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聯邦州(通常簡稱為,行政區,地方等)是一個聯邦國家的領土和憲法的組成部分。這些州與主權國家有所不同,他們的主權權力部分已經轉移到聯邦政府[1]。一個聯邦州保持在規定的地域行使行政管轄權,是一種區域政府的形式。

在某些情況下,聯邦是兩個或兩個以上的政治實體聯合創建的。政治實體是獨立的政治實體,或是境外領土(最常見的是殖民政權)[2]。在其他情況下,聯邦是兩個或兩個以上的單一制國家組成。[3]。一旦形成一個聯邦,聯邦和聯邦州之間的關係的規則成為聯邦的憲法,不是國際法律的一部分。

在有聯邦憲法的國家中,中央政府和州政府事權有一個劃分。這些州,省等等自治實體 - 是部分自治,並得到一定程度的憲法保障的自主權,但是事權的劃分每一個一個聯邦不同 [4]。從理論上講,一個聯邦州的立法權力不應該被聯邦政府否決,雖然這並非總是如此。但是,聯邦和地區自治實體之間的事權的劃分,是可以通過修改聯邦憲法和州憲法來修改的。

List of constituents by federation

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The "federated units" in the table below have inherent governmental authority in the federation's constitutional system, while the "other units" are delegated authority by the federal government or are administered directly by it.

Federation Federated units Other units
 阿根廷[5] 23 provinces:
1 autonomous city:
 Autonomous City of Buenos Aires
 澳洲[6] 6 states:
10 territories:
 澳大利亞首都領地
 北領地
 聖誕島
 科科斯(基林)群島
 諾福克島[7]
 Jervis Bay Territory
 Ashmore and Cartier Islands
 Australian Antarctic Territory
 Coral Sea Islands Territory
 Heard Island and McDonald Islands
 奧地利[8] 9 states:
 比利時[9]
 波黑 2 entities:[7]
 塞族共和國
 波斯尼亞和黑塞哥維那聯邦
1 self-governing district:
Brčko (officially condominium of both constituents)
Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is itself a federation with 10 cantons:
Una-Sana · Posavina · Tuzla · Zenica-Doboj · Bosnian Podrinje · Central Bosnia · Herzegovina-Neretva · West Herzegovina · Sarajevo · West Bosnia
 巴西[10] 26 states:
1 federal district:
聯邦區 (巴西) Distrito Federal (Brasília)[Federated states 3]
5,564 municipalities[Federated states 4][11]
 加拿大[12] 10 provinces:
3 territories:
 西北地區
 努納武特地區
 育空地區
 科摩羅 3 islands:[7]
 昂儒昂島
Grande Comore
Mohéli
 埃塞俄比亞[13] 9 regions:
Afar · Amhara · Benishangul-Gumuz · Gambela · Harari · Oromiya · Somali · Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region · Tigray
2 chartered cities:
Addis Ababa · Dire Dawa
 德國[14] 16 states:
 印度[15] 28 states:
Andhra Pradesh · Arunachal Pradesh · Assam · Bihar · Chhattisgarh · Goa · Gujarat · Haryana · Himachal Pradesh · Jammu and Kashmir · Jharkhand · Karnataka · Kerala · Madhya Pradesh · Maharashtra · Manipur · Meghalaya · Mizoram · Nagaland · Orissa · Punjab · Rajasthan · Sikkim · Tamil Nadu · Tripura · Uttar Pradesh · Uttarakhand · West Bengal
7 union territories:
Andaman and Nicobar Islands · Chandigarh · Dadra and Nagar Haveli · Daman and Diu · Lakshadweep · National Capital Territory · Pondicherry
 伊拉克[16] 18 governorates:
Baghdād · Salāh ad-Dīn · Diyālā · Wāsit · Maysān · Al-Basrah · Dhī Qār · Al-Muthannā · Al-Qādisiyyah · Bābil · Karbalā' · An-Najaf · Al-Anbar · Nīnawā · Duhok · Arbīl · Kirkuk (or At-Ta'mim) · As-Sulaymāniyyah
Autonomous region:
 伊拉克庫爾德斯坦[7]
(The region overlaps the area of the governorates)
 馬來西亞[17] 13 states:
3 federal territories:
 布城
 吉隆坡
 納閩
 墨西哥[18] 31 states:
1 federal district:
Distrito Federal (Ciudad de México)
 密克羅尼西亞聯邦[19] 4 states:
 楚克
 科斯雷
 波納佩
 雅浦
 尼泊爾 14 zones:
Bagmati · Bheri · Dhawalagiri · Gandaki · Janakpur · Karnali · Koshi · Lumbini · Mahakali · Mechi · Narayani · Rapti · Sagarmatha · Seti
 尼日利亞[20] 36 states:
Anambra · Enugu · Akwa Ibom · Adamawa · Abia · Bauchi · Bayelsa · Benue · Borno · Cross River · Delta · Ebonyi · Edo · Ekiti · Gombe · Imo · Jigawa · Kaduna · Kano · Katsina · Kebbi · Kogi · Kwara · Lagos · Nasarawa · Niger State · Ogun · Ondo · Osun · Oyo · Plateau · Rivers · Sokoto · Taraba · Yobe · Zamfara
1 capital territory:
Abuja
 巴基斯坦[21] 4 provinces:
Balochistan · Khyber Pakhtunkhwa · Punjab · Sindh
2 autonomous areas:[7]
自由克什米爾 Azad Kashmir
 Gilgit–Baltistan
2 territories:
Islamabad Capital Territory · Federally Administered Tribal Areas
 俄羅斯[22][23] 21 republics:[7]
46 oblasts:
9 krais:
1 autonomous oblast:[7]
Jewish Autonomous Oblast
4 autonomous okrugs:[7]
2 federal-level cities:
Moscow
Saint Petersburg
 聖吉斯納域斯 2 states:
 索馬里[24][25] 3 states:[Federated states 6]
 索馬里蘭  ·  邦特蘭  · 索馬里 Galmudug
 南蘇丹 10 states:

