| [accepted revision] | [accepted revision] |
Content deleted Content added
CycloneYoris (talk | contribs) m Reverted edit by 2600:4040:2A95:FE00:D0EB:C9C3:5FAA:232A (talk) to last version by Arms & Hearts |
LukeWiller (talk | contribs) More precise |
||
| (47 intermediate revisions by 37 users not shown) | |||
Line 1:
{{
{{about|the history of anti-fascism as a movement|its post-war developments and groups called Anti-Fascist Action (Antifa)|Post–World War II anti-fascism}}
{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{use American English|date=May 2020}}
[[File:An Italian partisan in Florence, 14 August 1944. TR2282.jpg|thumb|332x332px|An [[Italian partisan]] in [[Florence]], 14 August 1944, during the [[
{{anti-fascism sidebar}}
'''Anti-fascism''' is a [[political movement]] in opposition to [[fascist]] ideologies, groups and individuals. Beginning in European countries in the 1920s, it was at its most significant shortly before and during [[World War II]], where the [[Axis powers]] were opposed by many countries forming the [[Allies of World War II]] and dozens of [[resistance movement]]s worldwide. Anti-fascism has been an element of movements across the political spectrum and holding many different political positions such as [[anarchism]], [[communism]], [[pacifism]], [[republicanism]], [[social democracy]], [[socialism]] and [[syndicalism]] as well as [[centrist]], [[conservative]], [[Liberalism|liberal]] and [[nationalist]] viewpoints.
Line 10:
Fascism, a [[far-right]] [[ultra-nationalistic]] ideology best known for its use by the [[Italian Fascists]] and the [[Nazism|Nazis]], became prominent beginning in the 1910s. Organization against fascism began around 1920. Fascism became the state ideology of Italy in 1922 and of Germany in 1933, spurring a large increase in anti-fascist action, including [[German resistance to Nazism]] and the [[Italian resistance movement]]. Anti-fascism was a major aspect of the [[Spanish Civil War]], which foreshadowed World War II.
After World War II, the anti-fascist movement continued to be active in places where organized fascism continued or re-emerged. There was a resurgence of [[antifa in Germany]] in the 1980s, as a response to the invasion of the [[punk scene]] by [[neo-Nazis]]. This influenced the [[antifa movement in the United States]] in the late 1980s and 1990s, which was similarly carried by punks. In the 21st century, this greatly increased in prominence as a response to the resurgence of the [[Radical right (United States)|radical right]], especially after the [[election of Donald Trump]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Beinart|first=Peter|date=2017-08-06|title=The Rise of the Violent Left|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/09/the-rise-of-the-violent-left/534192/|access-date=2020-10-21|website=The Atlantic|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Beauchamp|first=Zack|date=2020-06-08|title=Antifa, explained|url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2020/6/8/21277320/antifa-anti-fascist-explained|access-date=2020-10-21|website=Vox|language=en}}</ref>
Line 20:
With the development and spread of [[Italian Fascism]], i.e. the original fascism, the [[National Fascist Party]]'s ideology was met with increasingly militant opposition by Italian communists and socialists. Organizations such as ''[[Arditi del Popolo]]''<ref name=Arditi>[http://www.romacivica.net/anpiroma/antifascismo/antifascismo3a.html Gli Arditi del Popolo (Birth)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080807125621/http://www.romacivica.net/anpiroma/antifascismo/antifascismo3a.html |date=7 August 2008 }} {{in lang|it}}</ref> and the [[Italian Anarchist Union]] emerged between 1919 and 1921, to combat the nationalist and fascist surge of the post-World War I period.
