Preston

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Bandaraya Preston
	Ditunjukkan di dalam Lancashire
Geografi
Rujukan grid:	SD534290
Status:	Bandaraya (2002)
Negeri:	England Barat Laut
Pentadbiran Mukim:	Lancashire
Keluasan: - Jumlah	Tangga ke-215 142.22 km²
Pentadbiran HQ:	Preston
kod ONS:	30UK
Demografi
Populasi: - Total (ang. 2004) - Density	Tangga ke-139 131,000 921 / km²
Ethnik:	85.5% Org.Putih 11.6% Asia S.
Politik
Arms of Preston City Council Majlis Bandaraya Preston http://www.preston.gov.uk/
Kepimpinan:	Ketua & Kabinet
Eksekutif:	Buruh
MP-MP:	Nigel Evans, Mark Hendrick, Michael Jack

Preston adalah satu bandaraya dan daerah kerajaan tempatan di dalam England Barat Laut. Ia merupakan pusat pentadbiran Lancashire, dan ia juga terletak di atas Sungai Ribble. Preston telah diberikan status bandaraya di 2002, menjadi bandaraya England ke-50 sempena uangtahun pemerintahan Queen Elizabeth.

Sejarah

Pembangunan awal

During the Roman period the road from the Setantian port of Neb of the Nese passed one mile north of Preston and intersected the road from Languavallium in Cumberland to Condate in Cheshire in Preston at Tulketh-hall.

In Ripon in 705 the lands near the River Ribble were set on a new foundation, and the parish church was probably erected. Later Edward the Elder passed the lands to cathedral at York and then from successive transfers the lands were passed round between churches, hence the name Priest's Town or Preston. An alternative explanation of the origin of the name is that the Priest's Town refers to a priory set up by St. Wilfrid near the Ribble's lowest ford. This idea is reinforced by similarity of Preston's crest bearing a lamb with St. Wilfrid's banner (Walsh and Butler 1992).

The strategic location of the city, almost exactly mid-way between Glasgow and London, is demonstrated in that decisive battles of the English Civil War (1643) and the first Jacobite rebellion (1715) were fought in Preston.

In 1825 Preston was in the hundred of Amounderness, in the deanery of Amounderness and the archdeaconry of Richmond. The name of Amounderness is more ancient than the name of any other Wapentake or hundred in the County of Lancaster, and so Preston dates from at least the High Saxon period. Served by the River Ribble, Preston was one of the principal ports of Lancaster. King Charles I demanded a quarter more ship money than from Lancaster and twice as much as from Liverpool.

Revolusi Industri

The 19th Century saw a transformation in Preston from a small market town to a much larger industrial one, as the innovations of the latter half of the previous century such as Richard Arkwright's Water Frame (invented in Preston) brought cotton mills to many Northern English towns. With industrialisation came examples of both oppression and enlightenment.

The town's forward-looking spirit is typified by its being the first English town outside London to be lit by gas. The Preston Gas Company was established in 1815 by, amongst others, a Catholic priest: Fr. Joseph "Daddy" Dunn of the Society of Jesus.

The more oppressive side of industrialisation was seen on Saturday 13th August 1842, when a group of cotton workers demonstrated against the poor conditions in the town's mills. The Riot Act was read and armed troops corralled the demonstrators in front of the Corn Exchange on Lune Street. Shots were fired and four of the demonstrators were killed. A commemorative sculpture now stands on the spot (although the soldiers and demonstrators represented are facing the wrong way). In the 1850s, Karl Marx visited Preston and later described the town as "the next Saint Petersburg"[1].

The Preston Temperance Society, led by Joseph Livesey pioneered the Temperance movement in the 19th Century. Indeed the term teetotalism is believed to have been coined at one of its meetings. The website of the University of Central Lancashire library has a great deal of information on Joseph Livesey and the Temperance movement in Preston [2].

Preston Guild

Every twenty years, a famous celebration called the Preston Guild takes place in the city. The last Guild celebration took place in 1992 and the next is due in 2012

Geografi

Geografi fizikal

The River Ribble runs through the city. The Forest of Bowland forms a backdrop to Preston.

Geografi awam

The southern part of the district is mostly urbanised but the northern part is quite rural. The current borders came into effect on April 1, 1974, when the Local Government Act 1972 merged the existing county borough of Preston with Fulwood urban district and part of Preston Rural District. Preston was designated as part of the Central Lancashire new town in 1970.

Suburbs and electoral arrangements

Preston City Council is elected "by thirds", which means one councillor from each of the three-member wards are elected every year, with those representing 2-member wards being elected in alternative years. The Council is currently with "No overall Control", as no party has an overall majority.

