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{{Taxobox
{{Taxobox
| name = Serpens marina
| name = Serpens marina
| image = Pelamis platurus.png
| image = Pelamis platura, Costa Rica.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Pelamis platurus]]''
| image_caption = ''[[Pelamis platurus]]''
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
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Adulti plurimarum specierum ad 120–150 cm longi sunt,<ref name="Sti74">Stidworthy J. 1974. Snakes of the World. Grosset & Dunlap Inc. 160 pp. ISBN 0-448-11856-4.</ref> quarum maxima species, ''[[Hydrophis spiralis]],'' ad 3 m crescit.<ref name="Fic82">G. S. Fichter, ''Poisonous Snakes: A First Book'' (Franklin Watts, 1982, ISBN 0-531-04349-5).</ref> [[Oculus|Oculi]] sunt parvi, pupula rotunda praediti,<ref name="Dit33">R. L. Ditmars, ''Reptiles of the World,'' ed. retractata (MacMillan, 1933).</ref> et plurimis sunt nares dorsales.<ref name="Meh87">J. M. Mehrtens, ''Living Snakes of the World in Color'' (Novi Eboraci: Sterling Publishers, 1987, ISBN 0-8069-6460-X).</ref> [[Caput|Capita]] a capitibus [[elapidae|elapidarum]] terrestrium non modis maioribus discrepant, quamquam dentitio est primitiva,{{dubsig}} [[dens|dentibus]]<!--fangs--> brevibus et (''[[Emydocephalus|Emydocephalo]]'' excepto) ad duodeviginti minoribus dentibus post eos in [[maxilla]].<ref name="P&G77"/>
Adulti plurimarum specierum ad 120–150 cm longi sunt,<ref name="Sti74">Stidworthy J. 1974. Snakes of the World. Grosset & Dunlap Inc. 160 pp. ISBN 0-448-11856-4.</ref> quarum maxima species, ''[[Hydrophis spiralis]],'' ad 3 m crescit.<ref name="Fic82">G. S. Fichter, ''Poisonous Snakes: A First Book'' (Franklin Watts, 1982, ISBN 0-531-04349-5).</ref> [[Oculus|Oculi]] sunt parvi, pupula rotunda praediti,<ref name="Dit33">R. L. Ditmars, ''Reptiles of the World,'' ed. retractata (MacMillan, 1933).</ref> et plurimis sunt nares dorsales.<ref name="Meh87">J. M. Mehrtens, ''Living Snakes of the World in Color'' (Novi Eboraci: Sterling Publishers, 1987, ISBN 0-8069-6460-X).</ref> [[Caput|Capita]] a capitibus [[elapidae|elapidarum]] terrestrium non modis maioribus discrepant, quamquam dentitio est primitiva,{{dubsig}} [[dens|dentibus]]<!--fangs--> brevibus et (''[[Emydocephalus|Emydocephalo]]'' excepto) ad duodeviginti minoribus dentibus post eos in [[maxilla]].<ref name="P&G77"/>
[[Fasciculus:Laticauda colubrina (Wakatobi).jpg|thumb|225px|left|''[[Laticauda colubrina]].'']] Plurimi angues marini sunt omnino aquatici et se ad circumiectum naturalem multis modis accommodaverunt, quorum propriissimus est cauda remiformis, quae facultatem [[natare|natandi]] auxit.<ref name="RAS-FAO">[ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/y0870e/y0870e65.pdf Sea snakes] at [http://www.fao.org/ Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]. Die 7 Augusti 2007 confirmatus.</ref> [[Corpus (physicum)|Corpora]] multarum [[species (taxinomia)|specierum]] varie sunt lateraliter compressa, praecipue in speciebus [[pelagicus|pelagicis]].<!--This has often caused the [[ventral scales]] to become reduced in size, even difficult to distinguish from the adjoining scales. Their lack of ventral scales means that they have become virtually helpless on land, but as they live out their entire life cycle at sea, they have no need to leave the water.<ref name="Sti74"/><ref name="Meh87"/>--> Solum genus quod amplificatas [[squama (zoologia)|squamas]] ventrales retinet est ''[[Laticauda]],'' cui sunt quinque species. Hi serpentes putantur primitiviores,{{dubsig}} quia ei iam super terram plerumque degunt, ubi squamae ventrales manum{{dubsig}}<!--grip--> necessarium eis praebet.<ref name="Sti74"/><ref name="Meh87"/> ''Laticaudae'' etiam sunt soli angues marini quibus sunt [[squamae internasales]]: eorum nares non sunt dorsales.<ref name="RAS-FAO"/><!--
