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药物分类

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药物分类,或称药物类别是药物的某种分类方式,这种方式可以基于相似的化学结构、或相同的作用机制(如可与同一生物靶标结合)、或相似的作用模式,或用于治疗相似的疾病[1][2]

药物可从多种角度进行分类,在主流的药物分类系统中,以上四种分类模式形成了一种层次结构。例如,贝特类药物英语Fibrate具有相似的化学结构(两亲性羧酸),具有相同的作用机制(PPAR激动剂英语PPAR agonist)和相同的作用方式(降低血液中的甘油三酯),均可用于预防和治疗相同的疾病(动脉粥样硬化)。[3][4]然而,并非所有PPAR激动剂都是贝特类药物,并非所有降甘油三酯药物都是PPAR激动剂,并非所有治疗动脉粥样硬化药物均是降甘油三酯药物。

药物类别通常由原型药物英语Prototype drug定义,原型药物是该分类中的典型药物且通常为首个成药化合物,开发同类型的其他同药物通常参考原型药物或与之比较。[5][6]抗疟疾药物的原型药物是氯喹非甾体抗炎药物的原型药物是阿司匹林[7][8]

按综合系统分类

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按化学性质

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药物可基于化学性质进行分类,如根据药化学结构分类。基于化学结构进行分类的药物类别包括:

按作用机制

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可基于药理学按作用机制对药物进行分类,作用机制通常依据生物学靶标的种类进行分类。分子作用机制相同的一类药物,可调节特定的生物靶标活性。[21]作用机制还包括针对生物靶标的活性类型,如对于受体而言,这些活性包括:激动剂拮抗剂反向激动剂调节剂英语Selective receptor modulator。酶的靶向机制包括激活剂抑制剂离子通道调节剂包括开放剂阻滞剂英语Channel blocker。以下是基于特定作用机制的药物类别示例:

按作用方式

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按作用方式分类是基于生物学的角度出发,并根据药物引起的解剖学或药物引起的功能改变进行分类。基于常用的作用方式定义的药物类别包括:

按临床用途

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药物分类还可从医学临床用途角度出发,根据药物用于治疗的病理学进行分类。

合并分类

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某些药物类别会兼顾多种分类标准以满足实际的分类需要。如非甾体类抗炎药(Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory durg,NSAID)就是其中一例。[59]历史上对于抗炎药的定义,除了非甾体抗炎药,还包括皮質類固醇药物即甾体类抗炎药物。在非甾体抗炎药这个类别出现之前的十年间,甾体类皮质类固醇类抗炎药一直是抗炎药物中的主流。[60]由于1950年代皮质类固醇药物的不良反应事件,非甾体抗炎药这种新型抗炎药物迅速在临床领域开展应用。 [59]因此,非甾体抗炎药的药物类别由作用机制——抗炎,与其化学结构——非甾体一起组成了新的药物分类。

按其他系统分类

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其他药物分类系统,如基于药物的溶解度胃肠道渗透性,对药物进行分类的生物药剂学分类系统英语Biopharmaceutics Classification System(Biopharmaceutics Classification System,BCS)。[62]

BCS分类

按生物药剂学分类系统(BCS分类)可以将药物基于不同的溶解性和渗透性,分为四类:[62]

按法律法规分类

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参见

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参考资料

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外部链接

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  • Drug names and classes. PubMed Health. United States National Library of Medicine. [2015-11-07]. (原始内容存档于2014-03-23). 
  • Information by Drug Class. Drug Safety and Availability. United States Food and Drug Administration. [2015-11-07]. (原始内容存档于2017-01-20). 
  • Drug Classes. A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes. [2023-06-14]. (原始内容存档于2011-09-02).