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| children = [[Perry Belmont|Perry]] (12/28/1850-5/26/1947) m. Jessie Robbins Sloane<br>[[August Belmont, Jr.|August II]] (2/18/1853-12/10/1924) - m. 1st Bessie Hamilton Morgan / m. 2nd Eleanor Robson<br>[[Oliver Belmont|Oliver H. P.]] (11/12/1858-6/10/1908) m. 1st Sarah Swan Whiting / m. 2nd [[Alva Belmont|Alva Erskine Smith]]<br>Raymond Rodgers (7/19/1863-1/30/1887)<br>Jennie (died age 10)<br>Fredericka (9/27/1854-5/31/1902) m. Samuel Shaw Howland
| children = [[Perry Belmont|Perry]] (12/28/1850-5/26/1947) m. Jessie Robbins Sloane<br>[[August Belmont, Jr.|August II]] (2/18/1853-12/10/1924) - m. 1st Bessie Hamilton Morgan / m. 2nd Eleanor Robson<br>[[Oliver Belmont|Oliver H. P.]] (11/12/1858-6/10/1908) m. 1st Sarah Swan Whiting / m. 2nd [[Alva Belmont|Alva Erskine Smith]]<br>Raymond Rodgers (7/19/1863-1/30/1887)<br>Jennie (died age 10)<br>Fredericka (9/27/1854-5/31/1902) m. Samuel Shaw Howland
| parents = Simon & Frederika Elsass Schönberg
| parents = Simon & Frederika Elsass Schönberg
| birth_date = {{Birth date |1813|12|8}}
| birth_date = 8 December 1813
| birth_place = [[Alzey]], [[Grand Duchy of Hesse|Hesse]]
| birth_place = [[Alzey]], [[Grand Duchy of Hesse|Hesse]]
| death_date = {{Death date |1890|11|24}}
| death_date = {{Death date |1890|11|24|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[New York City]], [[New York]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| death_place = [[New York City]], [[New York]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| resting_place = [[Common Burying Ground and Island Cemetery#Prominent people buried in the Island Cemetery|Island Cemetery]]
| resting_place = [[Common Burying Ground and Island Cemetery#Prominent people buried in the Island Cemetery|Island Cemetery]]
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| box_width = 24em
| box_width = 24em
}}
}}
'''August Belmont, Sr.''' (December 8, 1813 – November 24, 1890) was born in [[Alzey]], [[Grand Duchy of Hesse|Hesse]], to a [[Jewish]] family. He emigrated to [[New York City]] in [[1837]] when he became the American representative of the [[Rothschild family]]'s banking house in [[Frankfurt]]. Later he became an American citizen, and married Caroline Slidell Perry, daughter of Commodore [[Matthew Calbraith Perry]].
'''August Belmont, Sr.''' (8 December 1813–24 November 1890) was born in [[Alzey]], [[Grand Duchy of Hesse|Hesse]], to a [[Jewish]] family. He emigrated to [[New York City]] in 1837 when he became the American representative of the [[Rothschild family]]'s banking house in [[Frankfurt]]. Later he became an American citizen, and married Caroline Slidell Perry, daughter of Commodore [[Matthew Calbraith Perry]].


