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{{short description|Правник или академик, професионалац који студира, предаје и развија право}}
{{друго значење3|Правник (Нови Сад)}}
[[Датотека:Sarcofago avvocato Valerius Petrnianus-optimized.jpg|thumb|250п|Детаљ са [[sarcophagussarkofag|саркофага]] римског правника Валерија Петронијана (315–320) ]]
 
'''Правник''', такође познат као '''правни научник''' или '''правни теоретичар''', је неко ко истражује и проучава [[Судска пракса|судску праксу]] (теорију [[право|права]]).<ref name="oed">{{cite book|title=Oxford English Dictionary Second Edition on CD-ROM|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|chapter=Jurist}}</ref> Таква особа може бити академик, правни писар или професор права. Правник је неко ко студира, анализира и расправља о [[Закон (право)|закон]]у, супротност је [[адвокат]]у, особи која примењује закон у корист клијента и мисли о томе у практичном смислу.<ref>{{cite book|last=Piergiovanni|first=Vieto|title=Comparative studies in continental and Anglo-American legal history|location= Germany|publisher= Duncker & Humblot|year=2000|isbn=978-3-428-09756-2|pages=236}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Cusack|first= Warren|title=Literature and the Law of Nations|url=https://archive.org/details/literaturelawofn0000warr|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, UK|isbn=978-0-19-871934-2|pages=}}</ref> Ова особа је обично специјалиста за ''право'', углавном (али не увек) са формалном квалификацијом из права и често [[Lawyerадвокат|правни практичар]]. У Уједињеном Краљевству термин „правник“ се углавном користи за правне академике, док се у Сједињеним Државама термин може применити и на судију.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Garner|editor-first=Bryan A.|title=Black's Law Dictionary|year=2019|location=St. Paul, Minn.|publisher=West|edition=11|chapter=Jurist}}</ref> Што се тиче [[Romanримско lawправо|римског права]],<ref name=tellegen>"A Short History of Roman Law", Olga Tellegen-Couperus pp. 19–20.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Berger |first=Adolf |title=Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law |journal=The American Journal of Philology |volume=76 |issue=1 |pages=90–93 |year=1953 |jstor=291711 |doi=10.2307/297597 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oR0LAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA529|isbn=9780871694324 |s2cid=162540731 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Jolowicz |first1=Herbert Felix |first2=Barry |last2=Nicholas |author2-link=Barry Nicholas |title=Historical Introduction to the Study of Roman Law. |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1967 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nwg9AAAAIAAJ |pages=528 |isbn=9780521082532}}</ref> „jurist“ (на енглеском) је правник (''iurisconsultus'').<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of Jurisconsult|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/jurisconsult |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref>
 
Енглески термин ''jurist'' треба разликовати од сличних термина у другим европским језицима, где може бити синоним за [[legal profession|правног професионалца]], што значи свако ко има диплому из струке права који се квалификује за пријем у правну професију, укључујући позиције као што су судија или адвокат. У [[GermanyЊемачка|Немачкој]], [[ScandinaviaСкандинавија|Скандинавији]] и низу других земаља правник означава некога ко има диплому правника, а то може бити и заштићено звање, на пример у [[Legal education in Norway|Норвешкој]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Myhre |first1=Jan Eivind |title=Academics as the ruling elite in 19th century Norway |journal=[[Historical Social Research]] |date=2008 |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=21–41 |url=http://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/19121/ssoar-hsr-2008-no_2__no_124-myhre-academics_as_the_ruling_elite.pdf?sequence=1}}</ref><ref>John Peter Collett: ''Historien om Universitetet i Oslo'', Universitetsforlaget 1999</ref> Стога се овај термин може применити на адвокате, судије и академике, под условом да имају квалификовану диплому професионалног права.<ref>{{cite web |title=jurist |url=https://snl.no/jurist |website=[[Store Norske Leksikon]] |date=8 July 2022 |access-date=1 August 2022}}</ref> У Немачкој се термин „потпуни правник“ понекад неформално користи да означи некога ко је завршио два државна испита из права који га квалификују за бављење правом, да би се разликовало од некога ко може имати само први државни испит или неки други облик правне квалификације који не испуњава услове за бављење адвокатуром.