In the words of historian [[Eric Hobsbawm]], as fascism developed and spread, a "nationalism of the left" developed in those nations threatened by Italian [[irredentism]] (e.g. in the [[Balkans]], and [[Albania]] in particular).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hobsbawm|first1=Eric|title=The Age of Extremes|date=1992|publisher=Vintage|isbn=978-0394585758|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ageofextremeshis00hobs/page/136 136]–37|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/ageofextremeshis00hobs}}</ref> After the outbreak of World War II, the [[Albanian resistance during World War II|Albanian]] and [[Yugoslav Partisans|Yugoslav]] resistances were instrumental in antifascist action and underground resistance. This combination of irreconcilable nationalisms and [[leftist]] partisans constitute the earliest roots of European anti-fascism. Less militant forms of anti-fascism arose later. During the 1930s in Britain, "Christians – especially the [[Church of England]] – provided both a language of opposition to fascism and inspired anti-fascist action".<ref>{{cite book|last=Lawson|first=Tom |title=Varieties of Anti-Fascism: Britain in the Inter-War Period|year=2010|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|language=en|isbn=978-1-349-28231-9|pages=119–139}}</ref> French philosopher [[Georges Bataille]] believed that [[Friedrich
Michael Seidman argues that traditionally anti-fascism was seen as the purview of the [[political left]] but that in recent years this has been questioned. Seidman identifies two types of anti-fascism, namely revolutionary and counterrevolutionary:<ref name="Seidman 2017"/>
* Revolutionary anti-fascism was expressed amongst communists and anarchists, where it identified fascism and capitalism as its enemies and made little distinction between fascism and other forms of right-wing authoritarianism.<ref name="i006">{{cite journal | last=Conway III | first=Lucian Gideon | last2=Zubrod | first2=Alivia | last3=Chan | first3=Linus | last4=McFarland | first4=James D. | last5=Van de Vliert | first5=Evert | title=Is the myth of left-wing authoritarianism itself a myth? | journal=Frontiers in Psychology | volume=13 | date=8 Feb 2023 | issn=1664-1078 | pmid=36846476 | pmc=9944136 | doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1041391 | doi-access=free | page=}}</ref> It did not disappear after the Second World War but was used as an official ideology of the Soviet bloc, with the "fascist" West as the new enemy.
* Counterrevolutionary anti-fascism was much more conservative in nature, with Seidman arguing that Charles de Gaulle and Winston Churchill represented examples of it and that they tried to win the masses to their cause. Counterrevolutionary antifascists desired to ensure the restoration or continuation of the prewar old regime and conservative antifascists disliked fascism's erasure of the distinction between the public and private spheres. Like its revolutionary counterpart, it would outlast fascism once the Second World War ended.
Seidman argues that despite the differences between these two strands of anti-fascism, there were similarities. They would both come to regard violent expansion as intrinsic to the fascist project. They both rejected any claim that the [[Treaty of Versailles|Versailles Treaty]] was responsible for the rise of Nazism and instead viewed fascist dynamism as the cause of conflict. Unlike fascism, these two types of anti-fascism did not promise a quick victory but an extended struggle against a powerful enemy. During World War II, both anti-fascisms responded to fascist aggression by creating a cult of heroism which relegated victims to a secondary position.<ref name="Seidman 2017">Seidman, Michael. Transatlantic Antifascisms: From the Spanish Civil War to the End of World War II. Cambridge University Press, 2017, pp.
== History ==
[[File:101st with members of dutch resistance.jpg|thumb|[[Dutch resistance]] members with U.S. [[101st Airborne Division|101st Airborne]] troops in [[Eindhoven]], September 1944|220x220px]]
Anti-fascist movements emerged first in Italy during the rise of [[Benito Mussolini]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://library.fes.de/libalt/journals/swetsfulltext/17283245.pdf |title=Working Class Defence Organization, Anti-Fascist Resistance and the Arditi Del Popolo in Turin,
In 1928, the [[Comintern]] instituted its [[ultra-left]] [[Third Period]] policies, ending co-operation with other left groups, and denouncing social democrats as "[[social fascists]]". From 1934 until the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]], the Communists pursued a [[Popular Front]] approach, of building broad-based coalitions with liberal and even conservative anti-fascists. As fascism consolidated its power, and especially during [[World War II]], anti-fascism largely took the form of [[Partisan (military)|partisan]] or [[Resistance during World War II|resistance]] movements.
