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Phục hồi chương trình

From this day forward, Flight Control will be known by two words: Tough and Competent. Tough means we are forever accountable for what we do or what we fail to do. We will never again compromise our responsibilities ... Competent means we will never take anything for granted ... Mission Control will be perfect. When you leave this meeting today you will go to your office and the first thing you will do there is to write Tough and Competent on your blackboards. It will never be erased. Each day when you enter the room, these words will remind you of the price paid by Grissom, White, and Chaffee. These words are the price of admission to the ranks of Mission Control.

Gene Kranz, speech given to Mission Control after the accident.

Ba ngày sau vụ tai nạn, Gene Kranz triệu tập một cuộc họp với các nhân viên của mình tại Kiểm soát Sứ mệnh và đưa ra một bài phát biểu mà về sau đã trở thành một trong những nguyên tắc của NASA. Đối với những sai sót và thái độ chung xung quanh chương trình Apollo trước vụ tai nạn, ông nói: "Chúng ta quá 'gung-ho' (hay "sốt sắng") về thời hạn và đã loại bỏ tất cả các vấn đề gặp phải hàng ngày trong công việc. Mọi yếu tố của chương trình đều gặp rắc rối và chúng ta cũng vậy". Ông nhắc nhở nhóm về sự nguy hiểm và tàn nhẫn trong nỗ lực của họ, đồng thời nêu ra yêu cầu mới rằng mọi thành viên trong mỗi nhóm kiểm soát sứ mệnh phải "cứng rắn và có năng lực", không đòi hỏi gì hơn ngoài sự hoàn hảo trong suốt các chương trình của NASA. Năm 2003, sau thảm họa tàu con thoi Columbia, Trưởng quản lý NASA Sean O'Keefe đã trích dẫn bài phát biểu của Kranz và liên tưởng nó tới phi hành đoàn Columbia.

Thiết kế lại mô-đun chỉ huy

Sau vụ cháy, chương trình Apollo đã bị tạm ngưng để đánh giá và thiết kế lại. Mô-đun chỉ huy được phát hiện là cực kỳ nguy hiểm và trong một số trường hợp, nó đã được lắp ráp một cách bất cẩn (ví dụ: người ta tìm thấy cờ lê ổ cắm (wrench socket) bị đặt sai vị trí trong cabin).

NASA đã quyết định rằng tàu vũ trụ Block I còn lại sẽ chỉ được sử dụng cho các chuyến bay thử nghiệm Saturn V không người lái. Tất cả các nhiệm vụ có phi hành đoàn sẽ sử dụng tàu vũ trụ Block II, chiếc có nhiều thay đổi về thiết kế mô-đun chỉ huy:

• Bầu không khí trong cabin khi phóng được điều chỉnh thành 60% oxy và 40% nitơ ở áp suất mực nước biển: 14,7 psi (101 kPa). Trong quá trình bay lên, cabin nhanh chóng thoát hơi xuống 5 psi (34 kPa), giải phóng khoảng 2/3 lượng khí ban đầu khi phóng. Sau đó, lỗ thông hơi đóng lại và hệ thống kiểm soát môi trường duy trì áp suất danh nghĩa trong cabin là 5 psi (34 kPa) khi tàu vũ trụ tiếp tục đi vào chân không. Tiếp theo, cabin được thanh lọc một cách rất chậm rãi (thông gió vào không gian và đồng thời được thay thế bằng 100% oxy), do đó nồng độ nitơ giảm dần về 0 vào ngày hôm sau. Mặc dù bầu không khí phóng cabin mới an toàn hơn đáng kể so với 100% oxy, nhưng nó vẫn chứa lượng oxy gần gấp ba lần có trong không khí thông thường ở mực nước biển (20,9% oxy). Điều này là cần thiết để đảm bảo đủ áp suất riêng phần của oxy khi các phi hành gia cởi mũ bảo hiểm sau khi lên quỹ đạo. (60% của 5 psi là 3 psi, so với 60% của 14,7 psi (101 kPa) là 8,8 psi (61 kPa) khi khởi động và 20,9% của 14,7 psi (101 kPa) là 3,07 psi (21,2 kPa) trong không khí ở mực nước biển.)
• During ascent the cabin rapidly vented down to 5 psi (34 kPa), releasing approximately 2/3 of the gas originally present at launch. The vent then closed and the environmental control system maintained a nominal cabin pressure of 5 psi (34 kPa) as the spacecraft continued into vacuum. The cabin was then very slowly purged (vented to space and simultaneously replaced with 100% oxygen), so the nitrogen concentration gradually fell off to zero over the next day. Although the new cabin launch atmosphere was significantly safer than 100% oxygen, it still contained almost three times the amount of oxygen present in ordinary sea-level air (20.9% oxygen). This was necessary to ensure a sufficient partial pressure of oxygen when the astronauts removed their helmets after reaching orbit. (60% of five psi is three psi, compared to 60% of 14,7 psi (101 kPa) which is 8,8 psi (61 kPa) at launch, and 20.9% of 14,7 psi (101 kPa) which is 3,07 psi (21,2 kPa) in sea-level air.)
• The environment within the astronauts' pressure suits was not changed. Because of the rapid drop in cabin (and suit) pressures during ascent, decompression sickness was likely unless the nitrogen had been purged from the astronauts' tissues before launch. They would still breathe pure oxygen, starting several hours before launch, until they removed their helmets on orbit. Avoiding the "bends" was considered worth the residual risk of an oxygen-accelerated fire within a suit.
• Nylon used in the Block I suits was replaced in the Block II suits with Beta cloth, a non-flammable, highly melt-resistant fabric woven from fiberglass and coated with Teflon.
• Block II had already been planned to use a completely redesigned hatch which opened outward, and could be opened in less than five seconds. Concerns of accidental opening were addressed by using a cartridge of pressurized nitrogen to drive the release mechanism in an emergency, instead of the explosive bolts used on Project Mercury.
• Flammable materials in the cabin were replaced with self-extinguishing versions.
• Plumbing and wiring were covered with protective insulation. Aluminum tubing was replaced with stainless steel tubing that used brazed joints when possible.

