African Reference Alphabet: Difference between revisions

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This version also listed eight diacritical marks ([[acute accent]] (´), [[grave accent]] (`), [[circumflex]] (ˆ), [[caron]] (ˇ), [[Macron (diacritic)|macron]] (¯), [[tilde]] (˜), [[umlaut (diacritic)|trema]] (¨), and a [[Overdot|superscript dot]] (˙) and nine punctuation marks (? ! ( ) « » , ; .).
 
In the French version, the letters were hand-printed in lower case only. Only 56 of the letters in the English version were listed – omitting the hooktop-z – and two further apostrophe-like letters were included (for ʔ and ʕ); thesealthough as small as punctuation marks, they are placed lower than punctuation marks would be. Five of the letters were written with a subscript dot instead of a subscript dash as in the English version (ḍ ḥ ṣ ṭ and ẓ). (These represent Arabic-style [[emphatic consonant]]s; the remainingother underlined letters (c̠, q̠ and x̠) remain underlined; they represent [[Clickclick consonant|clicks]]s.) Diacritical marks and punctuation are not shown. The French and English sets are otherwise identical.
 
[[File:African reference alphabet as presented 1978 on the Niamey meeting.png|thumb|upright=1.6|African Reference Alphabet, as presented on the 1978 Niamey conference (English version)<ref name=Niamey1978 />]]
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{|class="wikitable Unicode"
|+English variant of 1978 proposal<ref name=Niamey1978/>
| '''lowercase''' || a || αɑ || b || ɓ || c || c̠ || d || d̠ || ɖ || ɗ || ð
|- style="border-bottom: solid"
| '''uppercase''' || [[A]] || [[Ɑ]] || [[B]] || [[Ɓ]] || [[C]] || C̠ || [[D]] || D̠ || [[Ɖ]] || [[Ɗ]] ||[[Ꝺ]]
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| '''lowercase''' || q̠ || r || ɍ || s || s̠ || ʃ || t || t̠ || ƭ || ʈ || ө || u
|- style="border-bottom: solid"
| '''uppercase''' || Q̠ || [[R]] || [[Ɍ]] || [[S]] || S̠ || [[Esh (letter)|Ʃ]] || [[T]] || T̠ || [[File:Unicode 0x01AC alt.svg|20px17x17px|link=Ƭ]] || [[Ʈ|Ŧ]] || [[{{not a typo|[[Latin theta}}]]}}
| [[U]]
|-
| '''lowercase''' || ᴜ || v || ʋ || w || x || x̠ || y || ƴ || z || z̠ || [[file:Latin small letter Z with tophook.svg|20px16x16px]] || ʒ
|- style="border-bottom: solid"
| '''uppercase''' || [[Ʊ]] || [[V]] || [[Ʋ]] || [[W]] || [[X]] || X̠ || [[Y]] || [[Ƴ]] || [[Z]] || Z̠ || | [[file:Latin capital letter Z with tophook.svg|20px18x18px]] || [[File:Unicode 0x01B7 reversed sigma character variant.svg|20px18x18px|link=Ʒ]]
|}
 
