Carbon monoxide: Difference between revisions
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{{Chembox |
{{Chembox |
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| verifiedrevid = 477004453 |
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| ImageFileL1 = Carbon-monoxide-3D-balls.png |
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| ImageNameL1 = Ball-and-stick model of carbon monoxide |
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| ImageSizeL1 = 100px |
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| ImageFileR1 = Carbon-monoxide-3D-vdW.png |
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| ImageNameR1 = Spacefill model of carbon monoxide |
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| ImageFile2 = Carbon monoxide 2D.svg |
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| ImageSizeR1 = 120px |
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| ImageSize2 = 170px |
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| ImageNameR1 = Spacefill model of carbon monoxide |
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| ImageName2 = model of carbon monoxide |
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| OtherNames = Carbon monooxide<br />Carbonous oxide<br />Carbon(II) oxide<br />Carbonyl |
| PIN = Carbon monoxide |
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| OtherNames = Carbon monooxide<br />Carbonous oxide<br />Carbon(II) oxide<br />Carbonyl<br/>Flue gas<br/>Monoxide |
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|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers |
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| InChI = 1/CO/c1-2 |
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| InChIKey = UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYAT |
| InChIKey = UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYAT |
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| CASNo = 630-08-0 |
| CASNo = 630-08-0 |
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| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} |
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| PubChem = 281 |
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| ChemSpiderID = 275 |
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| PubChem_Ref = {{Pubchemcite}} |
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| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} |
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| ChemSpiderID = 275 |
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| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} |
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| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} |
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| UNII = 7U1EE4V452 |
| UNII = 7U1EE4V452 |
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| EINECS = 211-128-3 |
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| UNNumber = 1016 |
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| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}} |
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| KEGG = D09706 |
| KEGG = D09706 |
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| MeSHName = Carbon+monoxide |
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| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} |
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| ChEBI = 17245 |
| ChEBI = 17245 |
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| RTECS = FG3500000 |
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| SMILES = [C-]#[O+] |
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| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} |
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| StdInChI = 1S/CO/c1-2 |
| StdInChI = 1S/CO/c1-2 |
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| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} |
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| StdInChIKey = UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| StdInChIKey = UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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| Beilstein = 3587264 |
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| Gmelin = 421}} |
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|Section2={{Chembox Properties |
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| Formula = CO |
| Formula = CO |
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| MolarMass = 28.010 g |
| MolarMass = 28.010 g/mol |
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| Appearance = |
| Appearance = colorless gas |
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| Odor = odorless |
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| Density = 0.789 g mL<sup>−1</sup>, liquid<br />1.250 g L<sup>−1</sup> at 0 °C, 1 atm<br />1.145 g L<sup>−1</sup> at 25 °C, 1 atm |
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| Density = 789 kg/m<sup>3</sup>, liquid<br />1.250 kg/m<sup>3</sup> at 0 °C, 1 atm<br />1.145 kg/m<sup>3</sup> at 25 °C, 1 atm |
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| Solubility = 2.6 mg/100 mL (20 °C) |
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| Solubility = 27.6 mg/L (25 °C) |
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| SolubleOther = soluble in [[chloroform]], [[acetic acid]], [[ethyl acetate]], [[ethanol]], [[ammonium hydroxide]] |
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| SolubleOther = soluble in [[chloroform]], [[acetic acid]], [[ethyl acetate]], [[ethanol]], [[ammonium hydroxide]], [[benzene]] |
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| MeltingPtC = −205 |
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| MeltingPtC = −205.02 |
