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Baris ka-1:
Baris ka-1:
{{Taxobox
{{Orphan|date=April 2017}}{{Taxobox
| name = Sukun
| name = Sukun
| image = Artocarpus_altilis.jpg
| image = Artocarpus_altilis.jpg
Baris ka-14:
Baris ka-14:
| binomial_authority = ([[Sydney C. Parkinson|Parkinson]]) [[Francis Raymond Fosberg|Fosberg]]
| binomial_authority = ([[Sydney C. Parkinson|Parkinson]]) [[Francis Raymond Fosberg|Fosberg]]
}}
}}
'''Sukun''' (''Artocarpus altilis'') nyaéta ngaran [[tangkal]] pituin [[Amparan Sunda]] jeung kapuloan [[Samudra Pasifik|Pasifik]], tapi ogé geus sumebar dipelak di mana-mana di wewengkon tropis. Sukun mangrupa tangkal buah tropis nu pangragemna (leuwih ti 120 variétas kasohor) tumuwuh nepi ka jangkungna 9-8 méter kalawan daunna héjo kolot tur baradag (20–90 cm).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/traditional-crops/breadfruit/en/|title=Breadfruit|website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|language=en|accessdate=2018-02-18}}</ref> Ieu tangkak mimiti buahan nincak umur genep taun tur tetep ''produktif'' salila leuwih ti 50 taun.<ref name=":0" /> Buahna kurang leuwih 9 nepi ka 45 cm jeung mibanda diaméter 5 nepi ka 30 cm sarta beuratna nepi ka 6 kg.<ref name=":0" /> Mimitina kelirna jéjo, robah jadi héjo semukonéng engkénana robah jadi kuning atawa konéng semu coklat nalika asak jeung ilaharna jenteu m8bamda siki, gumantung lana variétasna.<ref name=":0" /> Dagingna lemes, amis, hipu, sarta dikonsumsi atahna atawa diasakan. Tangkal ieu menghasilkan [[geutah]] lengket (lateks) nalika dipotong, anu dimangpaatkeun salaku lém atawa ''medicinally''.<ref name=":0" /> Geutahna remen digaringkeun nalika panén.<ref name=":0" />
'''Sukun''' (''Artocarpus altilis'') nyaéta ngaran [[tangkal]] pituin [[Amparan Sunda]] jeung kapuloan [[Samudra Pasifik|Pasifik]], tapi ogé geus sumebar dipelak di mana-mana di wewengkon tropis. <!--It was collected and distributed by Lieutenant [[William Bligh]] as one of the botanical samples collected by [[HMS Bounty|HMS ''Bounty'']] in the late 18th century, on a quest for cheap, high-energy food sources for [[British Empire|British]] [[slaves]] in the [[West Indies]].
Sukun téh tutuwuhan pangan pokok di wewengkon Pasifik, ngahaja dipelak sangkaan kaala buahna anu kawas tipungan. Ieu kaasup kuluarga anu sarua, Moracéae, jeunh sukun Afrika (Treculia africana), yang ditanam untuk benih.<ref name=":0" />
== Description ==
[[Image:Breadfruit Tree.jpg|left|thumb|Breadfruit tree planted in Honolulu, Hawaii]]
Breadfruit trees grow to a height of 20 m (66 ft). The large and thick [[Leaf|leaves]] are deeply cut into [[pinnate]] lobes. All parts of the tree yield [[latex]], a milky juice, which is used for boat caulking.
Metode tradisional untuk menyiapkan buah sukun termasuk memanggang di oven tanah atau memanggang di atas bara panas.<ref name=":0" /> Buahnya difermentasi dengan cara menguburnya berlapis-lapis antara daun, dicampur dengan krim kelapa, dan dipanggang menjadi roti asam. Saat ini, buahnya juga dipanggang, dikukus, atau digoreng sambil diparut sukun sering dijadikan gantinya tepung terigu.<ref name=":0" />
The trees are [[Plant sexuality|monoecious]], with male and female flowers growing on the same tree. The male [[flower]]s emerge first, followed shortly afterward by the female flowers, which grow into a capitulum, which are capable of pollination just three days later. The pollinators are Old World [[fruit bat]]s (Family [[Pteropodidae]]). The compound, false fruit develops from the swollen perianth and originates from 1,500-2,000 flowers. These are visible on the skin of the fruit as hexagon-like disks.
Breadfruit is one of the highest-yielding food plants, with a single tree producing up to 200 or more fruits per season. In the South Pacific, the trees yield 50 to 150 fruits per year. In southern India, normal production is 150 to 200 fruits annually. Productivity varies between wet and dry areas. In the West Indies, a conservative estimate is 25 fruits per tree. Studies in Barbados indicate a reasonable potential of 6.7 to 13.4 tons per acre (16-32 tons/ha). Much higher yields have been forecast, but experts are skeptical and view these predictions as unrealistic. The grapefruit-sized ovoid fruit has a rough surface, and each fruit is divided into many [[achene]]s, each achene surrounded by a fleshy perianth and growing on a fleshy receptacle. Some selectively-bred [[cultivar]]s have seedless fruit.