 
== Значајни правници ==
Ред 14:
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Ур-Наму]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Hash-hamer Cylinder seal of Ur-Nammu |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=368841&partId=1 |website=British Museum}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Enderwitz |first1=Susanne |last2=Sauer |first2=Rebecca |title=Communication and Materiality: Written and Unwritten Communication in Pre-Modern Societies |date=2015 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-041300-7 |page=28 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pKK1CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT28 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Lycurgus of Sparta|Ликург]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Pelican History of Greece|url=https://archive.org/details/pelicanhistoryof0000burn|last=Burn|first=A.R.|publisher=Penguin|year=1982|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/pelicanhistoryof0000burn/page/116 116]–117}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=A History of Greece to the death of Alexander the Great|last1=Bury|first1=J.B.|last2=Meiggs|first2=Russell|publisher=Macmillan|year=1956|edition=3|location=London|pages=135–136}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Plutarch on Sparta|last=Talbert|first=Richard|publisher=Penguin Classics|year=1988|isbn=0-14-044463-7|location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/plutarchonsparta00plut/page/8 8-28]|url=https://archive.org/details/plutarchonsparta00plut/page/8}}</ref>
* [[Солон]]<ref name=eb>{{citation |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=Solon |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Solon |access-date=13 April 2019}}</ref><ref name=aristotle1273b>Aristotle ''Politics'' 1273b 35–1274a 21</ref><ref name="Stanton, G. R. 1990 p. 76">Stanton, G. R. ''Athenian Politics c. 800–500 BC: A Sourcebook'', Routledge, London (1990), p. 76.</ref><ref>Andrews, A. ''Greek Society'' (Penguin 1967) 197</ref><ref name="E. Harris, 1997">E. Harris, ''A New Solution to the Riddle of the Seisachtheia'', in ''The Development of the Polis in Archaic Greece'', eds. L. Mitchell and P. Rhodes (Routledge 1997) 103</ref>
* [[B. R. Ambedkar|Бхимрао Рамџи Амбеткар]]<ref name="Firstpost 2015">{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/attention-sanghis-when-the-muslim-league-rescued-ambedkar-from-the-dustbin-of-history-2196678.html |title=Attention BJP: When the Muslim League rescued Ambedkar from the 'dustbin of history' |date=15 April 2015 |website=Firstpost |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920032027/http://www.firstpost.com/india/attention-sanghis-when-the-muslim-league-rescued-ambedkar-from-the-dustbin-of-history-2196678.html |archive-date=20 September 2015 |access-date=5 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://rajyasabhahindi.nic.in/rshindi/constituent_assembly/constituent_assembly_main.asp |title=संविधान सभा |publisher=Rajyasabhahindi.nic.in |date= |access-date=2022-02-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (Vol. 7) |last=Khairmode |first=Changdev Bhawanrao |publisher=Maharashtra Rajya Sahilya Sanskruti Mandal, Matralaya |year=1985 |location=Mumbai |page=273 |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ambedkar.org/ambcd/13A.%20Dr.%20Ambedkar%20in%20the%20Bombay%20Legislature%20PART%20I.htm |title=13A. Dr. Ambedkar in the Bombay Legislature Part I |access-date=21 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302193727/http://www.ambedkar.org/ambcd/13A.%20Dr.%20Ambedkar%20in%20the%20Bombay%20Legislature%20PART%20I.htm |archive-date=2 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/timeline/1920s.html |title=*in the 1920's*: How to Organize the Downtrodden? |publisher=[[Универзитет Колумбија|Columbia University]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217114550/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/timeline/1920s.html |archive-date=17 December 2018 }}</ref>
* [[Cicero|Марко Тулије Цицерон]]<ref>[[Elizabeth Rawson|Rawson, E.]]: ''Cicero, a portrait'' (1975) p. 303</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Haskell |first1=Henry Joseph |title=This was Cicero |date=1964 |publisher=Fawcett Publications Incorporated |pages=300–301 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VeBBAAAAIAAJ |language=English}}</ref><ref name="Harrison2008">{{cite book|first=Stephen|last=Harrison|title=A Companion to Latin Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RI0ivXkSqjAC|year= 2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1405137379|page=31 }}</ref><ref name="Inc1995">{{Cite book |last=Merriam-Webster, Inc |title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature |publisher=Merriam-Webster |year=1995 |isbn=978-0877790426 |page=244 |chapter=Ciceronian period |access-date=27 August 2013 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eKNK1YwHcQ4C&pg=PA244}}</ref>
