十三

Chinese

	ten	three
simp. and trad. (十三)	十	三
alternative forms	拾參／拾参 financial 拾弎 financial; obsolete
anagram	三十

**Chinese cardinal numbers**
< 12	13	14 >
Cardinal : 十三 (shísān)

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): shísān

(Zhuyin): ㄕˊ ㄙㄢ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): si² san¹

(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): шысан (šɨsan, I-I)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): sap⁶ saam¹

(Taishan, Wiktionary): sip⁵ lham¹
Gan (Wiktionary): siit⁷ san¹
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): sṳ̍p-sâm

(Meixian, Guangdong): seb⁶ sam¹
Jin (Wiktionary): seh⁵ san¹
Northern Min (KCR): sí-sáng
Eastern Min (BUC): sĕk-săng
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): cha̍p-saⁿ

(Teochew, Peng'im): zab⁸ san¹
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁸zeq-se₁
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): shr⁶ san¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: shísān
  - Zhuyin: ㄕˊ ㄙㄢ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: shíhsan
  - Wade–Giles: shih²-san¹
  - Yale: shŕ-sān
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyrsan
  - Palladius: шисань (šisanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʂʐ̩³⁵ sän⁵⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: si² san¹
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ssan
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sz̩²¹ san⁵⁵/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: шысан (šɨsan, I-I)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʂʐ̩²⁴ sæ̃²⁴/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: sap⁶ saam¹
  - Yale: sahp sāam
  - Cantonese Pinyin: sap⁹ saam¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: seb⁶ sam¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɐp̚² saːm⁵⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: sip⁵ lham¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sip̚³² ɬam³³/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: siit⁷ san¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɨt̚² san⁴²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sṳ̍p-sâm
  - Hakka Romanization System: siib sam´
  - Hagfa Pinyim: sib⁶ sam¹
  - Sinological IPA: /sɨp̚⁵ sam²⁴/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: seb⁶ sam¹
  - Sinological IPA: /səp̚⁵ sam⁴⁴/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: seh⁵ san¹
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /səʔ⁵⁴ sæ̃¹¹/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: sí-sáng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /si⁵⁴ saŋ⁵⁴/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: sĕk-săng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɛiʔ⁵⁻⁵⁵ saŋ⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: cha̍p-saⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: tsa̍p-sann
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zabsvaf
  - IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sap̚⁴⁻³² sã⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sap̚²⁴⁻² sã³³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ sã⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /t͡sap̚⁴⁻³² sã⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sap̚⁴⁻³² sã⁴⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: zab⁸ san¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsa̍p saⁿ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sap̚⁴⁻² sã³³/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁸zeq-se₁
  - MiniDict: zeh^入 se^平
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ⁵zeq-se₁
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /zəʔ¹¹ se²³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: shr⁶ san¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key) (old-style): /ʂʐ̩²⁴ san³³/
  - Sinological IPA ^(key) (new-style): /sz̩²⁴ san³³/

Middle Chinese: dzyip sam

Rime
Character	十	三
Reading #	1/1	1/2
Initial (聲)	常 (25)	心 (16)
Final (韻)	緝 (141)	談 (143)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	是執切	蘇甘切
Baxter	dzyip	sam
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/d͡ʑiɪp̚/	/sɑm/
Pan Wuyun	/d͡ʑip̚/	/sɑm/
Shao Rongfen	/d͡ʑjep̚/	/sɑm/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/d͡ʑip̚/	/sam/
Li Rong	/ʑiəp̚/	/sɑm/
Wang Li	/ʑĭĕp̚/	/sɑm/
Bernard Karlgren	/ʑi̯əp̚/	/sɑm/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	shí	sān
Expected Cantonese Reflex	sap⁶	saam¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*t.[ɡ]əp s.rum/

(Zhengzhang): /*ɡjub suːm/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	十	三
Reading #	1/1	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	shí	sān
Middle Chinese	‹ dzyip ›	‹ sam ›
Old Chinese	/*t.[ɡ]əp/	/s.rum/ (s.r- > s-; infl. by 四 *s-?)
English	ten	three
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	十	三
Reading #	1/1	1/2
No.	11452	10963
Phonetic component	十	三
Rime group	緝	侵
Rime subdivision	3	3
Corresponding MC rime	十	三
Old Chinese	/*ɡjub/	/*suːm/

Numeral

十三

thirteen; 13

Derived terms

十三幺 (shísānyāo)
十三張／十三张 (shísānzhāng)
十三恐懼症／十三恐惧症 (shísān kǒngjùzhèng)
十三經／十三经 (Shísānjīng)
十三行 (Shísānháng)
十三轍／十三辙
十三陵 (Shísānlíng)
十三香 (shísānxiāng)
十三點／十三点 (shísāndiǎn)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (十三):

→ Japanese: 十三(じゅうさん) (jūsan)
→ Korean: 십삼(十三) (sipsam)

Proper noun

十三

(～村) Shisan (a village in Huilong, Fang, Shiyan, Hubei, China)

Japanese

Etymology 1

**Japanese cardinal numbers**
< 12	13	14 >
Cardinal : 十三

Kanji in this term
十	三
じゅう Grade: 1	さん Grade: 1
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese.

