Carbon monoxide: Difference between revisions

Carbon monoxide
Ball-and-stick model of carbon monoxide	Spacefill model of carbon monoxide
Names
	Preferred IUPAC name Carbon monoxide
	Other names Carbon monooxide; Carbonous oxide; Carbon(II) oxide; Carbonyl; Flue gas; Monoxide
Identifiers
CAS Number	630-08-0 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
Beilstein Reference	3587264
ChEBI	CHEBI:17245 ;
ChemSpider	275 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.010.118
EC Number	211-128-3;
Gmelin Reference	421
KEGG	D09706 ;
MeSH	Carbon+monoxide
PubChem CID	281;
RTECS number	FG3500000;
UNII	7U1EE4V452 ;
UN number	1016
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID5027273 ;
	SMILES [C-]#[O+];
Properties
Chemical formula	CO
Molar mass	28.010 g/mol
Appearance	colorless gas
Odor	odorless
Density	789 kg/m3, liquid; 1.250 kg/m3 at 0 °C, 1 atm; 1.145 kg/m3 at 25 °C, 1 atm
Melting point	−205.02 °C (−337.04 °F; 68.13 K)
Boiling point	−191.5 °C (−312.7 °F; 81.6 K)
Solubility in water	27.6 mg/L (25 °C)
Solubility	soluble in chloroform, acetic acid, ethyl acetate, ethanol, ammonium hydroxide, benzene
kH	1.04 atm·m3/mol
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)	−9.8·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD)	1.0003364
Dipole moment	0.122 D
Thermochemistry
Std enthalpy of; formation ΔfHo298	−110.5 kJ/mol
Std enthalpy of; combustion ΔcHo298	−283.4 kJ/mol
Standard molar; entropy So298	197.7 J/(mol·K)
Specific heat capacity, C	29.1 J/(K·mol)
Hazards
EU classification	F+ T+
	4 3 0
R-phrases	R61 R12 R26 R48/23
S-phrases	S53 S45
Explosive limits	12.5–74.2%
U.S. Permissible; exposure limit (PEL)	TWA 50 ppm (55 mg/m3)
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
	verify (what is ?)
	Infobox references

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^[1]

Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO, is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. It consists of one carbon atom covalently bonded to one oxygen atom. It is made when carbon compounds burn and there is not enough oxygen. It is a good fuel and burns in air with a blue flame, making carbon dioxide. It is very toxic, but it is useful for modern technology as well.

The most important use for carbon monoxide in industry is making iron from iron ore. The carbon monoxide takes the oxygen from the iron ore when heated in a large oven called a blast furnace. Liquid metal iron is left behind. The carbon monoxide turns into carbon dioxide.

Carbon monoxide can accidentally form when there is too little air to burn all the fuel into carbon dioxide. Such a situation may happen if the oven shutters are closed too early or if a mobile cooker is used in a small tent with no ventilation (Ventilation is fresh air coming in and smoke going out). Many people have died from carbon monoxide poisoning. Low-level carbon monoxide poisoning can cause feelings of paranoia and hallucinations, and has been determined to be a major cause of "haunted" houses. Higher levels of carbon monoxide can cause flu-like symptoms, headaches, and death. Small amounts of it are found in coal gas, a fuel produced by heating coal without any air.

Production

Despite that it is a poison, carbon monoxide is very useful in chemical industry so lots of ways of making it have been discovered.^[2] Normally we burn coke at high temperature with not enough oxygen. Blast furnaces work this way. The chemical equation for this is:

2C + O₂ → 2CO

It can be also made by blowing hot steam through red-hot crushed coke

C + H₂O → CO + H₂

Carbon monoxide can be used as heating fuel because it burns easily into carbon dioxide. It can also be used as so-called "synthesis gas" for making man-made gasoline in the Fischer-Tropsch process.

During the World War II when petrol was rare and reserved for the military, many cars were converted to use wood gas. It is carbon monoxide made by burning wood chips in insufficient amount of air. The wood gas was made in a special oven called generator, which was carried on the car. The resulting carbon monoxide was then used as fuel for the car itself. Even today there are cars which use wood gas as fuel.

References

↑ GOV, NOAA Office of Response and Restoration, US. "CARBON MONOXIDE - CAMEO Chemicals - NOAA". cameochemicals.noaa.gov.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.