[[Fasciculus:Laticauda colubrina (Wakatobi).jpg|thumb|225px|left|''[[Laticauda colubrina]].'']] Plurimi angues marini sunt omnino aquatici et se ad circumiectum naturalem multis modis accommodaverunt, quorum maxime proprius<!-- videas quaeso disputationem! --> est cauda remiformis, quae facultatem [[natare|natandi]] auxit.<ref name="RAS-FAO">[ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/y0870e/y0870e65.pdf Sea snakes] at [http://www.fao.org/ Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]. Die 7 Augusti 2007 confirmatus.</ref> [[Corpus (physicum)|Corpora]] multarum [[species (taxinomia)|specierum]] varie sunt lateraliter compressa, praecipue in speciebus [[pelagicus|pelagicis]].<!--This has often caused the [[ventral scales]] to become reduced in size, even difficult to distinguish from the adjoining scales. Their lack of ventral scales means that they have become virtually helpless on land, but as they live out their entire life cycle at sea, they have no need to leave the water.<ref name="Sti74"/><ref name="Meh87"/>--> Solum genus quod amplificatas [[squama (zoologia)|squamas]] ventrales retinet est ''[[Laticauda]],'' cui sunt quinque species. Hi serpentes putantur primitiviores,{{dubsig}} quia ei iam super terram plerumque degunt, ubi squamae ventrales manum{{dubsig}}<!--grip--> necessarium eis praebet.<ref name="Sti74"/><ref name="Meh87"/> ''Laticaudae'' etiam sunt soli angues marini quibus sunt [[squamae internasales]]: eorum nares non sunt dorsales.<ref name="RAS-FAO"/><!--
As it is easier for a snake's tongue to fulfill its olfactory function under water, its action is short compared to that of terrestrial snake species. Only the forked tips protrude from the mouth through a divided notch in the middle of the [[rostral scale]].<ref name="P&G77"/> The nostrils have valves consisting of a specialized spongy tissue to exclude water, and the windpipe can be drawn up to where the short nasal passage opens into the roof of the mouth. This an important adaptation for an animal that must surface to breathe, but may have its head partially submerged when doing so. The lung has become very large and extends almost the entire length of the body, although it is thought that the rear portion developed to aid buoyancy rather than to exchange gas. It is also possible that the extended lung serves to store air for dives.<ref name="Sti74"/><ref name="Meh87"/> -->
As it is easier for a snake's tongue to fulfill its olfactory function under water, its action is short compared to that of terrestrial snake species. Only the forked tips protrude from the mouth through a divided notch in the middle of the [[rostral scale]].<ref name="P&G77"/> The nostrils have valves consisting of a specialized spongy tissue to exclude water, and the windpipe can be drawn up to where the short nasal passage opens into the roof of the mouth. This an important adaptation for an animal that must surface to breathe, but may have its head partially submerged when doing so. The lung has become very large and extends almost the entire length of the body, although it is thought that the rear portion developed to aid buoyancy rather than to exchange gas. It is also possible that the extended lung serves to store air for dives.<ref name="Sti74"/><ref name="Meh87"/> -->
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[[Fasciculus:Aipysurus laevis.jpg|thumb|''[[Aipysurus laevis]]'']]
[[Fasciculus:Aipysurus laevis.jpg|thumb|''[[Aipysurus laevis]]'']]