Line 38:
[[File:Flag of the Arditi del Popolo Battalion.svg|thumb|left|Flag of ''[[Arditi del Popolo]]'', an axe cutting a ''[[fasces]]''. ''Arditi del Popolo'' was a militant anti-fascist group founded in 1921 in Italy]]
In Italy, Mussolini's [[Italian Fascism|Fascist]] regime used the term ''anti-fascist'' to describe its opponents. Mussolini's [[secret police]] was officially known as the [[Organization for Vigilance and Repression of Anti-Fascism]]. During the 1920s in the [[Kingdom of Italy]], anti-fascists, many of them from the [[labor movement]], fought against the violent [[Blackshirts]] and against the rise of the fascist leader Benito Mussolini. After the [[Italian Socialist Party]] (PSI) signed a [[Pact of Pacification|pacification pact]] with Mussolini and his [[Fasci Italiani di Combattimento|Fasces of Combat]] on 3 August 1921,<ref>Charles F. Delzell, edit., ''Mediterranean Fascism
The [[Italian General Confederation of Labour]] (CGL) and the PSI refused to officially recognize the anti-fascist militia and maintained a non-violent, legalist strategy, while the [[Communist Party of Italy]] (PCd'I) ordered its members to quit the organization. The PCd'I organized some militant groups, but their actions were relatively minor.<ref>[https://library.fes.de/libalt/journals/swetsfulltext/17283245.pdf Working Class Defence Organization, Anti-Fascist Resistance and the Arditi Del Popolo in Turin,
[[File:Concentrazione_di_azione_antifascista.jpg|thumb|1931 badge of a member of [[Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana]]]]
Line 66:
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-05976, Berlin, Pfingstreffen der Rot-Front-Kämpfer.jpg|thumb|upright|1928 ''[[Roter Frontkämpferbund]]'' rally in Berlin. Organized by the [[Communist Party of Germany]], the RFB had at its height over 100,000 members.]]
[[File:3arrows Anti-fascist.png|thumb|[[Iron Front]] [[Three Arrows]] through the NSDAP Swastika]]
The specific term anti-fascism was primarily used{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} by the [[Communist Party of Germany]] (KPD), which held the view that it was the only anti-fascist party in Germany. The KPD formed several explicitly anti-fascist groups such as ''[[Roter Frontkämpferbund]]'' (formed in 1924 and banned by the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democrats]] in 1929) and ''Kampfbund gegen den Faschismus'' (a ''de facto'' successor to the latter).<ref>Eve Rosenhaft, ''Beating the Fascists?: The German Communists and Political Violence
The movement of [[Nazism]], which grew ever more influential in the last years of the [[Weimar Republic]], was opposed for different ideological reasons by a wide variety of groups, including groups which also opposed each other, such as social democrats, centrists, conservatives and communists. The SPD and centrists formed ''[[Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold]]'' in 1924 to defend [[liberal democracy]] against both the Nazi Party and the KPD, and their affiliated organizations. Later, mainly SPD members formed the [[Iron Front]] which opposed the same groups.<ref>Siegfried Lokatis: ''Der rote Faden. Kommunistische Parteigeschichte und Zensur unter Walter Ulbricht''. Böhlau Verlag, Köln 2003, {{ISBN|3-412-04603-5}} (''Zeithistorische Studien'' series, vol. 25), p. 60</ref>
Line 75:
{{main|Spanish Civil War}}
[[File:Barcelone 19 juillet 1936.jpg|thumb|left|Anarchists in [[Barcelona]]. The civil war was fought between the anarchist territories and stateless lands that achieved [[workers' self-management]], and capitalist areas of Spain controlled by the [[autocratic]] [[Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)|Nationalist faction]].]]