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| BoilingPtC = −191.5 |
| BoilingPtC = −191.5 |
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| Dipole = 0. |
| Dipole = 0.122 [[Debye|D]] |
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| RefractIndex = 1.0003364 |
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| HenryConstant = 1.04 atm·m<sup>3</sup>/mol |
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| MagSus = −9.8·10<sup>−6</sup> cm<sup>3</sup>/mol |
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}} |
}} |
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|Section4={{Chembox Thermochemistry |
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| HeatCapacity = 29.1 J/(K·mol) |
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| ExternalMSDS = [http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0023.htm ICSC 0023] |
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| Entropy = 197.7 J/(mol·K) |
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| EUIndex = 006-001-00-2 |
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| DeltaGf = |
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| EUClass = Highly flammable ('''F+''')<br />Very toxic ('''T+''') |
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| DeltaHf = −110.5 kJ/mol |
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| NFPA-H = 4 |
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| DeltaHc = −283.4 kJ/mol |
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}} |
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|Section7={{Chembox Hazards |
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| ExternalSDS = [http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0023.htm ICSC 0023] |
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| EUClass = {{Hazchem F+}} {{Hazchem T+}} |
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| NFPA_ref = <ref>{{cite book|last1=Richard|first1=Pohanish|title=Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens|date=2012|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-4377-7869-4|page=572|edition=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f6HclgoIkjcC&pg=PA572|accessdate=5 September 2015}}</ref> |
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| NFPA-H = 3 |
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| NFPA-F = 4 |
| NFPA-F = 4 |
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| NFPA-R = |
| NFPA-R = 0 |
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| RPhrases = {{R61}} {{R12}} {{R26}} {{R48/23}} |
| RPhrases = {{R61}} {{R12}} {{R26}} {{R48/23}} |
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| SPhrases = {{S53}} {{S45}} |
| SPhrases = {{S53}} {{S45}} |
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| FlashPtC = −191 |
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| AutoignitionPtC = 609 |
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| ExploLimits = 12.5–74.2% |
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}} |
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| NIOSH_ref = <ref name=PGCH>{{PGCH|0105}}</ref> |
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| Section8 = {{Chembox Related |
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| PEL = TWA 50 ppm (55 mg/m<sup>3</sup>) |
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| Function = carbon oxides |
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| REL = TWA 35 ppm (40 mg/m<sup>3</sup>) C 200 ppm (229 mg/m<sup>3</sup>) |
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| IDLH = 1200 ppm |
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| LC50 = 8636 ppm (rat, 15 min)<br/>5207 ppm (rat, 30 min)<br/>1784 ppm (rat, 4 h)<br/>2414 ppm (mouse, 4 h)<br/>5647 ppm (guinea pig, 4 h)<ref name=IDLH>{{IDLH|630080|Carbon monoxide}}</ref> |
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| LCLo = 4000 ppm (human, 30 min)<br/>5000 ppm (human, 5 min)<ref name=IDLH/> |
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}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/335|title=CARBON MONOXIDE - CAMEO Chemicals - NOAA|first=NOAA Office of Response and Restoration, US|last=GOV|website=cameochemicals.noaa.gov}}</ref> |
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|Section8={{Chembox Related |
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| OtherFunction_label = carbon oxides |
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| OtherFunction = [[Carbon dioxide]]<br/>[[Carbon suboxide]]<br/>[[Oxocarbon]]s |
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}} |
}} |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Carbon monoxide' |
'''Carbon monoxide''', with the chemical formula CO, is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless [[gas]]. It consists of one carbon atom covalently bonded to one oxygen atom. It is made when [[organic compound|carbon compounds]] burn and there is not enough [[oxygen]]. It is a good [[fuel]] and burns in air with a blue flame, making [[carbon dioxide]]. It is very [[toxic]], but it is useful for modern technology as well. |
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The most important use for carbon monoxide in industry is making [[iron]] from iron ore. The carbon monoxide takes the oxygen from the iron ore when heated in a large oven called a [[blast furnace]]. Liquid metal iron is left behind. The carbon monoxide turns into [[carbon dioxide]]. |
The most important use for carbon monoxide in industry is making [[iron]] from iron ore. The carbon monoxide takes the oxygen from the iron ore when heated in a large oven called a [[blast furnace]]. Liquid metal iron is left behind. The carbon monoxide turns into [[carbon dioxide]]. |