==Early life==
==Early life==
August Belmont was born on December 8, [[1813]] --some sources say [[1816]]-- to Simon and Frederika Elsass Schönberg. His mother died when he was seven, and he went live with his uncle and grandmother in [[Frankfurt, Germany|Frankfurt]].<ref name=Katz>{{cite book |last=Katz |first=Irving |title=August Belmont; a political biography |year=1968 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York and London}}</ref> He attended the Jewish Junior and Senior High School until he began his first job as an apprentice to the Rothschilds.<ref name="Katz" /> He would sweep floors, polish furniture, and run errands while studying English, arithmetic, and writing.<ref name=Belcourt>{{cite web|url=http://www.belcourtcastle.com/history/august_belmont.html|title=Biography of August Belmont|accessdate=2007-01-28 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20061010140922/http://www.belcourtcastle.com/history/august_belmont.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2006-10-10}}</ref> He was then given a confidential clerkship in [[1832]] and promoted to private secretary before travelling to [[Naples]], [[Paris]], and [[Rome]].<ref name="Belcourt" /> In [[1837]], Belmont travelled to [[Havana, Cuba|Havana]] to manage the Rothschild's Cuban interests. On his way to Havana, however, Belmont stopped in New York. He arrived there during the [[Panic of 1837]] and stayed to look afte Rothschild's interests there instead of continuing on to Havana.<ref name="Katz" /> After he emigrated to the United States, he changed his surname, Schönberg (German for "beautiful mountain"), to Belmont (French for "beautiful mountain").
August Belmont was born on December 8, 1813--some sources say 1816-- to Simon and Frederika Elsass Schönberg. His mother died when he was seven, and he went live with his uncle and grandmother in [[Frankfurt, Germany|Frankfurt]].<ref name=Katz>{{cite book |last=Katz |first=Irving |title=August Belmont; a political biography |year=1968 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York and London}}</ref> He attended the Jewish Junior and Senior High School until he began his first job as an apprentice to the Rothschilds.<ref name="Katz" /> He would sweep floors, polish furniture, and run errands while studying English, arithmetic, and writing.<ref name=Belcourt>{{cite web|url=http://www.belcourtcastle.com/history/august_belmont.html|title=Biography of August Belmont|accessdate=2007-01-28 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20061010140922/http://www.belcourtcastle.com/history/august_belmont.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2006-10-10}}</ref> He was then given a confidential clerkship in 1832 and promoted to private secretary before travelling to [[Naples]], [[Paris]], and [[Rome]].<ref name="Belcourt" /> In 1837, Belmont travelled to [[Havana, Cuba|Havana]] to manage the Rothschild's Cuban interests. On his way to Havana, however, Belmont stopped in New York. He arrived there during the [[Panic of 1837]] and stayed to look afte Rothschild's interests there instead of continuing on to Havana.<ref name="Katz" /> After he emigrated to the United States, he changed his surname, Schönberg (German for "beautiful mountain"), to Belmont (French for "beautiful mountain").


==August Belmont and Company==
==August Belmont and Company==
In the [[Panic of 1837]], hundreds of American businesses, including the Rothschild's American agents, went [[bankrupt]]. As a result, Belmont postponed his departure to Havana and began August Belmont & Company, believing that he could supplant the recently bankrupt firm, the American Agency.<ref name="Belcourt" /> August Belmont and Company was an instant success, and Belmont restored health to the Rothschild's US interests over the next five years.<ref name=Katz> It was so successful that Belmont bought a mansion in what is now North Babylon, Long Island. It is now owned by [[New York State]] and is known as Belmont Lake State Park.</ref> In [[1844]], Belmont was named the [[Consul|Consul-General]] of [[Austria]] at [[New York]]. He resigned in [[1850]] because he thought Austria was cruel in the way it treated [[Hungary]].<ref name="Katz" />
In the [[Panic of 1837]], hundreds of American businesses, including the Rothschild's American agents, went [[bankrupt]]. As a result, Belmont postponed his departure to Havana and began August Belmont & Company, believing that he could supplant the recently bankrupt firm, the American Agency.<ref name="Belcourt" /> August Belmont and Company was an instant success, and Belmont restored health to the Rothschild's US interests over the next five years.<ref name=Katz>It was so successful that Belmont bought a mansion in what is now North Babylon, Long Island. It is now owned by [[New York State]] and is known as Belmont Lake State Park.</ref> In 1844, Belmont was named the [[Consul|Consul-General]] of [[Austria]] at [[New York]]. He resigned in 1850 because he thought Austria was cruel in the way it treated [[Hungary]].<ref name="Katz" />