The historian [[Eric Hobsbawm]] wrote: "The [[Spanish Civil War|Spanish civil war]] was both at the centre and on the margin of the era of anti-fascism. It was central, since it was immediately seen as a European war between fascism and anti-fascism, almost as the first battle in the coming world war, some of the characteristic aspects of which – for example, air raids against civilian populations – it anticipated."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hobsbawm|first=Eric|date=2007-02-17|title=The Spanish civil war united a generation of young writers, poets and artists in political fervour, says Eric Hobsbawm|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/feb/17/historybooks.featuresreviews|access-date=2020-06-05|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
[[File:Strijdlustige_vrouw_-_Woman_ready_to_fight_(3334194838).jpg|thumb|Woman with a rifle, soldier of [[Mujeres Libres]], [[Confederal militias]] Barcelona, 1936 [[Spanish Civil War]]]]
Line 90:
=== United Kingdom: against Mosley's BUF ===
The rise of [[Oswald Mosley]]'s [[British Union of Fascists]] (BUF) in the 1930s was challenged by the [[Communist Party of Great Britain]], [[socialism|socialists]] in the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] and [[Independent Labour Party]], [[anarchism|anarchists]], [[Irish people|Irish]] [[Catholic]] dockmen and [[working class]] [[Jew]]s in [[East End of London|London's East End]]. A high point in the struggle was the [[Battle of Cable Street]], when thousands of
There were debates within the anti-fascist movement over tactics. While many East End ex-servicemen participated in violence against fascists,<ref>{{cite book |last=Jacobs |first=Joe |title=Out of the Ghetto |location= London |publisher=Phoenix Press |year=1991 |orig-year=1977 |url=http://libcom.org/tags/joe-jacobs}}</ref> Communist Party leader [[Phil Piratin]] denounced these tactics and instead called for large demonstrations.<ref>Phil Piratin ''Our Flag Stays Red''. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 2006.</ref> In addition to the militant anti-fascist movement, there was a smaller current of liberal anti-fascism in Britain; Sir [[Ernest Barker]], for example, was a notable English liberal anti-fascist in the 1930s.<ref>Andrezj Olechnowicz, 'Liberal anti-fascism in the 1930s the case of Sir Ernest Barker', ''Albion'' 36, 2005, pp. 636–660</ref>
Line 108:
{{main|Anti-Fascist Bloc|Anti-Fascist Military Organisation|Lviv Anti-Fascist Congress of Cultural Workers}}
[[File:Odezwa Bloku Antyfaszystowskiego z 15 maja 1942.jpg|thumb|Proclamation of the [[Anti-Fascist Bloc]], 15 May 1942]]
The Anti-Fascist Bloc was an organization of [[Polish Jews]] formed in the March 1942 in the [[Warsaw Ghetto]]. It was created after an alliance between [[Left Zionism|leftist-Zionist]], communist and socialist Jewish parties was agreed upon. The initiators of the bloc were [[Mordechai Anielewicz]], [[Józef Lewartowski]] (Aron Finkelstein) from the [[Polish Workers' Party]], [[Josef Kaplan]] from [[Hashomer Hatzair]], [[Szachno Sagan]] from [[Poale Zion]]-Left, [[Jozef Sak]] as a representative of socialist-Zionists and [[Izaak Cukierman]] with his wife [[Cywia Lubetkin]] from [[Habonim Dror|Dror]]. The [[General Jewish Labour Bund in Poland|Jewish Bund]] did not join the bloc though they were represented at its first conference by [[Abraham Blum]] and [[Maurycy Orzech]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gutman |first1=Yisrael |title=The Jews of Warsaw,
=== After World War II ===
Line 139:
==== Greece ====
In Greece, anti-fascism is a popular part of leftist and anarchist culture, September 2013 anti-fascist hip-hop artist [[Pavlos Fyssas|Pavlos 'Killah P' Fyssas]] was accosted and attacked with bats and knives by a large group of [[Golden Dawn (Greece)|Golden Dawn]] affiliated people leaving Pavlos to be pronounced dead at the hospital. The attack lead international protests and riots, the retaliatory [[2013 Neo Irakleio Golden Dawn office shooting|shooting of three Golden Dawn members]] outside of their [[Neo Irakleio]] as well as condemnations against the party by politicians and other public figures, including [[Prime Minister of Greece|Prime Minister]] [[Antonis Samaras]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}} This episode led to Golden Dawn to being criminally investigated, with the result in sixty-eight members of Golden Dawn being declared part of a criminal organization whilst fifteen out of the seventeen members accused in Pavlos's murder were convicted,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Newsroom|date=2020-10-07|title=Δίκη Χρυσής Αυγής: Ένοχοι για εγκληματική οργάνωση Μιχαλολιάκος και πολιτικά στελέχη|url=https://www.cnn.gr/ellada/liveblog/237415/diki-xrysis-aygis-live-enimerosi-apo-to-cnn-greece|access-date=2021-10-01|website=CNN.gr|language=el}}</ref> "Effectively banning" the party.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Maltezou|first1=Renee|last2=Papadimas|first2=Lefteris|date=2020-10-07|title=Greek court rules leaders of far-right Golden Dawn political party ran a crime group|language=en|work=National Post|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/world/greek-court-rules-leaders-of-far-right-golden-dawn-political-party-ran-a-crime-group|access-date=2021-10-01}}</ref>