The breadfruit is closely related to the [[breadnut]] and the [[jackfruit]]. It is called "Kada Chakka"
in [[Malayalam]] language .
== Uses ==
Breadfruit is a [[staple food]] in many tropical regions. They were propagated far outside their native range by Polynesian voyagers who transported root cuttings and [[Layering|air-layered]] plants over long ocean distances. They are very rich in [[starch]], and before being eaten they are roasted, baked, fried, or boiled. When cooked the taste is described as potato-like, or similar to fresh baked bread (hence the name).
[[Image:ARS breadfruit49.jpg|thumb|left|300px|The fruit of the breadfruit tree - whole, sliced lengthwise and in cross-section]]
Because breadfruit trees usually produce large crops at certain times of the year, preservation is an issue. One traditional preservation technique is to bury peeled and washed fruits in a leaf-lined pit where they ferment over several weeks and produce a sour, sticky paste. So stored, the product may last a year or more, and some pits are reported to have produced edible contents more than 20 years later.<ref>Balick, M. & Cox, P. (1996). Plants, People and Culture: The Science of Ethnobotany. New York: Scientific American Library HPHLP, p.85</ref> Fermented breadfruit mash goes by many names such as ''mahr'', ''ma'', ''masi'', ''furo'', and ''bwiru'', among others.
[[Image:Bread fruit in early stages.jpg|thumb|right|300px]]
[[Image:Breadfruit drawing.jpg|thumb|right|Drawing of breadfruit by [[Sydney Parkinson]]]]
Most breadfruit varieties also produce a small number of fruits throughout the year, so fresh breadfruit is always available, but somewhat rare when not in season.
Breadfruit can be eaten once cooked, or can be further processed into a variety of other foods. A common product is a mixture of cooked or fermented breadfruit mash mixed with coconut milk and baked in banana leaves. Whole fruits can be cooked in an open fire, then cored and filled with other foods such as coconut milk, sugar and butter, cooked meats, or other fruits. The filled fruit can be further cooked so that the flavor of the filling permeates the flesh of the breadfruit.
The Hawaiian staple food called ''[[poi (food)|poi]]'' made of mashed [[taro root]] is easily substituted or augmented with mashed breadfruit. The resulting “breadfruit poi” is called ''poi ‘ulu''.
Breadfruit is roughly 25% carbohydrates and 70% water. It has an average amount of vitamin C(20mg/100g) and small amounts of minerals (potassium and zinc) and vitamins B1 (100μg) .<ref>Nutrition Facts for Breadfruit [http://www.healthaliciousness.com/nutritionfacts/nutrition-comparison.php?o=9059&t=&h=&s=100&e=&r=]</ref>
Breadfruit was widely and diversely used among Pacific Islanders. Its wood is resistant to termites and marine worms, and consequently it was used as timber for structures and canoes.<ref>The Breadfruit Institute</ref> Its wood pulp can also be used to make paper, called ''breadfruit tapa''.<ref>The Breadfruit Institute</ref> It is also used in traditional medicine to treat illnesses that range from sore eyes to [[sciatica]].<ref>The Breadfruit Institute</ref>
== Preparation ==
In tropical countries, breadfruit is sometimes roasted or baked. Breadfruit can also be boiled.
== In culture ==
According to an [[etiological]] [[Hawaiian]] myth, the breadfruit originated from the sacrifice of the war god [[Kū]]. After deciding to live secretly among mortals as a farmer, Ku married and had children. He and his family lived happily until a famine seized their island. When he could no longer bear to watch his children suffer, Ku told his wife that he could deliver them from starvation, but to do so he would have to leave them. Reluctantly, she agreed, and at her word, Ku descended into the ground right where he had stood until only the top of his head was visible. His family waited around the spot he had last been day and night, watering it with their tears until suddenly a small green shoot appeared where Ku had stood. Quickly, the shoot grew into a tall and leafy tree that was laden with heavy breadfruits that Ku's family and neighbors gratefully ate, joyfully saved from starvation.<ref>Loebel-Fried, C. (2002)</ref>
Though they are widely distributed throughout the Pacific, many breadfruit hybrids and cultivars are seedless or otherwise biologically incapable of naturally dispersing long distances. Therefore, their distribution in the Pacific was clearly enabled by humans, specifically prehistoric groups who colonized the Pacific Islands. To investigate the patterns of human migration throughout the Pacific, scientists have used molecular dating of breadfruit hybrids and cultivars in concert with anthropological data. Results support the west-to-east migration hypothesis, in which the [[Lapita]] people are thought to have traveled from [[Melanesia]] to numerous [[Polynesian]] islands.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Zerega, N. J. C.; Ragone, D. & Motley, T.J.|year=2004|title=The complex origins of breadfruit (''Artocarpus altilis'', Moraceae): Implications for human migrations in Oceania|journal=American Journal of Botany|volume=91|issue=5|pages=760–766|doi=|url=http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/91/5/760}}</ref>
The breadfruit tree was mentioned in '''''The Coral Island''''', a novel written by [[Scotland|Scottish]] [[young adult literature|juvenile fiction]] author [[Robert Michael Ballantyne|R.M. Ballantyne]].