==Entrance into Politics==
==Entrance into Politics==
Belmont married Caroline Slidell Perry, the daughter of [[Matthew Calbraith Perry]], on November 7, [[1849]]. Soon, [[John Slidell]], his wife's uncle, starting helping Belmont.<ref name="Katz" /> Belmont's first task was to campaign for [[James Buchanan]] in [[New York]]. In June, [[1851]], Belmont wrote letters to the ''[[New York Herald]]'' and the ''New York National-Democrat'', insisting that they do justice to Buchanan's presidential run.<ref name="Katz" /> But [[Franklin Pierce]] won the nomination instead, and Belmont made large contributions to the Democratic Party.<ref name="Belcourt" /> After his victory, Pierce in [[1853]] appointed Belmont ''chargé d'affaires'' and minister to [[The Hague]]. While in [[Holland]], Belmont urged American annexation of [[Cuba]] as a new slave state in what became known as the [[Ostend Manifesto]].<ref>Katz, 42-45.</ref>
Belmont married Caroline Slidell Perry, the daughter of [[Matthew Calbraith Perry]], on 7 November 1849. Soon, [[John Slidell]], his wife's uncle, starting helping Belmont.<ref name="Katz" /> Belmont's first task was to campaign for [[James Buchanan]] in [[New York]]. In June, 1851, Belmont wrote letters to the ''[[New York Herald]]'' and the ''New York National-Democrat'', insisting that they do justice to Buchanan's presidential run.<ref name="Katz" /> But [[Franklin Pierce]] won the nomination instead, and Belmont made large contributions to the Democratic Party.<ref name="Belcourt" /> After his victory, Pierce in 1853 appointed Belmont ''chargé d'affaires'' and minister to [[The Hague]]. While in [[Holland]], Belmont urged American annexation of [[Cuba]] as a new slave state in what became known as the [[Ostend Manifesto]].<ref>Katz, 42-45.</ref>


Though Belmont lobbied hard for it, Buchanan denied him the ambassadorship to [[Spain]] after his election in [[1856]], thanks to the Ostend Manifesto.<ref>Katz, 58-61; John A. Garraty and Mark C. Carnes, eds., American National Biography, Vol. II (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 534</ref> As a delegate to the [[1860 Democratic National Convention|Democratic Convention of 1860]], Belmont supported [[Stephen A. Douglas]], who subsequently named Belmont chairman of the [[Democratic National Committee]]. Belmont energetically supported the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] cause during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] as a [[War Democrat]], helping [[Missouri]] congressman [[Francis Preston Blair, Jr.|Francis P. Blair]] raise and equip the Union army's first mainly German-American regiment.<ref>Katz, 90. For more on Belmont’s public contributions to the war effort, see August Belmont, ''A Few Letters and Speeches of the Late Civil War'', New York, [Private Printing], 1870.</ref> Belmont also used his influence with European business and political leaders to support the [[Union]] cause in the American [[civil war]], stopping the Rothschilds and other bankers from lending to the [[Confederacy]] and meeting personally with the [[British prime minister]], [[Lord Palmerston]], and members of [[Napoleon III]]’s government.<ref>Allen Johnson, ed., Dictionary of American Biography, Vol. II (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1929), 170.</ref>
Though Belmont lobbied hard for it, Buchanan denied him the ambassadorship to [[Spain]] after his election in 1856, thanks to the Ostend Manifesto.<ref>Katz, 58-61; John A. Garraty and Mark C. Carnes, eds., American National Biography, Vol. II (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 534</ref> As a delegate to the [[1860 Democratic National Convention]], Belmont supported [[Stephen A. Douglas]], who subsequently named Belmont chairman of the [[Democratic National Committee]]. Belmont energetically supported the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] cause during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] as a [[War Democrat]], helping [[Missouri]] congressman [[Francis Preston Blair, Jr.|Francis P. Blair]] raise and equip the Union army's first mainly German-American regiment.<ref>Katz, 90. For more on Belmont’s public contributions to the war effort, see August Belmont, ''A Few Letters and Speeches of the Late Civil War'', New York, [Private Printing], 1870.</ref> Belmont also used his influence with European business and political leaders to support the [[Union]] cause in the American [[civil war]], stopping the Rothschilds and other bankers from lending to the [[Confederacy]] and meeting personally with the [[British prime minister]], [[Lord Palmerston]], and members of [[Napoleon III]]’s government.<ref>Allen Johnson, ed., Dictionary of American Biography, Vol. II (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1929), 170.</ref>


==Postwar Political Career==
==Postwar Political Career==
Belmont stayed as chairman of the Democratic National Committee after the war, but he thought it was the worst ever time for the party.<ref>Quoted in Katz, 91.</ref> As early as [[1862]], Belmont and [[Samuel Tilden]] bought stock in the ''New York World'' in order to make it publish stories supporting the Democrats, with the help of Manton M. Marble, its editor-in-chief.<ref>Garraty and Carnes, 534.</ref>.
Belmont stayed as chairman of the Democratic National Committee after the war, but he thought it was the worst ever time for the party.<ref>Quoted in Katz, 91.</ref> As early as 1862, Belmont and [[Samuel Tilden]] bought stock in the ''New York World'' in order to make it publish stories supporting the Democrats, with the help of Manton M. Marble, its editor-in-chief.<ref>Garraty and Carnes, 534.</ref>.