''[[Aipysurus laevis|Aipysuro laevi]]'' sunt photoreceptores in [[cutis|cuti]] caudali, ut [[lux|lucem]] inveniant et probabiliter faciant ut se inter formamina curalii interdiu lateant. Quamquam aliae species non investigatae sunt, ''A. laevis'' fortasse in eam partem non est unicus inter angues marinos.<ref name="Z&H90">K. Zimmerman et H. Heatwole, "Cutaneous Photoreception: A New Sensory Mechanism for Reptiles," ''Copeia'' 1990 (3) (19 Septembris): 860-862.</ref>
''[[Aipysurus laevis|Aipysuro laevi]]'' sunt photoreceptores in [[cutis|cute]] caudali, ut [[lux|lucem]] inveniant et probabiliter faciant ut se inter formamina curalii interdiu lateant. Quamquam aliae species non investigatae sunt, ''A. laevis'' fortasse in eam partem non est unicus inter angues marinos.<ref name="Z&H90">K. Zimmerman et H. Heatwole, "Cutaneous Photoreception: A New Sensory Mechanism for Reptiles," ''Copeia'' 1990 (3) (19 Septembris): 860-862.</ref>


== Area geographica et habitatio ==
== Area geographica et habitatio ==
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{|cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 border=1 style="border-collapse: collapse;"
{|cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 border=1 style="border-collapse: collapse;"
!bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Genus<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS |id=174348 |taxon=Elapidae |accessdate=7 August 2007}}</ref><ref name="NRDB">[http://www.jcvi.org/reptiles/families/elapidae.php Elapidae] apud [http://reptile-database.org/ New Reptile Database]. Nexus die 12 Augusti 2007 confirmatus est.</ref>
!bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Genus<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS |id=174348 |taxon=Elapidae |accessdate=7 August 2007}}</ref><ref name="NRDB">[https://web.archive.org/web/20081011004551/http://www.jcvi.org/reptiles/families/elapidae.php Elapidae] apud [http://reptile-database.org/ New Reptile Database]. Nexus die 12 Augusti 2007 confirmatus est.</ref>
!bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Auctor taxoni<ref name="ITIS"/>
!bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Auctor taxoni<ref name="ITIS"/>
!bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Species<ref name="ITIS"/>
!bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Species<ref name="ITIS"/>
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|align="center"|0
|align="center"|0
|Spiny-headed sea snake, horned sea snake
|Spiny-headed sea snake, horned sea snake
|style="width:40%"|[[Sinus Thailandiae]]; [[Mare Sinense Australe]]; [[Fretum Taivaniae]]; et litora [[Guangdong]], [[Indonesia]]e, [[Philippinae|Philippinarum]], [[Nova Guinea|Novae Guineae]], [[Nova Caledonia|Novae Caledoniae]], [[Australia]]e ([[Territorium Septentrionale|Territorii Septentrionalis]], [[Terra Reginae|Terrae Reginae]], [[Australia Occidentalis|Australiae Occidentalis]])
|style="width:40%"|[[Sinus Thailandiae]]; [[Mare Sinense Australe]]; [[Fretum Taivaniae]]; et litora [[Quantunia]]e, [[Indonesia]]e, [[Philippinae|Philippinarum]], [[Nova Guinea|Novae Guineae]], [[Nova Caledonia|Novae Caledoniae]], [[Australia]]e ([[Territorium Septentrionale|Territorii Septentrionalis]], [[Terra Reginae|Terrae Reginae]], [[Australia Occidentalis|Australiae Occidentalis]])
|-
|-
|''[[Aipysurus]]''
|''[[Aipysurus]]''
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[[Fasciculus:Hydrophis cyanocinctus lores.jpg|thumb|240px|''[[Hydrophis cyanocinctus]]'']]
[[Fasciculus:Hydrophis cyanocinctus lores.jpg|thumb|240px|''[[Hydrophis cyanocinctus]]'']]


{{NexInt}}
==Vide etiam==
* [[Elapidae]]
* [[Elapidae]]
* [[Laticauda]]
* [[Laticauda]]
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* Smith, M. A. [[1926]]. ''Monograph of the sea snakes (Hydrophiidae).'' Londinii: British Museum of Natural History.
* Smith, M. A. [[1926]]. ''Monograph of the sea snakes (Hydrophiidae).'' Londinii: British Museum of Natural History.
* Voris, H. K. [[1977]]. "A phylogeny of the sea snakes (Hydrophiidae)." ''Fieldiana Zoologica'' 70:79-169.
* Voris, H. K. [[1977]]. "A phylogeny of the sea snakes (Hydrophiidae)." ''Fieldiana Zoologica'' 70:79-169.
* Whitaker, R. [[1978]]. ''Common Indian Snakes: A Field Guide.'' Macmillan India Limited.</div>
* Whitaker, R. [[1978]]. ''Common Indian Snakes: A Field Guide.'' Macmillan India Limited.


