catholique |url=https://archive.org/stream/remarquessurlesm00lammuoft#page/201/mode/1up |via=archive.org |language=fr}}<br/>{{full citation needed|date=April 2020|reason=Originally a bare web address}}</ref>由此,雄黄在英语中也被称为''sandarac''。
古希腊药剂师也使用雄黄来制造一种被称为“牛血”的药物。<ref name=Arnould>{{cite journal |last=Arnould |first=Dominique |year=1993 |title=Boire le sang de taureau: La mort de Thémistocle |trans-title=Drinking bull's blood: The death of Themistocles |journal=Revue de philologie, de littérature et d'histoire anciennes |volume=LXVII |issue=2 |pages=229–235 |language=fr}}</ref>希腊医生[[尼坎德]]描述了“牛血”导致的死亡,这与砷中毒的已知影响相匹配。<ref name=Arnould/>“牛血”据说是[[地米斯托克利]]和[[迈达斯]]用于自杀的毒药。<ref name=Arnould/>
雄黄常被洒在房屋周围以驱除蛇和昆虫,以及用于[[中药]]。<ref>{{cite journal |author=Jie Liu |author2=Yuanfu Lu |author3=Qin Wu |author4=Robert A. Goyer |author5=Michael P. Waalkes |date=August 2008 |title=Mineral arsenicals in traditional medicines: Orpiment, realgar, and arsenolite |journal=Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics |volume=326 |issue=2 |pages=363–368 |doi=10.1124/jpet.108.139543 |pmid=18463319 |url=https://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/jpet/early/2008/05/07/jpet.108.139543.full.pdf |access-date=2021-06-05 |pmc=2693900 |archive-date=2022-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706070124/https://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/jpet/early/2008/05/07/jpet.108.139543.full.pdf }} — On the toxicity of these medications</ref>雄黄与[[黄酒]]混合制成[[雄黄酒]],在[[端午节]]期间饮用以辟邪,暗示其具有驱虫作用。但在现代变得越来越少见,因为人们意识到雄黄是一种有毒的砷化合物。
雄黄与[[雌黄]]同为[[古罗马帝国]]的重要贸易商品,被用作红色[[颜料]]。雄黄作为红色颜料的早期出现以来自[[中国]]、[[印度]]、[[中亚]]和[[埃及]]的艺术品而闻名。它在[[文艺复兴]]时期被用于欧洲美术绘画,这种用途在18世纪就消失了。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cameo.mfa.org/wiki/Realgar |title=Realgar |publisher=Museum of Fine Arts |place=Boston, MA |access-date=2022-06-05 |archive-date=2015-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208054526/http://cameo.mfa.org/wiki/Realgar }}</ref>它也被用作药物。其他传统用途包括制造[[霰弹弹丸|铅弹]]、印刷和染色印花布。
==
雄黄最常作为与其他砷和锑矿物伴生的低温[[热液]][[脉]]矿物出现。它也以火山升华和温泉沉积物的形式出现。它与[[雌黄]]、[[砷华]]、[[方解石]]和[[重晶石]]一起出现。<ref name=Handbook/>
长时间暴露在[[光照]]下后,雄黄变成黄色粉末,称为[[副雄黄]](β-As<sub>4</sub>S<sub>4</sub>)。这种粉末曾被认为是雌黄,但它是一种独特的化合物。<ref name=AM77>{{cite journal|last1=Douglass|first1=D. L.|last2=Shing|first2=Chichang|last3=Wang|first3=Ge|title=The light-induced alteration of realgar to pararealgar|journal=American Mineralogist|date=1992|volume=77|pages=1266–1274|url=http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM77/AM77_1266.pdf|accessdate=11 August 2014|archive-date=2007-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927155114/http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM77/AM77_1266.pdf}}</ref>
==
<gallery widths="130px" heights="130px">
Image:Realgar-unit-cell-3D-balls.png|雄黄的[[晶胞]],清楚表示所含的As<sub>4</sub>S<sub>4</sub>分子
File:Realgar-md56a.jpg|来自美国内华达州洪堡县波托西区亚当峰Getchell矿的雄黄晶簇
File:Réalgar, quartz, chalcopyrite, galène 90.3.9834.jpg|雄黄、[[石英]]、[[黄铜矿]]和[[方铅矿]]晶体,产自秘鲁拉利伯塔德Quiruvilca矿
</gallery>
==参见==
*[[雌黄]]
==参考资料==
{{Reflist}}
==
* ''The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals''. 11th Edition. Ed. Susan Budavari. Merck & Co., Inc., N.J., U.S.A. 1989.
* William Mesny. ''Mesny’s Chinese Miscellany. A Text Book of Notes on China and the Chinese.'' Shanghai. Vol. III, (1899), p. 251; Vol. IV, (1905), pp. 425–426.