The Republican party was divided at the war’s end, so Belmont organized new party gatherings and tried to get [[Salmon Chase]] elected president in [[1868]]. He thought Chase was least vulnerable to charges of disloyalty to the party during the Republican [[Lincoln]]-[[Johnson]] administrations.<ref>Garraty and Carnes, 534; Katz, 167-8.</ref>
The Republican party was divided at the war’s end, so Belmont organized new party gatherings and tried to get [[Salmon Chase]] elected president in 1868. He thought Chase was least vulnerable to charges of disloyalty to the party during the Republican [[Lincoln]]-[[Johnson]] administrations.<ref>Garraty and Carnes, 534; Katz, 167-8.</ref>


[[Horatio Seymour]]’s became the democratic candidate instead, and lost to [[Ulysses S. Grant]] by a lot of [[Electoral College]] votes, although the popular vote was much closer. In 1872 the Democrats supported [[liberal Republican]] [[Horace Greeley]]'s disastrous presidential campaign. The election of [[1872]] prompted Belmont to resign as chairman of the Democratic National Committee, but he stayed interested in politics as a champion of US Senator [[Thomas F. Bayard]] of [[Delaware]] for the presidency, and as a fierce critic of the [[Compromise of 1877|process]] granting [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] the presidency in 1877, and as an advocate of “hard money.”<ref>Katz, 210-276.</ref>
[[Horatio Seymour]]’s became the democratic candidate instead, and lost to [[Ulysses S. Grant]] by a lot of [[Electoral College]] votes, although the popular vote was much closer. In 1872 the Democrats supported [[liberal Republican]] [[Horace Greeley]]'s disastrous presidential campaign. The election of 1872 prompted Belmont to resign as chairman of the Democratic National Committee, but he stayed interested in politics as a champion of US Senator [[Thomas F. Bayard]] of [[Delaware]] for the presidency, and as a fierce critic of the [[Compromise of 1877|process]] granting [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] the presidency in 1877, and as an advocate of “hard money.”<ref>Katz, 210-276.</ref>


==Death==
==Death==
Line 44: Line 44:


August Belmont threw lavish balls and dinner parties, receiving from New York's high society mixed reviews.
August Belmont threw lavish balls and dinner parties, receiving from New York's high society mixed reviews.
He was an avid sportsman, and the famed [[Belmont Stakes]] thoroughbred horse race is named in his honor. It debuted at [[Jerome Park Racetrack]], owned by Belmont's friend, [[Leonard Jerome]]. Today The Belmont Stakes is part of thoroughbred racing's [[Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing|Triple Crown]] and takes place at [[Belmont Racetrack]] in New York.
He was an avid sportsman, and the famed [[Belmont Stakes]] thoroughbred horse race is named in his honour. It debuted at [[Jerome Park Racetrack]], owned by Belmont's friend, [[Leonard Jerome]]. Today The Belmont Stakes is part of thoroughbred racing's [[Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing|Triple Crown]] and takes place at [[Belmont Racetrack]] in New York.


Also named in Belmont's honor is the town of [[Belmont, New Hampshire]], an honor Mr. Belmont never acknowledged. [[Edith Wharton]] reputedly modeled the character of Julius Beaufort in ''[[The Age of Innocence]]'' on Belmont. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsu.edu/~campbelld/wharton/queries03.htm|title=The Edith Wharton Society|accessdate=2007-01-27}}</ref>
Also named in Belmont's honor is the town of [[Belmont, New Hampshire]], an honor Mr. Belmont never acknowledged. [[Edith Wharton]] reputedly modeled the character of Julius Beaufort in ''[[The Age of Innocence]]'' on Belmont.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsu.edu/~campbelld/wharton/queries03.htm|title=The Edith Wharton Society|accessdate=2007-01-27}}</ref>


