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Xyz.Wikipedi (talk | contribs) m It's more grammatical to call Tabaristan present-day Iran and not 'now present-day Iran.' |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}▼
{{Short description|Muslim scholar, historian, and Quranic exegete (839–923)}}
{{Other people}}
{{Distinguish|text=the Muslim scholar and
▲{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox religious biography
|name=Al-Tabari
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|title=[[Imam]]
|birth_date=839 CE / 224 AH
|birth_place=[[Amol]], [[Tabaristan]], Abbasid Caliphate
|death_date=923 CE (aged 84) / 310 AH (aged 86)
|death_place=[[Baghdad]], Abbasid Caliphate
|resting_place={{interlanguage link|Al-Rahbi Park|ar|حديقة الرحبي}}, Baghdad, Iraq
|religion=[[Islam]]
|era=[[Islamic Golden Age]]
|region=[[Abbasid Caliphate]]
|denomination=[[Sunni]]<ref>
|creed=[[Ijtihad|Independent]]
|jurisprudence=
|main_interests={{flatlist|
*[[Islamic history|History]]
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}}
'''Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn Jarīr ibn Yazīd al-Ṭabarī''' ({{lang-ar|أَبُو جَعْفَر مُحَمَّد بْن جَرِير بْن يَزِيد ٱلطَّبَرِيّ}}; 839–923 CE / 224–310 AH), commonly known as '''al-Ṭabarī''' ({{lang-ar|ٱلطَّبَرِيّ}}), was a [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslim]] [[ulama|scholar]], [[polymath]], [[Traditionalist conservatism|traditionalist]],<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Formation of the Sunni Schools of Law, 9th-10th Centuries C.E |last=Melchert |first=Christopher |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=1997 |isbn=90-04-10952-8 | location= Koninklijke Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands | quote="..al-Tabarī and Ibn Khuzaymah were scholars of very great stature, their published creeds thoroughly traditionalist"|pages=154 |chapter=Chapter 7: Al-Khallal and the Classical Hanbali school}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title= Women in the Qur'an, Traditions, and Interpretation|last=Freyer Stowasser|first=Barbara|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-19-511148-4|location=New York|quote="The traditionalist Abu Ja’far Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (d. 923) authored a traditionist Qur’anic exegesis, Jami'al-bayan 'an ta’wil ay al-Qur'an (or fi tafsir al-Quran), and a traditionist History of the world.."|page=8|chapter=Introduction}}</ref> [[Islamic history|historian]], [[tafsir|exegete]], [[faqīh|jurist]], and [[aqidah|theologian]] from [[Amol]], [[Tabaristan]],
Al-Tabari followed the [[Shafi'i school]] for nearly a decade before he developed his [[ijtihad|own interpretation]] of [[fiqh|Islamic jurisprudence]]. His understanding of it was both sophisticated and remarkably fluid, and, as such, he continued to develop his ideas and thoughts on juristic matters right until the end of his life.<ref>{{cite book|author=Muhammad Mojlum Khan|author-link=Muhammad Mojlum Khan|title=The Muslim 100: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of the Most Influential Muslims in History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4z49BAAAQBAJ|date=2009|publisher=Kube Publishing Ltd|isbn=9781847740298|page=182}}</ref>
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His [[ijtihad]] (independent judgement) led to criticism from the [[Zahiris]] and some fanatic [[Hanbali]] followers. Though his conflict with the leaders of the Zahiri school was resolved, the Hanbalites literally besieged him in his own home. Apparently, al-Tabari did not think much of [[Ibn Hanbal]] as a jurist ([[faqih]]), but mainly saw him as a traditionist ([[muhaddith]]), and this was enough to incite the Hanbalites against him. Al-Tabari was suddenly accused of being a [[Jahmite]] [[heretic]], while his respect for [['Ali ibn Abi Talib]], the fourth rightly guided caliph, exposed him to accusations of [[Shi'ite]] sympathies. At the same time, he incurred the wrath of the Shi'ites by defending the previous three caliphs.<ref>{{cite book|author=Camilla Adang|author-link=Camilla Adang|title=Muslim Writers on Judaism and the Hebrew Bible: From Ibn Rabban to Ibn Hazm|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c4Ut1MjLQTMC|series=Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Science. Texts and Studies|volume=22|date=1996|publisher=[[E. J. Brill]]|isbn=9789004100343|page=42}}</ref>
In [[Baghdad]], three Hanbalites, who do not seem further identifiable, asked al-Tabari about his views on a tradition attributed to [[Mujahid ibn Jabr|Mujahid]], concerning the explanation of the verse 79 from [[Surat al-Isra']] in the [[Qur'an]] about the Praiseworthy Station of
The verse is:
In the books of [[Tafsir]] (interpretation of the Qur'an), authors
Al-Tabari is said to have declared bluntly that it was absurd. Moreover, he recited:<ref>{{cite book|author=Hussein Ahmad Amin|title=Sorrowful Muslim's Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5DNJEAAAQBAJ|publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]]|publication-date=2018|isbn=9781474437097|page=90}}</ref>
{|
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| align=right|{{lang|ar| {{Script/Arabic|size=125%|ولا له في عرشه جليس}}}} || || align=right| {{lang|ar| {{Script/Arabic|size=125%|سبحان من ليس له أنيس}}}}
|}
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Upon hearing this, the fanatic Hanbali followers attacked him fiercely, and stoned his residence and caused a serious disturbance which had to be subdued by force. Trouble with the Hanbalites that took a similar form was also reported at the time of al-Tabari's death. In connection with it, Nazuk is mentioned as chief of police. He was appointed to this position only in 310/922, the year al-Tabari died, but he appears to have held high positions in the police before, and may already have been in charge of al-Tabari's protection against potential Hanbalite violence. In 309/921, the [[Vizier|wazir]] 'Ali b. 'Isa had offered al-Tabari the opportunity to debate the matter with the Hanbalites in his residence. Al-Tabari agreed, but the Hanbalites did not show up. However, shortly before his death, Hanbalite rioters supposedly pelted his house with stones so numerous that they formed a large wall in front of it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://darelhilal.com/News/705079.aspx|title=فقه الاختلاف ومحنة الإمام الطَبري|trans-title=The Jurisprudence of Disagreement and the Ordeal of Imam al-Tabari|language=ar|website=darelhilal.com|publisher=[[w:ar:دار الهلال|Dar al-Hilal]]|archive-url=https://archive.