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Carbon monoxide can accidentally form when there is too little air to burn all the fuel into [[carbon dioxide]]. Such a situation may happen if the oven shutters are closed too early or if a mobile cooker is used in a small tent with no ventilation (Ventilation is fresh air coming in and smoke going out). Many people have died from carbon monoxide poisoning. Low-level [[carbon monoxide poisoning]] can cause feelings of paranoia and hallucinations, and has been determined to be a major cause of [[Haunted house|"haunted" houses]]. Higher levels of carbon monoxide can cause [[Influenza|flu]]-like symptoms, [[headache]]s, and [[death]]. Small amounts of it are found in coal gas, a fuel produced by heating coal without any air. |
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== Production == |
== Production == |
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Despite that it is a [[poison]], carbon monoxide is very useful in chemical industry so lots of ways of making it have been discovered.<ref>Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. {{ISBN|0-12-352651-5}}.</ref> Normally we burn [[Coke (fuel)|coke]] at high temperature with not enough oxygen. [[Blast furnace]]s work this way. The chemical equation for this is: |
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:2C + O<sub>2</sub> → 2CO |
:2C + O<sub>2</sub> → 2CO |
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Carbon monoxide can be used as heating fuel because it burns easily into carbon dioxide. It can also be used as so-called "synthesis gas" for making man-made gasoline in the [[Fischer-Tropsch process]]. |
Carbon monoxide can be used as heating fuel because it burns easily into carbon dioxide. It can also be used as so-called "synthesis gas" for making man-made gasoline in the [[Fischer-Tropsch process]]. |
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During the [[World War II]] when petrol was rare and reserved for the [[military]], many [[cars]] were converted to use ''wood gas''. It is carbon monoxide made by burning wood chips in insufficient amount of air. The wood gas was made in a special oven called ''generator'', which was carried on the car. The resulting carbon monoxide was then used as fuel for the car itself. Even today there are cars which use wood gas as fuel. |
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== References == |
== References == |
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== Other websites == |
== Other websites == |
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* [http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/cis/products/icsc/dtasht/_icsc00/icsc0023.htm International Chemical Safety Card 0023] |
* [http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/cis/products/icsc/dtasht/_icsc00/icsc0023.htm International Chemical Safety Card 0023] |
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* [http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance-info/profiles/19.html National Pollutant Inventory - Carbon Monoxide] |
* [http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance-info/profiles/19.html National Pollutant Inventory - Carbon Monoxide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208200658/http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance-info/profiles/19.html |date=2009-02-08 }} |
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* [ |
* [https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0105.html NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards] |
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* [http://www.epa.gov/ebtpages/airairpocarbonmonoxide.html United States Environmental Protection Agency Carbon Monoxide page] |
* [http://www.epa.gov/ebtpages/airairpocarbonmonoxide.html United States Environmental Protection Agency Carbon Monoxide page] |
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* [http://physchem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/CA/carbon_monoxide.html External MSDS data sheet] |
* [http://physchem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/CA/carbon_monoxide.html External MSDS data sheet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060516154404/http://physchem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/CA/carbon_monoxide.html |date=2006-05-16 }} |
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* [http://www.carbonmonoxidekills.com Carbon Monoxide Kills Campaign Site] |
* [http://www.carbonmonoxidekills.com Carbon Monoxide Kills Campaign Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070418160457/http://www.carbonmonoxidekills.com/ |date=2007-04-18 }} |
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* [http://www.carbon-monoxide-survivor.com Carbon Monoxide information for victims of poisoning] |
* [http://www.carbon-monoxide-survivor.com Carbon Monoxide information for victims of poisoning] |
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* [http://zenstoves.net/COHazard.htm Carbon Monoxide Hazards with Backpacking Stoves] |
* [http://zenstoves.net/COHazard.htm Carbon Monoxide Hazards with Backpacking Stoves] |
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* [http://seafood.ucdavis.edu/Guidelines/fdabulletin16b.htm USFDA IMPORT BULLETIN 16B-95, May 1999] |
* [http://seafood.ucdavis.edu/Guidelines/fdabulletin16b.htm USFDA IMPORT BULLETIN 16B-95, May 1999] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716235246/http://seafood.ucdavis.edu/Guidelines/fdabulletin16b.htm |date=2012-07-16 }} |
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* [http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~rdb/opa-g083.html FDA Agency Response Letter GRAS Notice No. GRN 000083] |