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) じゅうさん [júꜜùsàǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])
IPA^(key): [d͡ʑɨːsã̠ɴ]

Numeral

十(じゅう)三(さん) • (jūsan) ^{←じふさん (zifusan)^?}

thirteen; 13

Coordinate terms

Japanese numbers
	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
Regular	零(れい) (rei) 零(ゼロ) (zero)	一(いち) (ichi)	二(に) (ni)	三(さん) (san)	四(よん) (yon) 四(し) (shi)	五(ご) (go)	六(ろく) (roku)	七(なな) (nana) 七(しち) (shichi)	八(はち) (hachi)	九(きゅう) (kyū) 九(く) (ku)	十(じゅう) (jū)
Formal	零(れい) (rei) 零(ゼロ) (zero)	壱(いち) (ichi)	弐(に) (ni)	参(さん) (san)	四(よん) (yon) 四(し) (shi)	五(ご) (go)	六(ろく) (roku)	七(なな) (nana) 七(しち) (shichi)	八(はち) (hachi)	九(きゅう) (kyū) 九(く) (ku)	拾(じゅう) (jū)
	90	100	300	600	800	1,000	3,000	8,000	10,000	100,000,000
Regular	九(きゅう)十(じゅう) (kyūjū)	百(ひゃく) (hyaku) 一(いっ)百(ぴゃく) (ippyaku)	三(さん)百(びゃく) (sanbyaku)	六(ろっ)百(ぴゃく) (roppyaku)	八(はっ)百(ぴゃく) (happyaku)	千(せん) (sen) 一(いっ)千(せん) (issen)	三(さん)千(ぜん) (sanzen)	八(はっ)千(せん) (hassen)	一(いち)万(まん) (ichiman)	一(いち)億(おく) (ichioku)
Formal	九(きゅう)十(じゅう) (kyūjū)	百(ひゃく) (hyaku) 一(いっ)百(ぴゃく) (ippyaku)	三(さん)百(びゃく) (sanbyaku)	六(ろっ)百(ぴゃく) (roppyaku)	八(はっ)百(ぴゃく) (happyaku)	千(せん) (sen) 一(いっ)千(せん) (issen)	三(さん)千(ぜん) (sanzen)	八(はっ)千(せん) (hassen)	一(いち)萬(まん) (ichiman)	一(いち)億(おく) (ichioku)
	10¹²	8×10¹²	10¹³	10¹⁶	6×10¹⁶	8×10¹⁶	10¹⁷	10¹⁸
	一(いっ)兆(ちょう) (itchō)	八(はっ)兆(ちょう) (hatchō)	十(じゅっ)兆(ちょう) (jutchō)	一(いっ)京(けい) (ikkei)	六(ろっ)京(けい) (rokkei)	八(はっ)京(けい) (hakkei)	十(じゅっ)京(けい) (jukkei)	百(ひゃっ)京(けい) (hyakkei)

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
十	三
と Grade: 1	さ Grade: 1
kun'yomi	nanori

Possibly from Ainu to sam (literally “lake + side”).^[1]^[2]

Not attested until the late 900s in reference to 十三湊 (Tosa Minato, “Tosa Harbor”), a natural harbor on the western shore of what is now Aomori Prefecture. This harbor is located in historically Ainu territory and became an important trading port in the 900s.

The use of the kanji characters 十 (to, “ten”, from Old Japanese) and 三 (sa, “three”, from Chinese; irregular pronunciation, truncation of san) is an example of ateji (当て字).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [to̞sa̠]

Proper noun

十(と)三(さ) • (Tosa)

a place name
a surname

Derived terms

十三湊(とさみなと) (Tosa Minato)
十三(とさ)の砂山(すなやま) (Tosa no Sunayama)

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
十	三
じゅう Grade: 1	ぞう Grade: 1
on'yomi	nanori

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) じゅうぞー [jùúzóó] (Heiban – [0])
IPA^(key): [d͡ʑɨːzo̞ː]

Proper noun

十(じゅう)三(ぞう) • (Jūzō)

a male given name

References

^ “よみがえる十三湊（とさみなと）遺跡”, in National Museum of Japanese History‎^[1], (Can we date this quote?)
^ John Batchelor (1905) An Ainu-English-Japanese dictionary (including a grammar of the Ainu language)‎^[2], Tokyo, London: Methodist Publishing House; Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner Co.

Korean

Hanja in this term
十	三

Numeral

十三 • (sipsam) (hangeul 십삼)

hanja form^? of 십삼 (“thirteen”)

[1] “よみがえる十三湊（とさみなと）遺跡”, in National Museum of Japanese History‎^[1], (Can we date this quote?)

[2] John Batchelor (1905) An Ainu-English-Japanese dictionary (including a grammar of the Ainu language)‎^[2], Tokyo, London: Methodist Publishing House; Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner Co.

[1]

[2]