Thorough protocols were implemented for documenting spacecraft construction and maintenance.

Sơ đồ đánh số sứ mệnh mới

The astronauts' widows asked that Apollo 1 be reserved for the flight their husbands never made, and on April 24, 1967, Mueller, as Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, announced this change officially: AS-204 would be recorded as Apollo 1, "first manned Apollo Saturn flight – failed on ground test". Mueller considered AS-201 and AS-202, the first and second flights of the Apollo Block I CSM, as Apollo 2 and 3 respectively.

The crewed flight hiatus allowed work to catch up on the Saturn V and lunar module, which were encountering their own delays. Apollo 4 flew in November 1967. Apollo 1's (AS-204) Saturn IB rocket was taken down from Launch Complex 34, later reassembled at Launch complex 37B and used to launch Apollo 5, an uncrewed Earth orbital test flight of the first lunar module, LM-1, in January 1968. A second uncrewed Saturn V AS-502 flew as Apollo 6 in April 1968, and Grissom's backup crew of Wally Schirra, Don Eisele, and Walter Cunningham, finally flew the orbital test mission as Apollo 7 (AS-205), in a Block II CSM in October 1968.

Tưởng niệm

The Space Mirror Memorial at the Kennedy Space Center bears the names of Grissom, White, and Chaffee at the bottom middle.

Gus Grissom and Roger Chaffee were buried at Arlington National Cemetery. Ed White was buried at West Point Cemetery on the grounds of the United States Military Academy in West Point, New York. NASA officials attempted to pressure Pat White, Ed White's widow, into allowing her husband also to be buried at Arlington, against what she knew to be his wishes; their efforts were foiled by astronaut Frank Borman. The names of the Apollo 1 crew are among those of multiple astronauts who have died in the line of duty, listed on the Space Mirror Memorial at the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex in Merritt Island, Florida. President Jimmy Carter awarded the Congressional Space Medal of Honor posthumously to Grissom on October 1, 1978. President Bill Clinton awarded it to White and Chaffee on December 17, 1997.

Apollo 1 medallion flown on Apollo 9 by Jim McDivitt

An Apollo 1 mission patch was left on the Moon's surface after the first crewed lunar landing by Apollo 11 crew members Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin. The Apollo 15 mission left on the surface of the Moon a tiny memorial statue, Fallen Astronaut, along with a plaque containing the names of the Apollo 1 astronauts, among others including Soviet cosmonauts, who perished in the pursuit of human space flight.

Tổ hợp Phóng 34

Bài chi tiết: Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 34

After the Apollo 1 fire, Launch Complex 34 was subsequently used only for the launch of Apollo 7 and later dismantled down to the concrete launch pedestal, which remains at the site (28,52182°B 80,56126°T / 28.52182; -80.56126) along with a few other concrete and steel-reinforced structures. The pedestal bears two plaques commemorating the crew. The "Ad Astra per aspera" plaque for "the crew of Apollo 1" is seen in the 1998 film Armageddon. The "Dedicated to the living memory of the crew of the Apollo 1" plaque is quoted at the end of Wayne Hale's Requiem for the NASA Space Shuttle program. Each year the families of the Apollo 1 crew are invited to the site for a memorial, and the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex includes the site during the tour of the historic Cape Canaveral launch sites.

