LGBT與伊斯蘭教

宗教與同性戀

伊斯蘭教的LGBT概念受到穆斯林的文化法律相連的歷史及國家背景影響，特別是古蘭經和集錄先知穆罕默德言行的聖訓。

古蘭經中記載著魯特的故事（亦被稱為所多瑪與蛾摩拉），多數教派將該故事視為古蘭經禁止同性性行為的依據。

伊斯蘭教的著名學者謝赫(en: Sheikh ul-Islam)及沙非(en: Imam Shafi)規定禁止同性之間的性行為，違反的人會被處以極刑。^[1]大部分以穆斯林為主要人口的國家都用法律懲罰同性之間的性行為。在伊斯蘭政權國家如伊朗、毛里塔尼亞、沙特阿拉伯、蘇丹和也門，會被處以死刑。而尼日利亞及索馬里的部分地區亦執行此法。^[2]而雞姦的懲罰於不同的法律下有不同處理手法，部分人會被處以死刑，而部分人則會被監禁。而部分較世俗的國家雖然以穆斯林為主，但不依上述手法處理。如印度尼西亞，^[3]約旦、土耳其、伊拉克、黎巴嫩、哈薩克、塔吉克、吉爾吉斯、亞塞拜然、阿爾巴尼亞、科索沃、馬利、尼日及幾內亞比索等。。

與嚴格的法律相反，中世紀以降的穆斯林詩歌及文學卻反映出同性相愛的傾向，並有描寫男性之間的愛。^[4]

伊斯蘭法律

古蘭經

根據傳統，伊斯蘭教法或其他傳統伊斯蘭法律都是根據古蘭經及聖訓去撰寫的。古蘭經是真主阿拉的啟示，而聖訓則是穆罕默德的訓話。^[5]

古蘭經是伊斯蘭最重要的經典，作為神的啟示而被穆斯林人景仰。^[6]根據古蘭經記載關於所多瑪與蛾摩拉，以及先知魯特的篇章（參考古蘭經 7:80-84, 11:77-83, 21:74, 22:43, 26:165-175, 27:56-59, 及 29:27-33）^[7]^[8]

（我確已派遣）魯特，當時他對他的宗族說：「你們怎麼做那種醜事呢？在你們之前，全世界的人沒有一個做過這種事的。你們一定要舍婦女而以男人滿足性欲，你們確是過份的民眾。」他的宗族唯一的答覆是說：「你們把他們逐出城外，因為他們確是純潔的民眾！」我拯救了他和他的信徒，沒有拯救他的女人，她是和其餘的人同受刑罰的。我曾降大雨去傷他們，你看看犯罪者的結局是怎樣的。...你們怎麼要與眾人中的男性交接，而捨棄你們的主所為你們創造的妻子呢？其實，你們是犯罪的民眾。」

阿拉伯詞語liwat（意指同性性行為）及luti（意指進行同性性行為）都是從魯特（lut）而來。^[9] 在古蘭經中，無法找到對於同性性行為該如何處罰的規定。

當代學者Scott Kugle主張魯特傳說並非著重在性行為，而是部落的背信和對羅得預言職分的拒絕。相關經文指涉的亦是非合意的強暴性行為，因此古蘭經並不禁止同性之間的性行為^[10]。在經文的細節上，Scott Kugle認為(7:80–84)和(26:165-166)的經文係指，這些意欲強行侵犯天使的男性，已經有了伴侶（azwaj），真主為他們所造的妻子。因此，這裡的道德議題是他們無視其已有配偶的事實，而想向天使強行求歡^[11]。

在所多瑪的毀滅中，整個城市都因為犯罪而被摧毀了，這包括魯特的妻子、其它的女性和小孩，Scott Kugle因此主張，將城市所犯的罪歸咎為「男同性性行為」並不合理。他也引用兩段聖訓，提到所多瑪的毀滅是因為，他們沒有在如廁或性事後清潔自身、他們不分享食物、他們貪婪又吝嗇^[12]。

