Willyam Ciksfir

Willyam Ciksfir

afgan

Anaw n waris	masculin
Tamazirt n tɣlant	royaume d'Angleterre
Ism s tutlayt taymmat	William Shakespeare
Ism amzwaru	William
Ḍfṛism	Shakespeare
Surnom	The Bard of Avon
Assf n tlalit	Ibrir 1564
Ida n tlalit	Stratford upon Avon
Date de baptême	26 Ibrir 1564
Assf n tmttant	23 Ibrir 1616
Ida n tmttant	Stratford upon Avon
Circonstances de la mort	causes naturelles
Cause de la mort	valeur inconnue
Date d'enterrement ou de crémation	25 Ibrir 1616
Timḍlt	église de la Sainte-Trinité de Stratford-upon-Avon
Père	John Shakespeare
Mère	Mary Shakespeare
Conjoint ou conjointe	Anne Hathaway
Enfant	Susanna Hall, Hamnet Shakespeare, Judith Quiney
Langue maternelle	anglais moderne naissant
Tutlayin s ar isawal, d s ar ittara	anglais moderne naissant
Tutlayin n tirra	anglais moderne naissant, Tutlayt Tanglizt
Tawuri d mad isala	dramaturge
Scolarité	King Edward VI School, Stratford-upon-Avon
Résidence	Stratford upon Avon
Affilié à	Lord Chamberlain's Men, King's Men
Liste de ses œuvres	William Shakespeare bibliography
Anaw n tẓuṛi	pièce de théâtre, poésie
Présent dans l'œuvre	Star Trek: The Original Series Core Game Book
Asra	Renaissance anglaise
Discipline dont c'est l'objet	Shakespeare studies
Est représenté par	Portrait Chandos
Collection comprenant une œuvre de la personne	Minneapolis Institute of Art, National Gallery of Art, musée d'art Nelson-Atkins, Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam, Musée J. Paul Getty
Statut des droits d'auteur du créateur	droits d'auteurs ne pouvant plus être enfreints
Dossier documentaire conservé par	Fondation SAPA, Archives suisses des arts de la scène

Willyam Ciksfir (ilul ɣ 23 ibril 1564 – 23 ibril 1616) iga yan umara anmzgun d yan umdyaz d usmday anglizy. Ittyawssan bahra is iga amara imqqurn ɣ tutlayt tanglizt d umara adramay da tn yufn ɣ umaḍal. Ittɣra as s "umdyaz anamur n Inglatirra" d "unḍḍam n Abun" (niɣ d ɣar "Amdyaz"). Tawuri nns iflin da igrrun ula xtilli iskr d wiyyaḍ, rad gint ɣ wuṭṭun nnsnt kra n 39 n tmdyazin n usrqs, 154 n sunitat, kraḍ n tmdyazin tiɣzzifin d kra n tiyyaḍ, tili turda ɣ manwa ad tnt yuran. Timdyazin nns n usrqs ttwasngzdnt s tutlayin timqqranin akkʷ, tili ttwurarn uggar n tin imarawn yaḍnin n tmdyazin n usrqs. Shakespeare iga sul amara angliz lli bahra issnfluln tutlayt tanglizt, d ɣwalli akkʷ gisn ilan iḍiṣ.

Shakespeare ilul imqqur ɣ Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. Lliɣ ila 18 n usggʷas, imun d Anne Hathaway, lli dars igan kraḍ n tarwa: Susanna, d iknwn Hamnet d Judith. Gr 1585 d 1592, issnti yan uxddm ifulkin ɣ London zund anmhal, amaru, d bab n kra (amassaɣ) n yan ugraw n unmhal ism nns Lord Chamberlain's Men, lli yaḍn ism nns s King's Men lliɣ ikka Agllid James wis sḍis n Iskutlanda s lɛrc n Inglterra. Lliɣ ila 49 n usggʷas (ɣ 1613), ittban is irura s Stratford, mani ɣ immut kraḍ isggʷasn ḍart uyad. Ur d qqimin ɣir kra imikk n isɣunn f tudrt nns taḍfrant; ayad aynna d yiwi aswingm atrar f tɣawsiwin zund addud nns, tawssna nns, tannayt nns tannamast ula d kra n tannayinaxatarnin, f is tiɣrdin lli as ttyumẓn ur tnt yuri ntta.

Shakespeare iskr tugt n tɣrdin nns ittussan gr 1589 d 1613. Timdyazin nns timzwura gant tiḍṣanin d timdiwin n umzruy ttwannant is gant tiɣrdin ixatrn ɣ inawen ad. Ḍart uyad yura timnɣiwt ar 1608, gisnt *Romeo d Juliet*, *Hamlet*, *Othello*, *King Lear* d *Macbeth*, lli akkʷ ttwannant is gant tiɣrdin ixatrn ɣ tutlayt tanglizt. Ɣ tgira n tudrt nns, yura timnɣiwt iḍṣanin (lli ttwassanin s "timdiwin n tayri") zund *The Winter's Tale* d *The Tempest*, iskr ula d imarawn yaḍnin n tmdyazin n usrqs.

Tugt n tmdyazin n usrqs n Shakespeare ttyuɣrant s tɣaradin izdin d ur izdiyyn ɣ tudrt nns. Macc, ɣ 1623, John Heminges d Henry Condell, sin inmhlan d imddukkʷal n Shakespeare, ɣrn yan uḍris izdin ittussan s First Folio, yan uḍris lli d iffɣn ḍart lmut nns ittawin 36 n tmdyazin nns n usrqs. Taẓult nns tga tt yat tmdyazt n Ben Jonson, lli t izwarn ɣ twuri nns, lli t issɣrn s wawal lli iga ɣilad amaway: "ur igi win yan uzzman, macc n ikud akkʷ".