== Nexus externi ==
== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biologici}}
{{CommuniaCat|Hydrophiidae|Hydrophiidas}}
{{Vicispecies|Hydrophiidae|Hydrophiidas}}
* Alexis Gillham, [http://www.townsvillebulletin.com.au/article/2010/11/08/183041_news.html Man cheats sea snake], ''Townsville Bulletin'', 8 November 2010. Nexus die 8 Novembris 2010 confirmatus.
* Alexis Gillham, [http://www.townsvillebulletin.com.au/article/2010/11/08/183041_news.html Man cheats sea snake], ''Townsville Bulletin'', 8 November 2010. Nexus die 8 Novembris 2010 confirmatus.
* [http://divehappy.com/indonesia/diving-gunung-api-volcano-of-the-sea-snakes/ Diving Gunung Api: Volcano Of The Sea Snakes]
* [http://divehappy.com/indonesia/diving-gunung-api-volcano-of-the-sea-snakes/ Diving Gunung Api: Volcano Of The Sea Snakes]
* [http://www.qatarvisitor.com/index.php?cID=430&pID=1578 Sea Snakes in Qatar]
* [http://www.qatarvisitor.com/index.php?cID=430&pID=1578 Sea Snakes in Qatar]
* [http://www.scuba-doc.com/seasnks.htm Sea Snakes] at [http://www.scuba-doc.com/ Scubadoc's Diving Medicine Online]. Nexus die 6 August 2007 confirmatus.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110405041703/http://scuba-doc.com/seasnks.htm Sea Snakes] at [http://www.scuba-doc.com/ Scubadoc's Diving Medicine Online]. Nexus die 6 August 2007 confirmatus.


[[Categoria:Elapidae]]
[[Categoria:Elapidae]]
[[Categoria:Serpentes]]
[[Categoria:Serpentes]]

{{Link FA|de}}
{{Link GA|en}}

{{Myrias|Biologia}}

Redactio novissime (die 12 Octobris 2022, hora 02:05) facta

Subphylum : Vertebrata 
Classis : Reptilia 
Ordo : Squamata 
Subordo : Serpentes 
Familia : Elapidae 
Boie, 1827
   
Pro anguibus marinis in mythologia et cryptozoologia, vide Serpens marinus.

Serpentes marinae vel angues marini, aliquando familiae formà Hydrophiidae (e Graeco hydro- 'aqua' + ophis 'serpens') appellatae, aliquando subfamilia (Elapidarum) Hydrophiinae, sunt nonnullae species familiae Elapidarum, quae in mari habitant. Cum familia habeatur, duas in subfamilias dividitur, quae Laticaudinae (Laticaudam tantum comprehendens) et Hydrophiinae sunt.

Corpus vitae marinae commodatur caudae gratia, quae in pinnae formam commutata est. Inter cunctas Serpentes Hydrophiidae venenosissimae sunt, sed timidae, quare raro homines mordent.

Se evolverunt ex maioribus terrestribus, sed plurimi se late ad vitam omnino aquaticam adaptaverunt, et ergo super terram moveri non possunt, genere Laticauda excepto, cuius species avitas retinent proprietates quae eis motum super terram sinunt. Angues marini in calidis aquis litoralibis ab Oceano Indico ad Pacificum inveniuntur. Omnibus sunt caudae remiformes, et multis sunt corpora lateraliter compressa, caudarum anguilliformium similia. Omnibus, branchiis carentibus, piscium dissimilibus, emergendum est ut respirent. Ei sunt inter aquatissima omnium vertebratorum quae aerem spirant.[1] Inter hunc gregem sunt species quibus sunt potentissima omnium serpentium venena. Nonnullae species, quibus est natura lenis, solum inritatae mordunt, sed aliae sunt hostiliores. Septendecim genera nunc describuntur, quibus sunt sexaginta duae species.[2][3]

Descriptio

[recensere | fontem recensere]

Adulti plurimarum specierum ad 120–150 cm longi sunt,[4] quarum maxima species, Hydrophis spiralis, ad 3 m crescit.[5] Oculi sunt parvi, pupula rotunda praediti,[6] et plurimis sunt nares dorsales.[7] Capita a capitibus elapidarum terrestrium non modis maioribus discrepant, quamquam dentitio est primitiva,? dentibus brevibus et (Emydocephalo excepto) ad duodeviginti minoribus dentibus post eos in maxilla.[1]

Laticauda colubrina.