Other websites

International Chemical Safety Card 0023
National Pollutant Inventory - Carbon Monoxide Archived 2009-02-08 at the Wayback Machine
NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
United States Environmental Protection Agency Carbon Monoxide page
External MSDS data sheet Archived 2006-05-16 at the Wayback Machine
Carbon Monoxide Kills Campaign Site Archived 2007-04-18 at the Wayback Machine
Carbon Monoxide information for victims of poisoning
Carbon Monoxide Hazards with Backpacking Stoves
USFDA IMPORT BULLETIN 16B-95, May 1999 Archived 2012-07-16 at the Wayback Machine
FDA Agency Response Letter GRAS Notice No. GRN 000083 Archived 2007-04-11 at the Wayback Machine
Carbon Monoxide in Fresh Meat site Archived 2007-03-25 at the Wayback Machine
Radiology and Pathology of CO Poisoning^{[permanent dead link]} Images from MedPix

[1] GOV, NOAA Office of Response and Restoration, US. "CARBON MONOXIDE - CAMEO Chemicals - NOAA". cameochemicals.noaa.gov.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[2] Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.

[1]

[2]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-<!--  Here is a table of data; skip past it to edit the text. -->
 {{Chembox
-|  verifiedrevid = 449065954
+| verifiedrevid = 477004453
-|  ImageFileL1 = Carbon monoxide 2D.svg
+| ImageFileL1 = Carbon-monoxide-3D-balls.png
+| ImageNameL1 = Ball-and-stick model of carbon monoxide
-|   ImageSizeL1 = 100px
-|   ImageNameL1 = Wireframe model of carbon monoxide
+| ImageFileR1 = Carbon-monoxide-3D-vdW.png
-|  ImageFileR1 = Carbon-monoxide-3D-vdW.png
+| ImageNameR1 = Spacefill model of carbon monoxide
+| ImageFile2 = Carbon monoxide 2D.svg
-|   ImageSizeR1 = 120px
+| ImageSize2 = 170px
-|   ImageNameR1 = Spacefill model of carbon monoxide
-|  PIN = Carbon monoxide
+| ImageName2 =  model of carbon monoxide
-| OtherNames = Carbon monooxide<br />Carbonous oxide<br />Carbon(II) oxide<br />Carbonyl
+| PIN = Carbon monoxide
+| OtherNames = Carbon monooxide<br />Carbonous oxide<br />Carbon(II) oxide<br />Carbonyl<br/>Flue gas<br/>Monoxide
-| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
+|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
-|  InChI = 1/CO/c1-2
+| InChI = 1/CO/c1-2
 | InChIKey = UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYAT
 | CASNo = 630-08-0
-|   CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
+| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
-|  PubChem = 281
+| PubChem = 281
+| ChemSpiderID = 275
-|   PubChem_Ref = {{Pubchemcite}}
+| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
-|  ChemSpiderID = 275
-|   ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
+| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
-|  UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
 | UNII = 7U1EE4V452
-|  EINECS = 211-128-3
+| EINECS = 211-128-3
-|  UNNumber = 1016
+| UNNumber = 1016
-|  KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
+| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
 | KEGG = D09706
-|  MeSHName = Carbon+monoxide
+| MeSHName = Carbon+monoxide
-|  ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
+| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
 | ChEBI = 17245
-|  RTECS = FG3500000
+| RTECS = FG3500000
-|  SMILES = [C-]#[O+]
+| SMILES = [C-]#[O+]
-|  StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
+| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
 | StdInChI = 1S/CO/c1-2
-|  StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
+| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
 | StdInChIKey = UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
-|  Beilstein = 3587264
+| Beilstein = 3587264
-|  Gmelin = 421}}
+| Gmelin = 421}}
-| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
+|Section2={{Chembox Properties
 | Formula = CO
-| MolarMass = 28.010 g mol<sup>−1</sup>
+| MolarMass = 28.010 g/mol
-| Appearance = colourless, odorless gas
+| Appearance = colorless gas
+| Odor = odorless
-| Density = 0.789 g mL<sup>−1</sup>, liquid<br />1.250 g L<sup>−1</sup> at 0 °C, 1 atm<br />1.145 g L<sup>−1</sup> at 25 °C, 1 atm
+| Density = 789&nbsp;kg/m<sup>3</sup>, liquid<br />1.250&nbsp;kg/m<sup>3</sup> at 0&nbsp;°C, 1&nbsp;atm<br />1.145&nbsp;kg/m<sup>3</sup> at 25&nbsp;°C, 1&nbsp;atm
-| Solubility = 2.6 mg/100 mL (20 °C)
+| Solubility = 27.6&nbsp;mg/L (25&nbsp;°C)
-| SolubleOther = soluble in [[chloroform]], [[acetic acid]], [[ethyl acetate]], [[ethanol]], [[ammonium hydroxide]]
+| SolubleOther = soluble in [[chloroform]], [[acetic acid]], [[ethyl acetate]], [[ethanol]], [[ammonium hydroxide]], [[benzene]]