{|class="wikitable Unicode"
|+French variant of 1978 proposal<ref name=Niamey1978/>
| a || αɑ || b || ɓ || c || c̱ || d || ḍ || ɖ || ɗ || ð
|-
| e || ɛ || ǝ || f || ƒ || ɡ || ɣ || h || ḥ || i || ɪ
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* [[Latin alpha|Ɑ/ɑ]] is "Latin alpha" ([[File:Latin uppercase alpha.svg|x15px]][[File:Latin lowercase alpha.svg|x15px]]) not "Latin script a" ([[File:Latin uppercase script a.svg|x15px]][[File:Latin lowercase script a.svg|x15px]]). In Unicode, Latin alpha and {{nowrap|script a}} are not considered as separate characters.
* The upper case I, the counterpart of the lower case i, does not have crossbars ([[File:I without crossbars.svg|x15px]]) while the upper case counterpart of the lower case ɪ has them ([[File:I with crossbars.svg|x15px]]).
* The letter “Z"Z with tophook”tophook" ([[Image:LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH TOPHOOK.svg|20px]]) is not included in [[Unicode]].
*c̠, q̠, x̠ represent click consonants (ǀ, ǃ, ǁ respectively), but the line under is optional, and usually not used.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Niamey 1978 report|url=http://www.bisharat.net/Documents/Niamey78en.htm|access-date=2021-08-18|website=www.bisharat.net}}</ref>
*c, j represent either palatal stops or postalveolar affricates. ɖ, ʈ are the retroflex stops, as in the IPA.
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{|class="wikitable Unicode"
|+Unicode approximation of Mann & Dalby's revised African Reference Alphabet<ref name=Mann&Dalby/>
| [[a]] || [[αɑ]] || [[ʌ]] || [[b]] || [[ɓ]] || [[c]] || [[ꞇ]] || [[ç]] || [[d]] || [[ɗ]] || [[ɖ]] || [[ꝺ]] || [[e]] || [[ɛ]] || [[ǝ]]
|-
| [[f]] || [[ƒ]] || [[g]] || [[ɠ]] || [[ɣ]] || [[h]] || [[ɦ]] || [[i]] || [[ɩ]] || [[j]] || [[ɟ]] || [[k]] || [[ƙ]] || [[l]] || [[Lambda (Latin letter)|λ]]
|-
| [[m]] || [[ɴFile:Latin letter Linearized tilde (Mann-Dalby form).svg|8x8px]] || [[n]] || [[ŋ]] || [[ɲ]] || [[o]] || [[ɔ]] || [[p]] || [[ƥ]] || [[q]] || [[r]] || [[ɽ]] || [[s]] || [[ʃ]] || [[t]]
|-
| [[ƭ]] || [[ʈ]] || [[Latin theta|θ]] || [[u]] || [[Latin omega|ω]] || [[v]] || [[ʋ]] || [[w]] || [[x]] || [[y]] || [[ƴ]] || [[z]] || [[ʒ]] || [[ƹ]] || [[Glottal stop (letter)|ʔ]]
|}
 
The 32nd letter "[[File:Latin letter Linearized tilde (Mann-Dalby form).svg|8px]]" is called ''linearized [[tilde]]''.<ref>Mann, Michael; Dalby, David: ''A Thesaurus of African Languages'', London 1987, {{ISBN|0-905450-24-8}}, p. 210</ref> It is not specifically supported in Unicode (as of version 15, 2023), but can be represented by {{angbr IPA|[[wikt:ɴ|ɴ]]}} or {{angbr IPA|[[wikt:∿|∿]]}}. {{angbr IPA|&thinsp;ƒ&thinsp;}} and {{angbr IPA|&thinsp;ʃ&thinsp;}} are written without ascenders (thus esh is a mirror of {{angbr IPA|ʅ&thinsp;}}; {{angbr IPA|ƴ}} is written with a right-hooking tail, like the retroflex letters in the IPA; and {{angbr IPA|ɩ}} has a top hook to the left, like a squashed {{angbr IPA|ʅ&thinsp;}}.
 
Because no language has all the consonants, the consonant letters are used for more than one potential value. They can be reassigned when there are conflicts. For instance, ɦ may be either a voiceless pharyngeal or a voiced glottal fricative.
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|- align=center
!nasal
|m|| ||ɴ[[File:Latin letter Linearized tilde (Mann-Dalby form).svg|8x8px]]|| colspan="2" |n|| ||ɴ||colspan=2|ɲ||ŋ||colspan=3|
|- align=center
!plosive
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|- align=center
!open
|a||ʌ||αɑ
|}
 
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*[[ISO 6438]]
*[[Pan-Nigerian alphabet]]
*[[Lepsius Standard Alphabet by Lepsius]]
 
== References ==