* [http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~rdb/opa-g083.html FDA Agency Response Letter GRAS Notice No. GRN 000083] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070411093732/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~rdb/opa-g083.html |date=2007-04-11 }} |
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* [http://www.co-meat.com/background.html Carbon Monoxide in Fresh Meat site] |
* [http://www.co-meat.com/background.html Carbon Monoxide in Fresh Meat site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325124351/http://www.co-meat.com/background.html |date=2007-03-25 }} |
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* [http://rad.usuhs.mil/medpix/medpix_cow.html?pt_id=10478&quiz=no#top Radiology and Pathology of CO Poisoning] Images from MedPix |
* [http://rad.usuhs.mil/medpix/medpix_cow.html?pt_id=10478&quiz=no#top Radiology and Pathology of CO Poisoning]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Images from MedPix |
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{{Chemical agents}} |
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[[Category:Toxicology]] |
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[[Category:Chemical compounds]] |
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[[Category:Organic compounds]] |
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[[Category:Toxicology]] |
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[[ar:أول أكسيد الكربون]] |
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[[Category:Carbon compounds]] |
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[[bg:Въглероден оксид]] |
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[[Category:Oxides]] |
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[[bs:Ugljik (II) oksid]] |
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[[ca:Monòxid de carboni]] |
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[[cs:Oxid uhelnatý]] |
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[[da:Kulilte]] |
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[[de:Kohlenstoffmonoxid]] |
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[[et:Vingugaas]] |
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[[el:Μονοξείδιο του άνθρακα]] |
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[[en:Carbon monoxide]] |
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[[es:Monóxido de carbono]] |
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[[eo:Karbona monooksido]] |
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[[eu:Karbono monoxido]] |
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[[fa:کربن مونوکسید]] |
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[[fr:Monoxyde de carbone]] |
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[[ga:Aonocsaíd charbóin]] |
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[[gv:Monocseed charboan]] |
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[[gl:Monóxido de carbono]] |
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[[ko:일산화 탄소]] |
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[[hi:प्रांगार एकजारेय]] |
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[[hsb:Wuhlikowy monoksid]] |
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[[hr:Ugljikov(II) oksid]] |
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[[id:Karbon monoksida]] |
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[[is:Kolmónoxíð]] |
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[[it:Monossido di carbonio]] |
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[[he:פחמן חד-חמצני]] |
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[[ht:Monoksid kabòn]] |
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[[ky:Ис газы]] |
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[[la:Carbonii monoxidum]] |
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[[lv:Oglekļa monoksīds]] |
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[[lb:Kuelestoffmonoxid]] |
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[[lt:Anglies monoksidas]] |
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[[hu:Szén-monoxid]] |
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[[mk:Јаглерод моноксид]] |
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[[ml:കാർബൺ മോണോക്സൈഡ്]] |
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[[mr:कार्बन मोनॉक्साईड]] |
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[[my:ကာဗွန်မိုနောက်ဆိုက်]] |
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[[nl:Koolstofmonoxide]] |
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[[ja:一酸化炭素]] |
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[[no:Karbonmonoksid]] |
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[[nn:Karbonmonoksid]] |
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[[nds:Kohlenstoffmonoxid]] |
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[[pl:Tlenek węgla]] |
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[[pt:Monóxido de carbono]] |
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[[ro:Monoxid de carbon]] |
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[[ru:Оксид углерода(II)]] |
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[[sk:Oxid uhoľnatý]] |
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[[sl:Ogljikov oksid]] |
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[[sr:Угљен-моноксид]] |
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[[sh:Ugljen monoksid]] |
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[[su:Karbon monoksida]] |
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[[fi:Hiilimonoksidi]] |
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[[sv:Kolmonoxid]] |
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[[ta:கார்பன் மோனாக்சைடு]] |
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[[th:คาร์บอนมอนอกไซด์]] |