-| MeltingPtC = −205
+| MeltingPtC = −205.02
 | BoilingPtC = −191.5
-| Dipole = 0.112 [[Debye|D]]
+| Dipole = 0.122 [[Debye|D]]
+| RefractIndex = 1.0003364
+| HenryConstant = 1.04 atm·m<sup>3</sup>/mol
+| MagSus = −9.8·10<sup>−6</sup> cm<sup>3</sup>/mol
  }}
-| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards
+|Section4={{Chembox Thermochemistry
+| HeatCapacity = 29.1 J/(K·mol)
-| ExternalMSDS = [http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0023.htm ICSC 0023]
+| Entropy = 197.7 J/(mol·K)
-| EUIndex = 006-001-00-2
+| DeltaGf =
-| EUClass = Highly flammable ('''F+''')<br />Very toxic ('''T+''')
+| DeltaHf = −110.5 kJ/mol
-| NFPA-H = 4
+| DeltaHc = −283.4 kJ/mol
+ }}
+|Section7={{Chembox Hazards
+| ExternalSDS = [http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0023.htm ICSC 0023]
+| EUClass = {{Hazchem F+}} {{Hazchem T+}}
+| NFPA_ref = <ref>{{cite book|last1=Richard|first1=Pohanish|title=Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens|date=2012|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-4377-7869-4|page=572|edition=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f6HclgoIkjcC&pg=PA572|accessdate=5 September 2015}}</ref>
+| NFPA-H = 3
 | NFPA-F = 4
-| NFPA-R = 2
+| NFPA-R = 0
 | RPhrases = {{R61}} {{R12}} {{R26}} {{R48/23}}
 | SPhrases = {{S53}} {{S45}}
-| FlashPt = −191 °C
+| FlashPtC = −191
-| Autoignition = 609 °C
+| AutoignitionPtC = 609
+| ExploLimits = 12.5–74.2%
- }}
+| NIOSH_ref = <ref name=PGCH>{{PGCH|0105}}</ref>
-| Section8 = {{Chembox Related
+| PEL = TWA 50 ppm (55&nbsp;mg/m<sup>3</sup>)
-| Function = carbon oxides
+| REL = TWA 35 ppm (40&nbsp;mg/m<sup>3</sup>) C 200&nbsp;ppm (229&nbsp;mg/m<sup>3</sup>)
+| IDLH = 1200 ppm
+| LC50 = 8636&nbsp;ppm (rat, 15&nbsp;min)<br/>5207&nbsp;ppm (rat, 30&nbsp;min)<br/>1784&nbsp;ppm (rat, 4&nbsp;h)<br/>2414&nbsp;ppm (mouse, 4&nbsp;h)<br/>5647&nbsp;ppm (guinea pig, 4&nbsp;h)<ref name=IDLH>{{IDLH|630080|Carbon monoxide}}</ref>
+| LCLo = 4000&nbsp;ppm (human, 30&nbsp;min)<br/>5000&nbsp;ppm (human, 5&nbsp;min)<ref name=IDLH/>
+ }}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/335|title=CARBON MONOXIDE - CAMEO Chemicals - NOAA|first=NOAA Office of Response and Restoration, US|last=GOV|website=cameochemicals.noaa.gov}}</ref>
+|Section8={{Chembox Related
+| OtherFunction_label = carbon oxides
+| OtherFunction = [[Carbon dioxide]]<br/>[[Carbon suboxide]]<br/>[[Oxocarbon]]s
  }}
 }}
-'''Carbon monoxide''', also known as ''coal gas'', with the chemical formula CO, is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless [[gas]]. It consists of one carbon atom covalently bonded to one oxygen atom. It is made when [[organic compound|carbon compounds]] burn and there is not enough [[oxygen]]. It is a good [[fuel]] and burns in air with a blue flame, making [[carbon dioxide]]. It is very [[toxic]], but it is useful for modern technology as well.
+'''Carbon monoxide''', with the chemical formula CO, is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless [[gas]]. It consists of one carbon atom covalently bonded to one oxygen atom. It is made when [[organic compound|carbon compounds]] burn and there is not enough [[oxygen]]. It is a good [[fuel]] and burns in air with a blue flame, making [[carbon dioxide]]. It is very [[toxic]], but it is useful for modern technology as well.
 The most important use for carbon monoxide in industry is making [[iron]] from iron ore. The carbon monoxide takes the oxygen from the iron ore when heated in a large oven called a [[blast furnace]]. Liquid metal iron is left behind. The carbon monoxide turns into [[carbon dioxide]].
-Carbon monoxide can accidentally form when there are too little air to burn all the fuel into [[carbon dioxide]]. Such situation may happen if the oven shutters are closed too early or if a mobile cooker is used in a small tent with no ventilation (= fresh air coming in and smoke going out). Many people have died from carbon monoxide poisoning. Carbon monoxide poisoning can cause feelings of paranoia and hallucinations, and has been determined to be a major cause of [[Haunted house|"haunted" houses]].
+Carbon monoxide can accidentally form when there is too little air to burn all the fuel into [[carbon dioxide]]. Such a situation may happen if the oven shutters are closed too early or if a mobile cooker is used in a small tent with no ventilation (Ventilation is fresh air coming in and smoke going out). Many people have died from carbon monoxide poisoning. Low-level [[carbon monoxide poisoning]] can cause feelings of paranoia and hallucinations, and has been determined to be a major cause of [[Haunted house|"haunted" houses]]. Higher levels of carbon monoxide can cause [[Influenza|flu]]-like symptoms, [[headache]]s, and [[death]]. Small amounts of it are found in coal gas, a fuel produced by heating coal without any air.