* American Mineralogist Vol 80, pp 400–403, 1995 [http://www.minsocam.org/msa/AmMin/toc/Articles_Free/1995/Bonazzi_p400-403_95.pdf#search=%22American%20Mineralogist%2C%20Volume%2077%2C%20pages%201266-1274%2C%20%22] {{Wayback|url=http://www.minsocam.org/msa/AmMin/toc/Articles_Free/1995/Bonazzi_p400-403_95.pdf#search=%22American%20Mineralogist%2C%20Volume%2077%2C%20pages%201266-1274%2C%20%22 |date=20220621153638 }}
* American Mineralogist Vol 20, pp 1266–1274, 1992 [http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM77/AM77_1266.pdf#search=%22American%20Mineralogist%2C%20Volume%2077%2C%20pages%201266-1274%2C%20%22] {{Wayback|url=http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM77/AM77_1266.pdf#search=%22American%20Mineralogist%2C%20Volume%2077%2C%20pages%201266-1274%2C%20%22 |date=20070927155114 }}
==外部链接==
{{Commons category|Realgar}}
* [http://www.mindat.org/min-3375.html Realgar] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mindat.org/min-3375.html |date=20051228180132 }} mindat.org - 矿物数据库。
* [http://www.reciprocalnet.org/recipnet/showsample.jsp?sampleId=27344418 Realgar] {{Wayback|url=http://www.reciprocalnet.org/recipnet/showsample.jsp?sampleId=27344418 |date=20071118151752 }} Reciprocal Net - 结构数据。
* [http://database.iem.ac.ru/mincryst/s_carta.php?REALGAR+3938 雄黄晶体结构] {{Wayback|url=http://database.iem.ac.ru/mincryst/s_carta.php?REALGAR+3938 |date=20201204132924 }} WWW-MINCRYST
*[https://sys01.lib.hkbu.edu.hk/cmed/mmid/detail.php?pid=B00406 雄黃] 中藥材圖像數據庫 (香港浸會大學中醫藥學院) {{zh}}{{en}}
* [http://libproject.hkbu.edu.hk/was40/detail?channelid=44273&searchword=herb_id=D00205 雄黃 Xiong Huang] {{Wayback|url=http://libproject.hkbu.edu.hk/was40/detail?channelid=44273&searchword=herb_id=D00205 |date=20210501131958 }} 中藥標本數據庫 (香港浸會大學中醫藥學院) {{zh-hant}}{{en}}
[[Category:硫化物礦物]]
[[Category:含砷矿物]]
[[Category:炼金术物质]]
[[Category:单斜晶系矿物]]
[[Category:中药]]
[[Category:无机颜料]]
|
2023年7月21日 (五) 04:33的最新版本
雄黄 | |
---|---|
来自美国华盛顿州金县Royal Reward矿的雄黄晶体 | |
基本资料 | |
类别 | 硫化物矿物 |
化学式 | As4S4或AsS |
IMA记号 | Rlg[1] |
施特龙茨分类 | 2.FA.15a |
晶体分类 | 棱柱形 (2/m) (H-M记号相同) |
晶体空间群 | P21/n (no. 14) |
晶胞 | a = 9.325(3) Å b = 13.571(5) Å c = 6.587(3) Å β = 106.43°; Z = 16 |
性质 | |
颜色 | 红色至黄橙色;抛光部分浅灰色,具有丰富的黄色至红色内部反射 |
晶体惯态 | 棱柱状条纹晶体;更常见块状、粗到细粒状或结壳 |
晶系 | 单斜 |
双晶 | {100}接触双晶 |
解理 | {010}好 |
韧性/脆性 | 可切,略脆 |
莫氏硬度 | 1.5–2 |
光泽 | 树脂到油脂 |
条痕 | 橙红色到红色 |
透明性 | 透明 |
比重 | 3.56 |
光学性质 | 双轴 (-) |
折射率 | nα = 2.538 nβ = 2.684 nγ = 2.704 |
双折射 | δ = 0.166 |
多色性 | 几乎无色至淡金黄色 |
2V夹角 | 40° |
色散率 | r > v,非常强 |
其他特征 | 有毒性和致癌性。长时间暴露于光线下分解成副雄黄或由亚砷酸盐和雌黄组成的粉末。 |
参考文献 | [2][3][4][5][6] |
雄黄(英语:Realgar),又称鸡冠石,是一种含砷硫化物矿物,化学式为α-As4S4。它是一种柔软的可切矿物,以单斜晶系晶体或粒状、紧密块状和粉末状出现,常与雌黄(As2S3)共生;它呈橙红色,在320°C时熔化,并产生蓝色火焰,释放出砷和硫的烟雾。雄黄质地柔软,莫氏硬度为1.5至2,比重为3.5。它的条痕是橙色的。
用途
[编辑]雄黄通常用于皮革制造,以去除动物毛皮上的毛发。但因为雄黄是一种已知的致癌物和毒物,且存在替代品,故现在很少将其用于此。
历史用途
[编辑]古希腊人称雄黄为σανδαράκη(sandarákē)。在中世纪的西班牙和16世纪的英国,它被用来毒死老鼠。[9]由此,雄黄在英语中也被称为sandarac。
古希腊药剂师也使用雄黄来制造一种被称为“牛血”的药物。[10]希腊医生尼坎德描述了“牛血”导致的死亡,这与砷中毒的已知影响相匹配。[10]“牛血”据说是地米斯托克利和迈达斯用于自杀的毒药。[10]
雄黄常被洒在房屋周围以驱除蛇和昆虫,以及用于中药。[11]雄黄与黄酒混合制成雄黄酒,在端午节期间饮用以辟邪,暗示其具有驱虫作用。但在现代变得越来越少见,因为人们意识到雄黄是一种有毒的砷化合物。
雄黄与雌黄同为古罗马帝国的重要贸易商品,被用作红色颜料。雄黄作为红色颜料的早期出现以来自中国、印度、中亚和埃及的艺术品而闻名。它在文艺复兴时期被用于欧洲美术绘画,这种用途在18世纪就消失了。[12]它也被用作药物。其他传统用途包括制造铅弹、印刷和染色印花布。