According to [[Franz Rosenthal]], "The role of Hanbalite hostility, though real, seems to have been exaggerated in connection with his death as it was in his life."{{sfn|Rosenthal|1989|p=78}} He further adds that "Those who knew Tabari best always played down the inconveniences he suffered from the Hanbalites."{{sfn|Rosenthal|1989|p=77}}
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*''[[History of the Prophets and Kings]]'' – (''Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk'', commonly called ''Tarikh al-Tabari'')
The first of the two large works, generally known as the ''Annals'' (Arabic ''Tarikh al-Tabari''). This is a [[Universal history (genre)|universal history]] from the time of Qur'anic [[Creation myth|Creation]] to 915, and is renowned for its detail and accuracy concerning [[Muslim]] and [[Middle East]]ern history. Tabari's work is one of the major primary sources for historians. The History commenced with the Creation, followed by accounts regarding the patriarchs, prophets, and rulers of antiquity. The history of the [[Sasanian Empire]] came next. For the period of
*''[[The commentary on the Qur'an (book)|The Commentary on the Qur'an]]'' – (''Commentary al-Tabari'')
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His second great work was the commentary on the [[Qur'an]], (Arabic ''Tafsir al-Tabari''), which was marked by the same fullness of detail as the ''Annals''. Abul-Qaasim Ibn 'Aqil Al-Warraq says: " Imām Ibn Jarir once said to his students: “Are you all ready to write down my lesson on the commentary of the entire Holy Quran?" They enquired as to how lengthy it would be. "30 000 pages"! he replied. They said: "This would take a long time and cannot be completed in one lifetime. He therefore made it concise and kept it to 3000 pages (note, this was in reference to the old days when they used ink and hard-paper which was a bit long format today). It took him seven years to finish it from the year 283 until 290.
*''[[Tahdhib al-Athar|Tahdhīb al-Athār]]'' was begun by Tabari. This was on the traditions transmitted from the [[Sahaba|Companions]] of [[Muhammad]]. It was not, however, completed.
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==Translations of Tabari's book==
[[Theodor Nöldeke]], the German orientalist in
Dutch orientalist [[Michael Jan de Goeje]], in several volumes, translated Tabari's history book into Dutch, The book was later translated into English and republished in 1998 by [[State University of New York]] Press and [[Paris Diderot University]]. [[Hermann Zotenberg]] published the history of Tabari in French Language in four volumes in Paris.<ref>Tabarî, ''La Chronique Histoire des prophètes et des rois.'' 2 Bände, übersetzt aus dem Persischen von [[Hermann Zotenberg]]. Éditions Actes Sud / Sindbad 2001, Band I, {{ISBN|2-7427-3317-5}}, Band II, {{ISBN|2-7427-3318-3}}.</ref> His book on the nativities and history was translated into Latin by Giovanni da Siviglia and published in Venice in 1503. [[Franz Rosenthal]] translated in 1989 Tabari history book of three volumes, with title "History of the Middle East".<ref>General Introduction and From Creation to the Flood, Franz Rosenthal (1989)</ref>
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[[Moshe Pearlman]], [[Ismail Poonawala]], [[Fred Donner]], [[Hugh N. Kennedy]], [[Khalid Yahya Blankinship]], [[R. Stephen Humphreys]], [[Michael G. Morony]], [[G. R. Hawting]], [[Martin Hinds]], [[Carole Hillenbrand]], [[George Saliba]], and [[Yohanan Friedmann]] authors and researchers were prominent, they published a collection of books on the history of Tabari with different titles.<ref>[https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0223.xml "al-Tabari"], [[Oxford Bibliographies Online]]</ref><ref>[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/review-of-middle-east-studies/article/history-of-altabari-tarikh-alrusul-walmuluk-an-annotated-translation-the-victory-of-islam-muhammad-at-medina-ad-626630ah-58-vol-viii-by-muhammad-ibn-jarir-altabari-translated-with-notes-by-michael-fishbein-215-pages-bibliography-index-albany-ny-suny-press-1997-isbn-0791431495/4A6DCCE1BB7A6417C4062E1337B5B613 The History of al-Tabari (Ta’rikh al-rusul wa’l-muluk) / Cambridge Dictionary]</ref><ref>[http://www.sunypress.edu/p-4511-set-history-of-al-tabari.aspx Set - History of al-Tabari / SUNY Press]</ref>
==Texts relating to al-Tabari==
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[[Category:10th-century Persian-language writers]]
[[Category:Sunni imams]]
[[Category:Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari| ]]
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