Central Equatoria  · Eastern Equatoria  · Jonglei  · Lakes  · Northern Bahr el Ghazal  · Unity  · Upper Nile  · Warrap  · Western Bahr el Ghazal  · Western Equatoria

 蘇丹[26] 15 states:

Al Jazirah · Blue Nile  · Sennar  · White Nile  · North Darfur · South Darfur  · West Darfur  · Kassala · Al Qadarif · Red Sea  · Khartoum  · Kurdufan · North Kurdufan · South Kurdufan  · Northern · River Nile

 瑞士[27] 26 cantons:
 阿聯酋[28] 7 emirates:
 美國[29] 50 states:
Unincorporated territories:
 美屬薩摩亞
 關島
 北馬利安納群島
 波多黎各
 美屬維爾京群島
Baker Island  · Howland Island  · Jarvis Island  · Johnston Atoll  · Kingman Reef  · Midway Atoll  · Navassa Island  · Wake Island
(The United States also claims Bajo Nuevo Bank and Serranilla Bank).
1 特區:
華盛頓哥倫比亞特區
1 incorporated territory:
Palmyra Atoll
 委內瑞拉[30] 23 states:
1 federal district:
聯邦區 (委內瑞拉)
1 federal dependency:
聯邦屬地 (委內瑞拉)
Notes
  1. ^ The Flemish Region and Walloon Region are subdivided into five provinces each, which are mandated by the Constitution of Belgium. Provincial governance are the responsibility of the regional governments.
  2. ^ The communities and regions are separate government institutions with different areas of responsibility. The communities are organized based on linguistic boundaries, which are different from regional boundaries.
  3. ^ The federal city has a level of self-ruling equal to the other main federal units.
  4. ^ The 1988 Brazilian Constitution treats the municipalities as parts of the Federation and not simply dependent subdivisions of the states.
  5. ^ Saint Kitts is governed directly by the federal government.
  6. ^ Adopted constitution accommodates existing regional governments, with the ultimate number and boundaries of the Federal Member States to be determined by the House of the People of the Federal Parliament.

註釋

[編輯]
  1. ^ Constitution of the United States of America: Tenth Amendment, Reserved Powers
  2. ^ 例子澳大利亞美國
  3. ^ 1993年在比利時發生這種情況。比利時地區此前已經下放權力
  4. ^ 例如,加拿大各省與瑞士各州比大多數非西方聯邦擁有大量的權力,享受更多的保護,防止中央政府的干擾與。
  5. ^ Daniel, Kate; Special Broadcasting Service Corporation. SBS World Guide: The Complete Fact File on Every Country, 16th ed.. Prahran, Victoria, Australia: Hardie Grant Books. 2008: 827. ISBN 978-1-74066-648-0. p26. 
  6. ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p38
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 Autonomous region. See more at List of autonomous areas by country
  8. ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p46
  9. ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p74
  10. ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p101
  11. ^ Article 18
  12. ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p132
  13. ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p239
  14. ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p275
  15. ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p328
  16. ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p346
  17. ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p460
  18. ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p481
  19. ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p486
  20. ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p537
  21. ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p549
  22. ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p600
  23. ^ Federal structure of Russia, Article 65 of Russian Constitution.
  24. ^ The Federal Republic of Somalia - Harmonized Draft Constitution (PDF). Federal Republic of Somalia. [2 August 2012]. 
  25. ^ Guidebook to the Somali Draft Provisional Constitution. [2 August 2012]. 
  26. ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p687
  27. ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p700
  28. ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p760
  29. ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p774
  30. ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p798