[[Ham mousseline à la Belmont]] was created in his honour by [[Charles Ranhofer]] at [[Delmonico's]].
[[Ham mousseline à la Belmont]] was created in his honour by [[Charles Ranhofer]] at [[Delmonico's]].
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*[http://www.staff.uni-mainz.de/hschmahl/AronBelmontAlzey1813.JPG Photograph of August Belmont's birth record, Zivilstandsregister Alzey, Germany, 1813]
*[http://www.staff.uni-mainz.de/hschmahl/AronBelmontAlzey1813.JPG Photograph of August Belmont's birth record, Zivilstandsregister Alzey, Germany, 1813]
*[http://www.mrlincolnandnewyork.org/inside.asp?ID=70&subjectID=3 Mr. Lincoln and New York: August Belmont]
*[http://www.mrlincolnandnewyork.org/inside.asp?ID=70&subjectID=3 Mr. Lincoln and New York: August Belmont]
*''Our Crowd'' by Stephen Birmingham (c) 1967 Harper and Row NY Pages 57-62
*''Our Crowd'' by Stephen Birmingham (c) 1967 Harper and Row NY Pages 57–62



{{BD|1813|1890|Belmont, August}}
{{BD|1813|1890|Belmont, August}}

Revision as of 20:13, 5 June 2011

For his son of the same name, see August Belmont, Jr..
August Belmont
Born8 December 1813
Alzey, Hesse
Died(1890-11-24)24 November 1890
New York City, New York, U.S.
Resting placeIsland Cemetery
Occupation(s)Financier, Racehorse owner/breeder
SpouseCaroline Slidell Perry
ChildrenPerry (12/28/1850-5/26/1947) m. Jessie Robbins Sloane
August II (2/18/1853-12/10/1924) - m. 1st Bessie Hamilton Morgan / m. 2nd Eleanor Robson
Oliver H. P. (11/12/1858-6/10/1908) m. 1st Sarah Swan Whiting / m. 2nd Alva Erskine Smith
Raymond Rodgers (7/19/1863-1/30/1887)
Jennie (died age 10)
Fredericka (9/27/1854-5/31/1902) m. Samuel Shaw Howland
ParentSimon & Frederika Elsass Schönberg

August Belmont, Sr. (8 December 1813–24 November 1890) was born in Alzey, Hesse, to a Jewish family. He emigrated to New York City in 1837 when he became the American representative of the Rothschild family's banking house in Frankfurt. Later he became an American citizen, and married Caroline Slidell Perry, daughter of Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry.

Early life

August Belmont was born on December 8, 1813--some sources say 1816-- to Simon and Frederika Elsass Schönberg. His mother died when he was seven, and he went live with his uncle and grandmother in Frankfurt.[1] He attended the Jewish Junior and Senior High School until he began his first job as an apprentice to the Rothschilds.[1] He would sweep floors, polish furniture, and run errands while studying English, arithmetic, and writing.[2] He was then given a confidential clerkship in 1832 and promoted to private secretary before travelling to Naples, Paris, and Rome.[2] In 1837, Belmont travelled to Havana to manage the Rothschild's Cuban interests. On his way to Havana, however, Belmont stopped in New York. He arrived there during the Panic of 1837 and stayed to look afte Rothschild's interests there instead of continuing on to Havana.[1] After he emigrated to the United States, he changed his surname, Schönberg (German for "beautiful mountain"), to Belmont (French for "beautiful mountain").

August Belmont and Company

In the Panic of 1837, hundreds of American businesses, including the Rothschild's American agents, went bankrupt. As a result, Belmont postponed his departure to Havana and began August Belmont & Company, believing that he could supplant the recently bankrupt firm, the American Agency.[2] August Belmont and Company was an instant success, and Belmont restored health to the Rothschild's US interests over the next five years.[1] In 1844, Belmont was named the Consul-General of Austria at New York. He resigned in 1850 because he thought Austria was cruel in the way it treated Hungary.[1]