==== Italy ====
[[File:2013-04-25 Porta san Paolo Roma.jpg|thumb|Anti-fascist demonstration at [[Porta San Paolo]] in [[Rome]], [[Italy]], on the occasion of the [[Liberation Day (Italy)|Liberation Day]] on 25 April 2013]]
Today's [[Italian constitution]] is the result of the work of the [[Constituent Assembly of Italy|Constituent Assembly]], which was formed by the representatives of all the anti-fascist forces that contributed to the defeat of Nazi and Fascist forces during the [[
[[Liberation Day (Italy)|Liberation Day]] is a national holiday in [[Italy]] that commemorates the victory of the [[Italian resistance movement]] against [[Nazi Germany]] and the [[Italian Social Republic]], [[puppet state]] of the Nazis and [[rump state]] of the fascists, in the [[Italian Civil War]], a [[civil war]] in Italy fought during [[World War II]], which takes place on 25 April. The date was chosen by convention, as it was the day of the year 1945 when the [[National Liberation Committee]] of Upper Italy (CLNAI) officially proclaimed the insurgency in a radio announcement, propounding the seizure of power by the CLNAI and proclaiming the death sentence for all fascist leaders (including [[Benito Mussolini]], who was shot three days later).<ref>{{cite web |url =http://www.associazioni.milano.it/isec/ita/cronologia/crono25apr.htm| title=Fondazione ISEC – cronologia dell'insurrezione a Milano – 25 aprile| access-date=28 September 2019 | language=Italian}}</ref>
[[File:ANPI
''[[ANPI|Associazione Nazionale Partigiani d'Italia]]'' (ANPI; "National Association of Italian [[Partisan (military)|Partisans]]") is an association founded by participants of the [[Italian resistance movement|Italian resistance]] against the [[Italian Fascist]] regime and the subsequent [[Nazi]] occupation during [[World War II]]. ANPI was founded in [[Rome]] in 1944<ref name="Chi Siamo">{{cite web|title=Chi Siamo|url=http://www.anpi.it/chi-siamo|work=Website|publisher=ANPI.it|access-date=2011-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110502161717/http://www.anpi.it/chi-siamo|archive-date=2011-05-02|url-status = dead}}</ref> while the war continued in [[northern Italy]]. It was constituted as a [[charitable foundation]] on 5 April 1945. It persists due to the activity of its antifascist members. ANPI's objectives are the maintenance of the historical role of the partisan war by means of research and the collection of personal stories. Its goals are a continued defense against [[historical revisionism]] and the ideal and ethical support of the high values of freedom and democracy expressed in the 1948 [[Constitution of Italy|constitution]], in which the ideals of the [[Italian resistance movement|Italian resistance]] were collected.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aclibresciane.it/attivita/riscoprire-i-valori-della-resistenza-nella-costituzione|title=RISCOPRIRE I VALORI DELLA RESISTENZA NELLA COSTITUZIONE|access-date=22 October 2022|language=it}}</ref> Since 2008, every two years ANPI organizes its national festival. During the event, meetings, debates, and musical concerts that focus on antifascism, peace, and democracy are organized.<ref>{{cite web|title=Festa dell'anpi|url=http://anpifesta.org/|publisher=anpi.it|access-date=22 October 2022|archive-date=24 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524160027/http://www.anpifesta.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Anonimo - Bella ciao (versione solo strumentale).ogg|thumb|''[[Bella ciao]]'' (instrumental only version)]]