In January 2005, three granite benches, built by a college classmate of one of the astronauts, were installed at the site on the southern edge of the launch pad. Each bears the name of one of the astronauts and his military service insignia.

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  Launch pedestal, with dedication plaque on the rear of right post
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  Memorial kiosk
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  Dedication plaque attached to launch platform
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  Memorial plaque attached to launch platform
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  Granite memorial benches on the edge of the launch pad

Stars, landmarks on the Moon and Mars

• Apollo astronauts frequently aligned their spacecraft inertial navigation platforms and determined their positions relative to the Earth and Moon by sighting sets of stars with optical instruments. As a practical joke, the Apollo 1 crew named three of the stars in the Apollo catalog after themselves and introduced them into NASA documentation. Gamma Cassiopeiae became Navi – Ivan (Gus Grissom's middle name) spelled backwards. Iota Ursae Majoris became Dnoces – "Second" spelled backwards, for Edward H. White II. And Gamma Velorum became Regor – Roger (Chaffee) spelled backwards. These names quickly stuck after the Apollo 1 accident and were regularly used by later Apollo crews.
• Craters on the Moon and hills on Mars are named after the three Apollo 1 astronauts.

Civic and other memorials

• Three public schools in Huntsville, Alabama (home of George C. Marshall Space Flight Center and the U.S. Space & Rocket Center): Virgil I. Grissom High School, Ed White Middle School, and the Chaffee Elementary School.
• Ed White II Elementary e-STEM (Elementary-Science, Technology, Engineering and Math) Magnet school in El Lago, Texas, near the Johnson Space Center. White lived in El Lago (next door to Neil Armstrong).
• There are Grissom or Virgil I. Grissom middle schools in Mishawaka, Indiana, Sterling Heights, Michigan, and Tinley Park, Illinois.
• Virgil Grissom Elementary School in Princeton, Iowa, and the Edward White Elementary School in Eldridge, Iowa, are both part of the North Scott Community School District also naming the other three elementary schools after astronauts Neil Armstrong, John Glenn, and Alan Shepard.
• School #7 in Rochester, New York, is also known as the Virgil I. Grissom School.
• In the early 1970s, three streets in Amherst, New York, were named for Chaffee, White and Grissom. By 1991, when no homes had been built on Grissom Drive, the area was repurposed as commercial property; the Grissom street sign was removed and the street renamed Classics V Drive for the banquet hall that occupied the land.
• The THUMS Islands, four man-made oil drilling islands in the harbor off Long Beach, California, are named Grissom, White, Chaffee and Theodore Freeman.
• The Roger B. Chaffee Planetarium is located at the Grand Rapids Public Museum.
• Roger B. Chaffee Memorial Boulevard in Wyoming, Michigan, the largest suburb of Grand Rapids, Michigan, which is today an industrial park, but exists on the site of the former Grand Rapids Airport. A large portion of the north-south runway is used today as the roadway of the Roger B. Chaffee Memorial Boulevard.
• Roger B. Chaffee Scholarship Fund in Grand Rapids, Michigan, each year in memory of Chaffee honors one student who intends to pursue a career in engineering or the sciences
• Three adjacent parks in Fullerton, California, are each named for Grissom, Chaffee and White. The parks are located near a former Hughes Aircraft research and development facility. A Hughes subsidiary, Hughes Space and Communications Company, built components for the Apollo program.
• Two buildings on the campus of Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana, are named for Grissom and Chaffee (both Purdue alumni). Grissom Hall houses the School of Industrial Engineering (and was home to the School of Aeronautics and Astronautics before it moved into the new Neil Armstrong Hall of Engineering). Chaffee Hall, constructed in 1965, is the administration complex of Maurice J. Zucrow Laboratories where combustion, propulsion, gas dynamics, and related fields are studied. The Chaffee Hall contains a 72-seat auditorium, offices, and administrative staff.
• A tree for each astronaut was planted in NASA's Astronaut Memorial Grove at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, not far from the Saturn V building, along with trees for each astronaut from the Challenger and Columbia disasters. Tours of the space center pause briefly near the grove for a moment of silence, and the trees can be seen from nearby NASA Road 1.
• In 1968, Bunker Hill Air Force Base near Peru, Indiana was renamed Grissom Air Force Base. The three-letter code for the VOR air navigation beacon at the base is GUS.
• All three Apollo 1 astronauts are memorialized in Jacksonville, Florida: Edward H. White High School, Chaffee Road, and Grissom Drive.

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