Entrance into Politics

Belmont married Caroline Slidell Perry, the daughter of Matthew Calbraith Perry, on 7 November 1849. Soon, John Slidell, his wife's uncle, starting helping Belmont.[1] Belmont's first task was to campaign for James Buchanan in New York. In June, 1851, Belmont wrote letters to the New York Herald and the New York National-Democrat, insisting that they do justice to Buchanan's presidential run.[1] But Franklin Pierce won the nomination instead, and Belmont made large contributions to the Democratic Party.[2] After his victory, Pierce in 1853 appointed Belmont chargé d'affaires and minister to The Hague. While in Holland, Belmont urged American annexation of Cuba as a new slave state in what became known as the Ostend Manifesto.[3]

Though Belmont lobbied hard for it, Buchanan denied him the ambassadorship to Spain after his election in 1856, thanks to the Ostend Manifesto.[4] As a delegate to the 1860 Democratic National Convention, Belmont supported Stephen A. Douglas, who subsequently named Belmont chairman of the Democratic National Committee. Belmont energetically supported the Union cause during the Civil War as a War Democrat, helping Missouri congressman Francis P. Blair raise and equip the Union army's first mainly German-American regiment.[5] Belmont also used his influence with European business and political leaders to support the Union cause in the American civil war, stopping the Rothschilds and other bankers from lending to the Confederacy and meeting personally with the British prime minister, Lord Palmerston, and members of Napoleon III’s government.[6]

Postwar Political Career

Belmont stayed as chairman of the Democratic National Committee after the war, but he thought it was the worst ever time for the party.[7] As early as 1862, Belmont and Samuel Tilden bought stock in the New York World in order to make it publish stories supporting the Democrats, with the help of Manton M. Marble, its editor-in-chief.[8].

The Republican party was divided at the war’s end, so Belmont organized new party gatherings and tried to get Salmon Chase elected president in 1868. He thought Chase was least vulnerable to charges of disloyalty to the party during the Republican Lincoln-Johnson administrations.[9]

Horatio Seymour’s became the democratic candidate instead, and lost to Ulysses S. Grant by a lot of Electoral College votes, although the popular vote was much closer. In 1872 the Democrats supported liberal Republican Horace Greeley's disastrous presidential campaign. The election of 1872 prompted Belmont to resign as chairman of the Democratic National Committee, but he stayed interested in politics as a champion of US Senator Thomas F. Bayard of Delaware for the presidency, and as a fierce critic of the process granting Rutherford B. Hayes the presidency in 1877, and as an advocate of “hard money.”[10]

Death

Belmont died in New York in 1890. The Letters, Speeches and Addresses of August Belmont was published at New York in 1890. Belmont left an estate valued at more than ten million dollars. He is buried in Newport, Rhode Island.[2]

Belmont's sons were Oliver Hazard Perry Belmont, Perry Belmont, and August Belmont, Jr..

August Belmont in culture

August Belmont threw lavish balls and dinner parties, receiving from New York's high society mixed reviews. He was an avid sportsman, and the famed Belmont Stakes thoroughbred horse race is named in his honour. It debuted at Jerome Park Racetrack, owned by Belmont's friend, Leonard Jerome. Today The Belmont Stakes is part of thoroughbred racing's Triple Crown and takes place at Belmont Racetrack in New York.

Also named in Belmont's honor is the town of Belmont, New Hampshire, an honor Mr. Belmont never acknowledged. Edith Wharton reputedly modeled the character of Julius Beaufort in The Age of Innocence on Belmont.[11]

Ham mousseline à la Belmont was created in his honour by Charles Ranhofer at Delmonico's.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Katz, Irving (1968). August Belmont; a political biography. New York and London: Columbia University Press. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Katz" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 "Biography of August Belmont". Archived from the original on 2006-10-10. Retrieved 2007-01-28.
  3. ↑ Katz, 42-45.
  4. ↑ Katz, 58-61; John A. Garraty and Mark C. Carnes, eds., American National Biography, Vol. II (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 534
  5. ↑ Katz, 90. For more on Belmont’s public contributions to the war effort, see August Belmont, A Few Letters and Speeches of the Late Civil War, New York, [Private Printing], 1870.
  6. ↑ Allen Johnson, ed., Dictionary of American Biography, Vol. II (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1929), 170.
  7. ↑ Quoted in Katz, 91.
  8. ↑ Garraty and Carnes, 534.
  9. ↑ Garraty and Carnes, 534; Katz, 167-8.
  10. ↑ Katz, 210-276.
  11. ↑ "The Edith Wharton Society". Retrieved 2007-01-27.

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