Tudrt nns

Shakespeare iga mmis n John Shakespeare, yan umɣar n tmdint d yan urgaz ifulkin issnuruyn ifrayn (amskkar n ifrayn) lli d yuckan zɣ Snitterfield ɣ Warwickshire, d Mary Arden, illis n yan uxam imqqurn ilan akal.[15] Ilul ɣ Stratford-upon-Avon, mani ɣ ittwassɣd ass n 26 ibril 1564. Ass n tlalit nns ur ittyussan, macc ittuskarn s lɛada ass n 23 ibril, ass n Sidi George.[2] Ass ad, lli iẓḍarn ad ittyaf ɣ William Oldys d George Steevens, iga ayn ifulkin i imaratn n tudrt nns acku Shakespeare immut ɣ wassad ɣ usggʷas n 1616.[16][17] Iga wis kraḍ ɣ tam n tarwa, d arraw amzwaru lli sul iddarn.

Mqqar ur llin kra n isɣunn n tiɣri n zzman an, tugt n imaratn n tudrt nns ttnmala is Shakespeare iɣra ɣ tɣri n Ugllid tamaynut ɣ Stratford,[19][20][21] yat tɣri ixllan lli ittyuskarn ɣ 1553,[22] ɣ yan udɣar iga azgn n umil (400 m) zɣ tgmmi nns.

Ɣ tudrt nns n twuri, Shakespeare ibḍa akud nns gr London d Stratford. Ɣ 1596, asggʷas dat n uylli isɣa New Place zund tgmmi n tawja nns ɣ Stratford, Shakespeare illa izdɣ ɣ uɣrf n St Helen's, Bishopsgate, ɣ iggi n wasif n Thames.[65][66] Inḍw s iggi n wasif s Southwark ar 1599, asggʷas lli ɣ iskr ugraw nns anrar n Globe.[65][67] Ar 1604, inḍw daɣ s iggi n wasif, s yan udɣar ɣ iggi n tmzgida tamqrant n St Paul lli ɣ llan tiɣrmin fulkinin. Ɣin, ikru tiɣrfin zɣ yan uhugunut afransis ism nns Christopher Mountjoy, amskkar n tclwaḍin n tmɣarin d lxnact yaḍnin.[68][69]

Shakespeare immut ass n 23 ibril 1616, ilkm 52 n usggʷas.[d] Immut yan wayyur zɣ uylli isrs afus nns ɣ lwṣiyya nns, lli ɣ issnti s tnnayt is illa ɣ "taḍṣa ikmmln". Ur illi kra n usɣn zɣ zzman an issfhamn mamk nɣ maɣ immut. Azgn n tasut ḍart uyad, John Ward, anflus n Stratford, yura ɣ udlis nns: "Shakespeare, Drayton, d Ben Jonson skrn yan umnaggar iḍṣan, ittban is swant bahra, acku Shakespeare immut s tawla lli yufa ɣin",[84][85] ayn ur igi kra ur iẓḍarn ad yili acku Shakespeare issn Jonson d Drayton. Zɣ izlan n umyaqqan zɣ imddukkʷal nns imarawn, yan gisn isawal f lmut nns lli d yuckan s tɣawla: "Nɣiy, a Shakespeare, is tddit ɣikan / Zɣ anrar n umaḍal s tɣrft n unḍu n unḍḍam."[86]

Tamdyazt nns

Ɣ 1593 d 1594, lliɣ qqnn igrawen n usrqs acku illa waṭṭan n ṭṭaɛun, Shakespeare iɣra snat tmdyazin tiɣzzifin s yan usentel n tayri: *Venus d Adonis* d *Asurrf n Lucretia*, lli yura i Wriothesley Henry, Comte n Southampton. Ɣ *Venus d Adonis*, yan Adonis amẓyan ur irḍil i usurrf n Venus, aylli ɣ *Asurrf n Lucretia*, Lucretia tafulkit tettusurrf s Tarquin bu ccḥwat. S usnflul n *Metamorphoses* n Ovid, timdyazin ad ar smlilint tanḍḍamt d iɣuyyan n ixf lli d ittawin ccḥwat ur ittyaṭṭafn. Snat timdyazin ad gant tiɣbula, ttwaɣrant t tikkal ggutnin ɣ tudrt n Shakespeare.

Yat tmdyazt tis kraṭṭ taɣzzift, Taɣuyyit n Bu Tayri, ɣ ar talla yat tfruxt tamẓyant f maylli tt yiwi yan urgaz issurf-as, tettwaɣra ɣ 1609. Tugt n imusnawen ɣassa tqbl is *Taɣuyyit n Bu Tayri* tga taɣarast n Shakespeare s tidet, mqqar ar ttinin is tifulki nns tettufr s kra n tɣaradin iqburn. Afnix d Tatbirt (1601) tga taɣuyyit f lmut n ufnix amaway d waylli tt ittirin, Tatbirt taṣdiqt.

Ɣ 1599, yat tnḍḍamt tamzwarut n snat sunitat, 138 d 144, tban ɣ *Amsiggʷl Itɣussn*, tettwaɣra s ism n Shakespeare, macc bla ma irḍa.