Plurimi angues marini sunt omnino aquatici et se ad circumiectum naturalem multis modis accommodaverunt, quorum maxime proprius est cauda remiformis, quae facultatem natandi auxit.[8] Corpora multarum specierum varie sunt lateraliter compressa, praecipue in speciebus pelagicis. Solum genus quod amplificatas squamas ventrales retinet est Laticauda, cui sunt quinque species. Hi serpentes putantur primitiviores,? quia ei iam super terram plerumque degunt, ubi squamae ventrales manum? necessarium eis praebet.[4][7] Laticaudae etiam sunt soli angues marini quibus sunt squamae internasales: eorum nares non sunt dorsales.[8]

Plurimi angues marini per cutem respirare possunt. Inter reptilia, haec potestas est inusitata, quod eorum cutis est crassa et squamosa; investigationes autem Pelamidis platuri, speciei pelagicae, monstraverunt hanc speciem circa quinta partem oxygenii requisiti sic adipisci posse, et ergo diutissime urinari posse.[9]

Laticauda laticaudata.

Sicut alia animalia terrestria quae se ad vitam in marino circumiectu naturali accommodaverunt, angues marini multo plus salem per diaetam sorbent quam eorum cognati terrestres. Mammalia salem in solutione expellere possunt, plerumque in urina, sed munus renum in avibus et reptilibus est debilius; ergo in avibus, praecipue in sphenisciformibus, sal ex glandibus nasalibus emovetur, sicut in iguanis marinis Insularum Galapagensium. Chelonioideis sunt glandes lacrimales, quae salsissimas lacrimas proferunt. In anguibus marinis, posteriores glandes sublinguales, sub et circa vaginam linguae, se evolverunt ut salem actione linguae eiciant.[1][7]

Squamae inter angues marinos maxime variant. Contra terrestres serpentium species, quibus sunt squamae imbricatae ad abrasionem resistendam, squamae plurimorum anguium marinorum non imminent. Speciebus autem quae in scopulis habitant, sicut Aypisurus, sunt squamae imbricatae ad resistendum curalium acrem. Ipsae squamae sunt leves, cum carinis praeditae, spinosae, vel granulares saepe verrucarum similes. Pelamis corporeas habet squamas clavorum similes, dum squamae caudales sunt confines lamina hexagonales.[7]

Aipysurus laevis

Aipysuro laevi sunt photoreceptores in cute caudali, ut lucem inveniant et probabiliter faciant ut se inter formamina curalii interdiu lateant. Quamquam aliae species non investigatae sunt, A. laevis fortasse in eam partem non est unicus inter angues marinos.[10]

Area geographica et habitatio

[recensere | fontem recensere]

Plurimi angues marini in calidis Oceani Indici et occidentalibus Oceani Pacifici aquis tropicis habitant,[4] paucis speciebus procul in Oceania habitantibus.[11] Area geographica unius speciei, Pelamis platuri, est latior quam area geographica omnium specierum reptilium, praeter paucas chelonioideorum species.[1] Patet ab orientali Africae litore, a Dzibuto in septentrionibus ad Civitatem Capitis in australem (Spawls et Branch 1995) trans oceanos Indicum et Pacificum, ad australem ad septentrionale Novae Zelandiae litus,[11][12] adeo ad occidentale Americae litus, ubi a Peruvia septentrionali in australi (Insulis Galapagensibus non exclusis) ad Sinum Californiae in septentrionibus extenditur. Specimina remota inveniuntur ad septentriones ante litus urbis Sancti Clementis Californiae in Civitatibus Foederatis.[9]

Angues marini in Oceano Atlantico et maribus Caribico, Rubro, Mediterraneoque non habitant. Aliqui angues marini in paludibus manglis et in similibus aquae amarae habitationibus habitant, et duae species in aqua dulci habitant: Hydrophis semperi in Lacu Taal in Philippinis, et Laticauda crockeri in Lacu Te Nggano Insulae Rennell in Insulis Salomonis.[7]