 == Production ==
+Despite that it is a [[poison]], carbon monoxide is very useful in chemical industry so lots of ways of making it have been discovered.<ref>Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. {{ISBN|0-12-352651-5}}.</ref> Normally we burn [[Coke (fuel)|coke]] at high temperature with not enough oxygen. [[Blast furnace]]s work this way. The chemical equation for this is:
-[[File:Même les chats....JPG|thumb]]
-Despite that it is a [[poison]], carbon monoxide is very useful in chemical industry so lots of ways of making it have been discovered.<ref>Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.</ref> Normally we burn [[Coke (fuel)|coke]] at high temperature with not enough oxygen. The chemical equation for this is:
 :2C + O<sub>2</sub> → 2CO
-[[File:The decaptivated and sacrificed bodies of 2 male-goats and a male duck.JPG|thumb]]
 It can be also made by blowing hot steam through red-hot crushed coke
@@ Line 88: / Line 105: @@
 == Other websites ==
 * [http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/cis/products/icsc/dtasht/_icsc00/icsc0023.htm International Chemical Safety Card 0023]
-* [http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance-info/profiles/19.html National Pollutant Inventory - Carbon Monoxide]
+* [http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance-info/profiles/19.html National Pollutant Inventory - Carbon Monoxide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208200658/http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance-info/profiles/19.html |date=2009-02-08 }}
-* [http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0105.html NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards]
+* [https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0105.html NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards]
 * [http://www.epa.gov/ebtpages/airairpocarbonmonoxide.html United States Environmental Protection Agency Carbon Monoxide page]
-* [http://physchem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/CA/carbon_monoxide.html External MSDS data sheet]
+* [http://physchem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/CA/carbon_monoxide.html External MSDS data sheet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060516154404/http://physchem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/CA/carbon_monoxide.html |date=2006-05-16 }}
-* [http://www.carbonmonoxidekills.com Carbon Monoxide Kills Campaign Site]
+* [http://www.carbonmonoxidekills.com Carbon Monoxide Kills Campaign Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070418160457/http://www.carbonmonoxidekills.com/ |date=2007-04-18 }}
 * [http://www.carbon-monoxide-survivor.com Carbon Monoxide information for victims of poisoning]
 * [http://zenstoves.net/COHazard.htm Carbon Monoxide Hazards with Backpacking Stoves]
-* [http://seafood.ucdavis.edu/Guidelines/fdabulletin16b.htm USFDA IMPORT BULLETIN 16B-95, May 1999]
+* [http://seafood.ucdavis.edu/Guidelines/fdabulletin16b.htm USFDA IMPORT BULLETIN 16B-95, May 1999] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716235246/http://seafood.ucdavis.edu/Guidelines/fdabulletin16b.htm |date=2012-07-16 }}
-* [http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~rdb/opa-g083.html FDA Agency Response Letter GRAS Notice No. GRN 000083]
+* [http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~rdb/opa-g083.html FDA Agency Response Letter GRAS Notice No. GRN 000083] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070411093732/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~rdb/opa-g083.html |date=2007-04-11 }}
-* [http://www.co-meat.com/background.html Carbon Monoxide in Fresh Meat site]
+* [http://www.co-meat.com/background.html Carbon Monoxide in Fresh Meat site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325124351/http://www.co-meat.com/background.html |date=2007-03-25 }}
-* [http://rad.usuhs.mil/medpix/medpix_cow.html?pt_id=10478&quiz=no#top Radiology and Pathology of CO Poisoning] Images from MedPix
+* [http://rad.usuhs.mil/medpix/medpix_cow.html?pt_id=10478&quiz=no#top Radiology and Pathology of CO Poisoning]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Images from MedPix
-*
+{{Chemical agents}}
 [[Category:Toxicology]]
-[[Category:Organic compounds]]
+[[Category:Carbon compounds]]
 [[Category:Oxides]]