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[[tr:Karbonmonoksit]] |
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[[uk:Монооксид вуглецю]] |
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[[ur:Carbon monoxide]] |
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[[vi:Cacbon mônôxít]] |
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[[vls:Koolstofmonoxide]] |
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[[zh-yue:一氧化碳]] |
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[[zh:一氧化碳]] |
Revision as of 09:34, 3 April 2023
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Names | |||
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Preferred IUPAC name
Carbon monoxide | |||
Other names
Carbon monooxide
Carbonous oxide Carbon(II) oxide Carbonyl Flue gas Monoxide | |||
Identifiers | |||
3D model (JSmol)
|
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Beilstein Reference | 3587264 | ||
ChEBI | |||
ChemSpider | |||
ECHA InfoCard | 100.010.118 | ||
EC Number |
| ||
Gmelin Reference | 421 | ||
KEGG | |||
MeSH | Carbon+monoxide | ||
PubChem CID
|
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RTECS number |
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UNII | |||
UN number | 1016 | ||
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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Properties | |||
CO | |||
Molar mass | 28.010 g/mol | ||
Appearance | colorless gas | ||
Odor | odorless | ||
Density | 789 kg/m3, liquid 1.250 kg/m3 at 0 °C, 1 atm 1.145 kg/m3 at 25 °C, 1 atm | ||
Melting point | −205.02 °C (−337.04 °F; 68.13 K) | ||
Boiling point | −191.5 °C (−312.7 °F; 81.6 K) | ||
27.6 mg/L (25 °C) | |||
Solubility | soluble in chloroform, acetic acid, ethyl acetate, ethanol, ammonium hydroxide, benzene | ||
kH | 1.04 atm·m3/mol | ||
−9.8·10−6 cm3/mol | |||
Refractive index (nD)
|
1.0003364 | ||
0.122 D | |||
Thermochemistry | |||
Std enthalpy of formation ΔfH |
−110.5 kJ/mol | ||
Std enthalpy of combustion ΔcH |
−283.4 kJ/mol | ||
Standard molar entropy S |
197.7 J/(mol·K) | ||
Specific heat capacity, C | 29.1 J/(K·mol) | ||
Hazards | |||
EU classification | |||
NFPA 704 |
| ||
R-phrases | R61 R12 R26 R48/23 | ||
S-phrases | S53 S45 | ||
Explosive limits | 12.5–74.2% | ||
U.S. Permissible exposure limit (PEL) |
TWA 50 ppm (55 mg/m3) | ||
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). | |||
Infobox references | |||
Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO, is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. It consists of one carbon atom covalently bonded to one oxygen atom. It is made when carbon compounds burn and there is not enough oxygen. It is a good fuel and burns in air with a blue flame, making carbon dioxide. It is very toxic, but it is useful for modern technology as well.
The most important use for carbon monoxide in industry is making iron from iron ore. The carbon monoxide takes the oxygen from the iron ore when heated in a large oven called a blast furnace. Liquid metal iron is left behind. The carbon monoxide turns into carbon dioxide.
Carbon monoxide can accidentally form when there is too little air to burn all the fuel into carbon dioxide. Such a situation may happen if the oven shutters are closed too early or if a mobile cooker is used in a small tent with no ventilation (Ventilation is fresh air coming in and smoke going out). Many people have died from carbon monoxide poisoning. Low-level carbon monoxide poisoning can cause feelings of paranoia and hallucinations, and has been determined to be a major cause of "haunted" houses. Higher levels of carbon monoxide can cause flu-like symptoms, headaches, and death. Small amounts of it are found in coal gas, a fuel produced by heating coal without any air.
Production
Despite that it is a poison, carbon monoxide is very useful in chemical industry so lots of ways of making it have been discovered.[2] Normally we burn coke at high temperature with not enough oxygen. Blast furnaces work this way. The chemical equation for this is:
- 2C + O2 → 2CO
It can be also made by blowing hot steam through red-hot crushed coke
- C + H2O → CO + H2
Carbon monoxide can be used as heating fuel because it burns easily into carbon dioxide. It can also be used as so-called "synthesis gas" for making man-made gasoline in the Fischer-Tropsch process.
During the World War II when petrol was rare and reserved for the military, many cars were converted to use wood gas. It is carbon monoxide made by burning wood chips in insufficient amount of air. The wood gas was made in a special oven called generator, which was carried on the car. The resulting carbon monoxide was then used as fuel for the car itself. Even today there are cars which use wood gas as fuel.
References
- ↑ GOV, NOAA Office of Response and Restoration, US. "CARBON MONOXIDE - CAMEO Chemicals - NOAA". cameochemicals.noaa.gov.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.
Other websites
- International Chemical Safety Card 0023
- National Pollutant Inventory - Carbon Monoxide Archived 2009-02-08 at the Wayback Machine
- NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
- United States Environmental Protection Agency Carbon Monoxide page
- External MSDS data sheet Archived 2006-05-16 at the Wayback Machine
- Carbon Monoxide Kills Campaign Site Archived 2007-04-18 at the Wayback Machine
- Carbon Monoxide information for victims of poisoning
- Carbon Monoxide Hazards with Backpacking Stoves
- USFDA IMPORT BULLETIN 16B-95, May 1999 Archived 2012-07-16 at the Wayback Machine
- FDA Agency Response Letter GRAS Notice No. GRN 000083 Archived 2007-04-11 at the Wayback Machine
- Carbon Monoxide in Fresh Meat site Archived 2007-03-25 at the Wayback Machine
- Radiology and Pathology of CO Poisoning[permanent dead link] Images from MedPix