Victus

[recensere | fontem recensere]

Plurimi angues marini piscibus, praecipue anguilliformibus, vescuntur.[8] Una species mollusca et crustacea,[7][8] sicut dendrobranchiata,[11] anteponit, dum aliae solum ovis piscium vescuntur. Aliis speciebus quae super scopulos habitant sunt parva capita et colla tenuia, ut eae parva extrahant anguilliformia ex leni imi maris sabulo, ubi se celant.[7] Stidworthy (1974) dicit angues marinos escam ex linea piscatoria aliquando capere.[4]

Taxinomia

[recensere | fontem recensere]
Genus[2][3] Auctor taxoni[2] Species[2] Subsp.*[2] Nomen Anglicum[3] Area geographica[3]
Acalyptophis Boulenger, 1869 1 0 Spiny-headed sea snake, horned sea snake Sinus Thailandiae; Mare Sinense Australe; Fretum Taivaniae; et litora Quantuniae, Indonesiae, Philippinarum, Novae Guineae, Novae Caledoniae, Australiae (Territorii Septentrionalis, Terrae Reginae, Australiae Occidentalis)
Aipysurus Lacépède, 1804 7 1 Olive sea snakes Mare Timorense, Mare Sinense Australe, Sinus Thailandiae, et litora Australiae (Territorii Septentrionalis, Terrae Reginae, Australiae Occidentalis), Novae Caledoniae, Insularum Fidelitatis, Novae Guineae meridianae, Indonesiae, Malaesiae, et Vietnamiae.
Astrotia Fischer, 1855 1 0 Stoke's sea snake Regiones litorales ab India et Sri Lanka occidentalibus per Sinum Thailandiae ad Mare Sinense Australe, in Malaesia occidentali, ab Indonesia ad Novam Guineam, litora septentrionalia et orientalia Australiae, Philippinae
Emydocephalus Krefft, 1869 2 0 Turtlehead sea snakes Litora Timoriae (Mare Indonesianum), Nova Caledonia, Australia (Territorium Septentrionale, Terra Reginae, Australia Occidentalis), et in Mari Asiae Meridio-Orientalis secundum litora Sinarum, Taivaniae, Iaponiae, et Insularum Ryukyu.
Enhydrina Gray, 1849 2 0 Beaked sea snakes In Sinu Persico (Omania, Phylarchiarum Arabicarum Confoederatio, etc.), ad meridiem ad Insulas Seisellenses et Madagascariam, Mare Asiae Meridio-Orientalis (Pakistania, India, Bangladesia, Myanmar, Thailandia, Vietnamia), Australia (Territorium Septentrionale, Terra Reginae), Nova Guinea, et Papua Nova Guinea.
Ephalophis M. A. Smith, 1931 1 0 Grey's mudsnake Australia boreooccidentalis
Hydrelaps Boulenger, 1896 1 0 Port Darwin mudsnake Australia septentrionalis, Nova Guinea australis
Hydrophis Latreille, in Sonnini & Latreille, 1801 34 3 Sea snakes Aquae Indoaustralianae et Asiae Meridio-Orientales.[13]
Kerilia Gray, 1849 1 0 Jerdon's sea snake Aquae Asiae Meridio-Orientalis.[13]
Kolpophis M. A. Smith, 1926 1 0 Bighead sea snake Oceanus Indicus.[13]
Lapemis Gray, 1835 2 0 Spine-bellied sea snake, Shaw's sea snake A Sinu Persico ad Oceanum Indicum, Mare Sinense Australe, archipelago Indo-Australianus, et Oceanus Pacificus occidentalis.[13]
Laticauda Laurentii, 1768 5 0 Sea kraits Aquae Asiae Meridio-Orientalis et Indoaustraliae.
Parahydrophis Burger & Natsuno, 1974 1 0 Northern mangrove sea snake Australia septentrionalis, Nova Guinea australis
Parapistocalamus Roux, 1934 1 0 Hediger's snake Insula Bougainville, Insulae Salomonis
Pelamis Daudin, 1803 1 0 Yellow-bellied sea snake Oceani Indicus et Pacificus
Praescutata Wall, 1921 1 0 A Sinu Persico ad Oceanum Indicum, Mare Sinense Australe
Thalassophis P. Schmidt, 1852 1 0 Anomalous sea snake Mare Sinense Australe (Malaesia, Sinus Thailandiae), Oceanus Indicus (Sumatra, Iava, Borneum)

*Subspeciebus nominatis exclusis.