聖訓

法理

現代教法

伊斯蘭教的同性戀史

中世紀時代

文學

現代

参考文献

^ Homosexuality and Lesbianism: Sexual Perversions Fatwa on Homosexuality from IslamOnline.net
^ ILGA: Lesbian and Gay Rights in the World (2009).
^ Rough Guide to South East Asia: Third Edition. Rough Guides Ltd. August 2005: 74. ISBN 1843534371.
^ Khaled El-Rouayheb, Before Homosexuality in the Arab-Islamic World 1500 - 1800, p.12 ff.
^ Jim Wafer, "Muhammad and Male Homosexuality" (in Stephen O. Murray, Will Roscoe, Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History and Literature," New York University Press, 1997)p.87. Books.google.com.au. [2010-07-24].
^ Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. Qur’ān. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 2007 [2007-11-04].
^ Duran (1993) p. 179
^ Kligerman (2007) pp. 53-54
^ Wayne Dynes, Encyclopaedia of Homosexuality, New York, 1990
^ 游謙. 伊斯蘭對同性戀的態度 --- 以安華事件為例. 東南亞區域研究通訊. 2000, 10: 2–6.
^ Scott Siraj al-Haqq Kugle. Homosexuality in Islam (PDF). He is not talking about men in general who have sex with other men in general rather than with women in general. He is denouncing the men who sexually assault these specific men (those who are vulnerable as strangers and taken under his protective hospitality) while leaving aside the sexual relationships they already have with the women who are their wives...Here Lot specifies that these men already have mates (azwaj), wives whom God has created for them, and yet they aggressively exceed the bounds of propriety by demanding Lot’s guests in disregard for the rights their spouses have over them. The issue here is the men’s disregarding their spouses to attack strangers.
^ Is there room in Islam for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender Muslims?.

外部連結

文章

游謙：伊斯蘭對同性戀的態度 --- 以安華事件為例
同志阿訇有話說：穆斯林與同性戀傾向並不衝突
Mustafa Akyol：What Does Islam Say About Being Gay?
Muhsin Hendricks：Islamic Texts: A Source for Acceptance of Queer Individuals into Mainstream Muslim Society
Scott Siraj al-Haqq Kugle：Sexual diversity in Islam: Is there room in Islam for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender Muslims?
DAAYIEE'S PLACE OF INNER PEACE

接納LGBT的穆斯林團體

Inner Circle（南非）
Muslim Alliance for Sexual and Gender Diversity（美國）
Muslims for Progressive Values（美國）

[Fatwa_IslamOnline-1] Homosexuality and Lesbianism: Sexual Perversions Fatwa on Homosexuality from IslamOnline.net

[ILGAMAP-2] ILGA: Lesbian and Gay Rights in the World (2009).

[RoughGuideSEAsia2005-3] Rough Guide to South East Asia: Third Edition. Rough Guides Ltd. August 2005: 74. ISBN 1843534371.

[4] Khaled El-Rouayheb, Before Homosexuality in the Arab-Islamic World 1500 - 1800, p.12 ff.

[5] Jim Wafer, "Muhammad and Male Homosexuality" (in Stephen O. Murray, Will Roscoe, Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History and Literature," New York University Press, 1997)p.87. Books.google.com.au. [2010-07-24].

[Britannica-6] Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. Qur’ān. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 2007 [2007-11-04].

[7] Duran (1993) p. 179

[MC-8] Kligerman (2007) pp. 53-54

[9] Wayne Dynes, Encyclopaedia of Homosexuality, New York, 1990

[10] 游謙. 伊斯蘭對同性戀的態度 --- 以安華事件為例. 東南亞區域研究通訊. 2000, 10: 2–6.

[11] Scott Siraj al-Haqq Kugle. Homosexuality in Islam (PDF). He is not talking about men in general who have sex with other men in general rather than with women in general. He is denouncing the men who sexually assault these specific men (those who are vulnerable as strangers and taken under his protective hospitality) while leaving aside the sexual relationships they already have with the women who are their wives...Here Lot specifies that these men already have mates (azwaj), wives whom God has created for them, and yet they aggressively exceed the bounds of propriety by demanding Lot’s guests in disregard for the rights their spouses have over them. The issue here is the men’s disregarding their spouses to attack strangers.

[12] Is there room in Islam for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender Muslims?.

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