* [[Averroes|Ибн Рушд]]<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Tamer|first=Georges|date=1 February 2011| title=Averroism| url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/averroism-COM_24253?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.q=averroes| journal=Encyclopaedia of Islam| volume = 3 |language=en|quote=Averroism is a philosophical movement named after the sixth/twelfth-century Andalusian philosopher Ibn Rushd (Averroes, d. 595/1198), which began in the thirteenth century among masters of arts at the University of Paris and continued through the seventeenth century.}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title = Averroes| first =Juan Eduardo | last= Campo | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Islam | publisher= Infobase Publishing | year = 2009| page= 337}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | first= Caroline | last= Stone | date= 2003 | url= https://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/200303/doctor.philosopher.renaissance.man.htm | title= Doctor, Philosopher, Renaissance Man| work = Saudi Aramco World| accessdate= 9 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="Gill">{{cite book|last=Gill|first=John|title=Andalucía : a cultural history|url=https://archive.org/details/andaluciacultura0000gill| year=2009| publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]| location= Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-537610-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/andaluciacultura0000gill/page/108 108]–110}}</ref>
* [[Thomas Aquinas|Тома Аквински]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/apost_letters/1999/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_19990128_inter-munera-academiarum.html |title=John Paull II, Apostolic Letter, ''Inter Munera Academiarum'' (28 January 1999), no. 4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://isidore.co/aquinas/english/BoethiusDeTr.htm#23 |title=Thomas Aquinas, Commentary on the De Trinitate of Boethius, quest. 2, art. 3 |access-date=22 February 2021 |archive-date=18 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918062212/https://isidore.co/aquinas/english/BoethiusDeTr.htm#23 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Francis Bacon|Франсис Бејкон]]<ref>{{Citation |last=Klein |first=Jürgen |title=Francis Bacon |date=2012 |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/francis-bacon/ |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |edition=Winter 2016 |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=17 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.psychology.sbc.edu/Empiricism.htm |title=Empiricism: The influence of Francis Bacon, John Locke, and David Hume |publisher=Sweet Briar College |access-date=21 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708012140/http://www.psychology.sbc.edu/Empiricism.htm|archive-date=8 July 2013}}</ref>
}}
 
Ред 53:
* {{cite book |author=Plutarch |author-link= Plutarch |title= Parallel Lives |chapter=Lycurgus; Lycurgus and Numa Compared |no-pp=true}}
* [[E. Badian|Badian, E]]: "Cicero and the Commission of 146 B.C.", ''Collection Latomus'' 101 (1969), 54–65.
* {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Ferguson |last2=Balsdon |first1=John |first2=J.P.V.D. |title=Marcus Tullius Cicero |encyclopedia=[[Енциклопедија Британика|Encyclopædia Britannica]] |type=online |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cicero |name-list-style=amp |author-link2=J. P. V. D. Balsdon }}
* {{Cite book |last=Caldwell |first=Taylor |title=A Pillar of Iron |url=https://archive.org/details/pillarofiron00cald |publisher=Doubleday & Company |year=1965 |isbn=978-0385053037 |location=New York |author-link=Taylor Caldwell}}
* Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero's letters to Atticus, Vol, I, II, IV, VI, [[Cambridge University Press]], Great Britain, 1965
Ред 66:
* {{Cite journal |last=March |first=Duane A. |year=1989 |title=Cicero and the 'Gang of Five' |journal=Classical World |volume=82 |issue=4 |pages=225–234 |doi=10.2307/4350381 |jstor=4350381}}
* {{Cite book |last=Narducci |first=Emanuele |title=Cicerone. La parola e la politica |publisher=Laterza |year=2009 |isbn=978-8842076056}}
* [[Плутарх|Plutarch]] Penguins Classics English translation by Rex Warner, ''Fall of the Roman Republic, Six Lives by Plutarch: Marius, Sulla, Crassus, Pompey, Caesar, Cicero'' (Penguin Books, 1958; with Introduction and notes by Robin Seager, 1972)
* Rawson, Beryl: ''The Politics of Friendship: Pompey and Cicero'' ([[Sydney University Press]], 1978)
* {{Cite journal |last=Rawson |first=Elizabeth |year=1972 |title=Cicero the Historian and Cicero the Antiquarian |journal=Journal of Roman Studies |volume=62 |pages=33–45 |doi=10.2307/298924 |jstor=298924|s2cid=161169064 }}