'''''The Breadnut and the Breadfruit''''' is a short story by Maryse Condé.
* [http://www.breadfruit.org Breadfruit Institute, National Tropical Botanical Garden]
* [http://www.breadfruit.org Breadfruit Institute, National Tropical Botanical Garden]
*{{aut|Loebel-Fried, C.}} (2002): Hawaiian Legend of the Guardian Spirits. ''University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu''.[http://www.spiritoftrees.org/folktales/loebel_fried/gift_of_ku.html Excerpted story online]
* {{aut|Loebel-Fried, C.}} (2002): Hawaiian Legend of the Guardian Spirits. ''University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu''.[http://www.spiritoftrees.org/folktales/loebel_fried/gift_of_ku.html Excerpted story online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517183441/http://www.spiritoftrees.org/folktales/loebel_fried/gift_of_ku.html |date=2012-05-17 }}
== Tumbu kaluar ==
== Tumbu kaluar ==
{{commons|Artocarpus altilis|Breadfruit}}
{{commons|Artocarpus altilis|Breadfruit}}
{{Wikispecies|Artocarpus altilis|Breadfruit}}
{{Wikispecies|Artocarpus altilis|Breadfruit}}
*[http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/15411 A Voyage to the South Sea] by William Bligh, 1792, from [[Project Gutenberg]]. The title in part of Bligh's own account of the famous [[Mutiny on the Bounty|mutiny]] is: ''A Voyage to the South Sea, undertaken by command of His Majesty, for the purpose of conveying the bread-fruit tree to the West Indies''
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/15411 A Voyage to the South Sea] by William Bligh, 1792, from [[Project Gutenberg]]. The title in part of Bligh's own account of the famous [[Mutiny on the Bounty|mutiny]] is: ''A Voyage to the South Sea, undertaken by command of His Majesty, for the purpose of conveying the bread-fruit tree to the West Indies''
Sukun (Artocarpus altilis) nyaéta ngaran tangkal pituin Amparan Sunda jeung kapuloan Pasifik, tapi ogé geus sumebar dipelak di mana-mana di wewengkon tropis. Sukun mangrupa tangkal buah tropis nu pangragemna (leuwih ti 120 variétas kasohor) tumuwuh nepi ka jangkungna 9-8 méter kalawan daunna héjo kolot tur baradag (20–90 cm).[1] Ieu tangkak mimiti buahan nincak umur genep taun tur tetep produktif salila leuwih ti 50 taun.[1] Buahna kurang leuwih 9 nepi ka 45 cm jeung mibanda diaméter 5 nepi ka 30 cm sarta beuratna nepi ka 6 kg.[1] Mimitina kelirna jéjo, robah jadi héjo semukonéng engkénana robah jadi kuning atawa konéng semu coklat nalika asak jeung ilaharna jenteu m8bamda siki, gumantung lana variétasna.[1] Dagingna lemes, amis, hipu, sarta dikonsumsi atahna atawa diasakan. Tangkal ieu menghasilkan geutah lengket (lateks) nalika dipotong, anu dimangpaatkeun salaku lém atawa medicinally.[1] Geutahna remen digaringkeun nalika panén.[1]
Sukun téh tutuwuhan pangan pokok di wewengkon Pasifik, ngahaja dipelak sangkaan kaala buahna anu kawas tipungan. Ieu kaasup kuluarga anu sarua, Moracéae, jeunh sukun Afrika (Treculia africana), yang ditanam untuk benih.[1]
Metode tradisional untuk menyiapkan buah sukun termasuk memanggang di oven tanah atau memanggang di atas bara panas.[1] Buahnya difermentasi dengan cara menguburnya berlapis-lapis antara daun, dicampur dengan krim kelapa, dan dipanggang menjadi roti asam. Saat ini, buahnya juga dipanggang, dikukus, atau digoreng sambil diparut sukun sering dijadikan gantinya tepung terigu.[1]
A Voyage to the South Sea by William Bligh, 1792, from Project Gutenberg. The title in part of Bligh's own account of the famous mutiny is: A Voyage to the South Sea, undertaken by command of His Majesty, for the purpose of conveying the bread-fruit tree to the West Indies
D. Ragone (1997). Breadfruit. Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg. 10 Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops. Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben/International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.Archived 2008-12-08 di Wayback Machine
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