Hydrophis cyanocinctus

Nexus interni

Notae

[recensere | fontem recensere]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 H. W. Parker et A. G. C. Grandison (1977), Snakes: a natural history, ed. 2a (British Museum (Natural History) et Cornell University Press).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 "Elapidae". apud Integrated Taxonomic Information System 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Elapidae apud New Reptile Database. Nexus die 12 Augusti 2007 confirmatus est.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Stidworthy J. 1974. Snakes of the World. Grosset & Dunlap Inc. 160 pp. ISBN 0-448-11856-4.
  5. ↑ G. S. Fichter, Poisonous Snakes: A First Book (Franklin Watts, 1982, ISBN 0-531-04349-5).
  6. ↑ R. L. Ditmars, Reptiles of the World, ed. retractata (MacMillan, 1933).
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 J. M. Mehrtens, Living Snakes of the World in Color (Novi Eboraci: Sterling Publishers, 1987, ISBN 0-8069-6460-X).
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Sea snakes at Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Die 7 Augusti 2007 confirmatus.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 J. A. Campbell et W. W. Lamar, The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere (Ithacae et Londinii: Comstock Publishing Associates, 2004, ISBN 0-8014-4141-2).
  10. ↑ K. Zimmerman et H. Heatwole, "Cutaneous Photoreception: A New Sensory Mechanism for Reptiles," Copeia 1990 (3) (19 Septembris): 860-862.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 U.S. Navy, Poisonous Snakes of the World. US Govt. (Novi Eboraci: Dover Publications, 1991, ISBN 0-486-26629-X).
  12. ↑ Slaughter R. J., Beasley D. M., Lambie B. S., Schep L. J. (2009). "New Zealand's venomous creatures". N. Z. Med. J. 122 (1290): 83–97 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 The Hydrophiidae at Cyberlizard's home pages. Accessed 12 August 2007.

Bibliographia

[recensere | fontem recensere]
  • Graham, J. B., W. R. Lowell, I. Rubinoff, et J. Motta. 1987. Surface and subsurface swimming of the sea snake Pelamis Platurus. Journal Exp. Biology 127, 27-44. PDF apud [Journal of Experimental Biology]. Nexus die 7 Augusti 2007 confirmatus.
  • Keogh, J. S., R. Shine, et S. Donnellan. 1998. Phylogenetic Relationships of Terrestrial Australo-Papuan Elapid Snakes (Subfamily Hydrophiinae) Based on Cytochrome b and 16S rRNA Sequences. In Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution (San Diego: Elsevier), 1, 67–81. ISSN 1055-7903.
  • McDowell, S. B. 1969. Notes on the Australian sea-snake Ephalophis greyi M. Smith (Serpentes: Elapidae: Hydrophiinae) and the origin and classification of sea-snakes. Journal of the Linnean Society of London 48: 333–349. ISSN 0368-2935.
  • McDowell, S. B. 1972. The genera of sea-snakes of the Hydrophis group (Serpentes: Elapidae). Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 32: 189–247. ISSN 0084-5620.
  • Rasmussen, A. R. 1997. Systematics of sea snakes; a critical review. Symp. Zoological Society of London 70:15-30.
  • Spawls, S. et B. Branch. 1995. The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Dubai: Oriental Press, Ralph Curtis Books. ISBN 0-88359-029-8.
  • Smith, M. A. 1926. Monograph of the sea snakes (Hydrophiidae). Londinii: British Museum of Natural History.
  • Voris, H. K. 1977. "A phylogeny of the sea snakes (Hydrophiidae)." Fieldiana Zoologica 70:79-169.
  • Whitaker, R. 1978. Common Indian Snakes: A Field Guide. Macmillan India Limited.

Nexus externi

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Situs scientifici:  • ITIS • NCBI • Biodiversity • WoRMS: Marine Species
Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Hydrophiidas spectant.
Vide "Hydrophiidas" apud Vicispecies.
Receptum de "https://la.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrophiidae&oldid=3718659"