发现
[编辑]雄黄最常作为与其他砷和锑矿物伴生的低温热液脉矿物出现。它也以火山升华和温泉沉积物的形式出现。它与雌黄、砷华、方解石和重晶石一起出现。[2]
长时间暴露在光照下后,雄黄变成黄色粉末,称为副雄黄(β-As4S4)。这种粉末曾被认为是雌黄,但它是一种独特的化合物。[13]
图集
[编辑]-
雄黄的晶胞,清楚表示所含的As4S4分子
-
来自美国内华达州洪堡县波托西区亚当峰Getchell矿的雄黄晶簇
参见
[编辑]参考资料
[编辑]- ^ Warr, L.N. IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine. 2021, 85 (3): 291–320 [2022-06-05]. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. S2CID 235729616. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. (原始内容存档于2022-06-15).
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Realgar (PDF). Handbook of Mineralogy. RRUFF Project. [2022-06-05]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2022-07-13).
- ^ Realgar, MinDat.org
- ^ Realgar, WebMineral.com
- ^ Klein, Cornelis; Hurlbut, Cornelius S. Manual of Mineralogy 20th. Wiley. 1985: 282. ISBN 0-471-80580-7.
- ^ Hejny, Clivia; Sagl, Raffaela; Többens, Daniel M.; Miletich, Ronald; Wildner, Manfred; Nasdala, Lutz; Ullrich, Angela; Balic-Zunic, Tonci. Crystal-structure properties and the molecular nature of hydrostatically compressed realgar. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals. May 2012, 39 (5): 399–412. Bibcode:2012PCM....39..399H. S2CID 96885484. doi:10.1007/s00269-012-0495-y.
- ^ Arsenic (PDF). Mineral commodity summaries. United States Geological Survey. January 2021 [28 February 2021]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2022-02-12).
- ^ Realgar (PDF). N.J. Department of Environmental Protection (报告). Hazardous Substance Factsheet. State of New Jersey. April 2008 [2022-06-05]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2022-04-18).
- ^ [no title cited]. Clarendon Press at Oxford. 1914 –通过archive.org (英语).
[no title cited]. Beyrouth Impr. Catholique. 1890 –通过archive.org (法语).
[需要完整来源] - ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Arnould, Dominique. Boire le sang de taureau: La mort de Thémistocle [Drinking bull's blood: The death of Themistocles]. Revue de philologie, de littérature et d'histoire anciennes. 1993, LXVII (2): 229–235 (法语).
- ^ Jie Liu; Yuanfu Lu; Qin Wu; Robert A. Goyer; Michael P. Waalkes. Mineral arsenicals in traditional medicines: Orpiment, realgar, and arsenolite (PDF). Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. August 2008, 326 (2): 363–368 [2021-06-05]. PMC 2693900 . PMID 18463319. doi:10.1124/jpet.108.139543. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2022-07-06). — On the toxicity of these medications
- ^ Realgar. Boston, MA: Museum of Fine Arts. [2022-06-05]. (原始内容存档于2015-12-08).
- ^ Douglass, D. L.; Shing, Chichang; Wang, Ge. The light-induced alteration of realgar to pararealgar (PDF). American Mineralogist. 1992, 77: 1266–1274 [11 August 2014]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2007-09-27).
延伸阅读
[编辑]- The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 11th Edition. Ed. Susan Budavari. Merck & Co., Inc., N.J., U.S.A. 1989.
- William Mesny. Mesny’s Chinese Miscellany. A Text Book of Notes on China and the Chinese. Shanghai. Vol. III, (1899), p. 251; Vol. IV, (1905), pp. 425–426.
- American Mineralogist Vol 80, pp 400–403, 1995 [1] (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
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