The Preston wards and district are as follows. Recent electoral results in Preston can be found here

• Ashton
• Broadgate - running along the River Ribble opposite Penwortham, which is in South Ribble
• Brookfield
• Broughton - rural parish in the north east
• Cadley
• College
• Deepdale
• Farrington Park
• Fishwick [including the Callon estate]
• Fulwood - the former separate district council incorporated into Preston in 1974, with a mix of rural and suburban areas.
• Greyfriars
• Ingol [including the Tanterton community]
• Larches [incorportating the Larches and Savick communites]
• Lea [including the Cottam and Lea Town communites]
• Preston Rural East - including Sherwood, Broughton and Haighton
• Preston Rural North - including Goosnargh, Woodplumpton and Barton
• Ribbleton
• Riversway - including Broadgate
• Sharoe Green
• St Georges
• St Matthews
• Town Centre [this is still called 'Town Centre' as City Status was granted following the most recent boundary changes]. This brings together Avenham, Frenchwood and the city centre
• Tulketh
• University - based around the Plungington and Maudland Bank areas.

Demographics

According to the 2001 Census Preston also has a sizeable Indian/Pakistani Muslim population (8.6%). The Hindu and Sikh populations are smaller at 2.6% and 0.6% respectively but in both cases this represents the highest percentage of any local authority area in the North West. 1.8% of the city's population were born in other EU countries.

Landmarks

• Museums
  • Harris Museum and Art Gallery
  • St Walburge's Church (the tallest church in England designed by Joseph Hansom of Hansom Cab fame, with the third-highest spire at 94 metres)
  • The National Football Museum
  • The Museum of Lancashire
  • The Lancashire Queens Regiment Museum
  • The British Commercial Vehicle Museum
  • Broughton Cottage Museum
  • Ribble Steam Railway Musuem
• Parks
  • Miller Park, Preston
  • Waverly Park (Sometimes known as Ribbleton Park)
  • Avenham Park
  • Moor Park
  • Grange Park
  • Haslam Park
  • Ashton Park

Economy

Preston is home to two BAE Systems factories. Its biggest is Warton which builds the Eurofighter, the other is Samlesbury, though the latter has recently been sold to Spirit AeroSystems, Inc.

Transport

Road

The Preston by-pass, opened 5 December 1958, became the first stretch of motorway in the UK and is now part of the M6 with a short section now forming part of the M55. It was built to ease traffic congestion in Preston caused by tourists travelling to the popular destinations of Blackpool and The Lake District. In the 1980's, a motorway running around the west of the city which would have been an extension of the M65 running to the M55 was started but never finished. That is the reason that the M55 has no junction 2, because it was reserved for the new western bypass. However, the existing M6 between junctions 30 and 32 was widened extensively between 1993-95 to compensate for this. A new junction, 31A was opened in 1997 to serve a new business park close to the motorway.

Rail

Preston is a major stop on the West Coast Main Line, with regular long distance train services to London and the South East.

Education

The city is home to the University of Central Lancashire. Formerly known as Preston Polytechnic, "UCLan" is now the sixth largest university in the country. The university currently has over 33,000 students.

Media

Local Radio Stations

• BBC Radio Lancashire
• Rock FM
• Frequency 1350
• Magic 999
• Preston FM

Film

The independent film company Aborted Films was founded and is based in Preston.

Sport

Preston is famous for Preston North End F.C., one of the oldest Football League teams and the National Football Museum, the home of English football heritage.

Famous residents

• Kenny Baker (played R2-D2 in Star Wars)
• Eddie Calvert (trumpeter - "The Man With The Golden Horn")
• Tom Finney (former England and Preston North End football player)
• Andrew Flintoff (England cricketer)
• John Inman (comedy actor)
• Mark Lawrenson (footballer, TV commentator)
• Nick Park (Oscar-winning animator and creator of Wallace and Gromit)
• AJP Taylor (famous historian)

Twin towns

- Almelo, Netherlands - Nîmes, France

- Recklinghausen, Germany - Kalisz, Poland

Trivia

• The first Kentucky Fried Chicken outlet in the UK was opened on Fishergate in Preston.
• The first traffic cones were used in building Preston bypass in the late 1950s, replacing red lantern paraffin burners.
• The parents of legendary American Outlaw Butch Cassidy emigrated from Preston to escape religious persecution for their Mormon faith. It was said that, unlike Paul Newman's cinematic portayal, Butch spoke with a thick Lancashire accent.
• The town of 'Coketown' in Charles Dickens book Hard Times is based on the city of Preston. In order to gain research for an 'industrial' novel, Dickens visited Preston in January 1854 during a strike by cotton workers that had by that stage lasted for 23 weeks.
• Preston is home to Europe's second largest bus station with 79 gates.

References

Sartin, S, 1988, The people and places of Historic Preston, Preston: Carnegie

Walsh, T and Butler, G., 1992, The Old Lamb and Flag, Preston: Carnegie

See also

• Battle of Preston
• Ribble Steam Railway
• List of people from Preston
• Rock FM
• Preston Railway Station
• The National Football Museum

External links

• The Livesey Collection, accessed April 2006
• Winckley Square, accessed April 2006