''[[Bella ciao]]'' ({{IPA-it|ˈbɛlla ˈtʃaːo}}; "Goodbye beautiful") is an [[Italian folk music|Italian folk song]] modified and adopted as an anthem of the [[Italian resistance movement]] by the partisans who opposed [[nazism]] and [[fascism]], and fought against the occupying forces of [[Nazi Germany]], who were allied with the fascist and collaborationist [[Italian Social Republic]] between 1943 and 1945 during the [[Italian Civil War]]. Versions of this Italian anti-fascist song continue to be sung worldwide as a hymn of freedom and resistance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://notizie.virgilio.it/bella-ciao-significato-e-testo-perche-la-canzone-della-resistenza-non-appartiene-solo-ai-comunisti-1541819|title=Bella ciao, significato e testo: perché la canzone della Resistenza non appartiene (solo) ai comunisti|date=13 September 2022 |access-date=21 October 2022|language=it}}</ref> As an internationally known hymn of freedom, it was intoned at many historic and revolutionary events. The song originally aligned itself with Italian partisans fighting against Nazi German occupation troops, but has since become to merely stand for the inherent rights of all people to be liberated from tyranny.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pstream.lastampa.it.dl1.ipercast.net/lastampa/2015/01/23/d37A1QUG.mp4 |title=ATENE – Comizio di chiusura di Alexis Tsipras |access-date=23 January 2015 |archive-date=20 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420023001/http://pstream.lastampa.it.dl1.ipercast.net/lastampa/2015/01/23/d37A1QUG.mp4 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://video.corriere.it/bella-ciao-tutte-lingue-mondo-cosi-canto-partigiani-diventato-global/24c02342-a38b-11e4-808e-442fa7f91611 |title=Non solo Tsipras: "Bella ciao" cantata in tutte le lingue del mondo Guarda il video – Corriere TV |language=it |trans-title=Not only Tsipras: "Bella ciao" sung in all languages of the world Watch the video
==== United States ====
{{main|Antifa (United States)}}
[[Dartmouth College]] historian Mark Bray, author of ''[[Antifa: The Anti-Fascist Handbook]]'', credits the ARA as the precursor of modern antifa groups in the United States. In the late 1980s and 1990s, ARA activists toured with popular punk rock and skinhead bands in order to prevent [[Klansmen]], neo-Nazis and other assorted white supremacists from recruiting.<ref>{{cite news|last=Stein|first=Perry|date=August 16, 2017|title=Anarchists and the antifa: The history of activists Trump condemns as the 'alt-left'|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-antifa-history-20170816-story.html|access-date=November 10, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Snyders|first=Matt|date=February 20, 2008|title=Skinheads at Forty|url=http://www.citypages.com/2008-02-20/feature/skinheads-at-forty/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803021740/http://www.citypages.com/2008-02-20/feature/skinheads-at-forty/|archive-date=August 3, 2012|access-date=July 29, 2012|newspaper=City Pages}}</ref> Their motto was "We go where they go" by which they meant that they would confront [[far-right]] activists in concerts and actively remove their materials from public places.<ref name="bray-wapo">{{cite news|last=Bray|first=Mark|date=August 16, 2017|title=Who are the antifa?|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/made-by-history/wp/2017/08/16/who-are-the-antifa/|access-date=November 10, 2017|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> In 2002, the ARA disrupted a speech in Pennsylvania by [[Matthew F. Hale]], the head of the white supremacist group [[World Church of the Creator]], resulting in a fight and twenty-five arrests. In 2007, [[Rose City Antifa]], likely the first group to utilize the name antifa, was formed in [[Portland, Oregon]].<ref name="bogelburroughs2">{{cite news|last=Bogel-Burroughs|first=Nicholas|date=July 2, 2019|title=What Is Antifa? Explaining the Movement to Confront the Far Right|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/02/us/what-is-antifa.html|access-date=July 13, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Sacco 20202">{{cite web|last=Sacco|first=Lisa N.|date=June 9, 2020|title=Are Antifa Members Domestic Terrorists? Background on Antifa and Federal Classification of Their Actions InFocus IF10839|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10839|access-date=September 9, 2020|publisher=Congressional Research Service}} Updated June 9, 2020.</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Bogel-Burroughs|first1=Nicholas|last2=Garcia|first2=Sandra E.|date=September 28, 2020|title=What Is Antifa, the Movement Trump Wants to Declare a Terror Group?|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/article/what-antifa-trump.html|access-date=October 1, 2020|quote=One of the first groups in the United States to use the name was Rose City Antifa, which says it was founded in 2007 in Portland.}}</ref> Other antifa groups in the United States have other genealogies. In 1987 in [[Boise, Idaho]], the Northwest Coalition Against Malicious Harassment (NWCAMH) was created in response to the Aryan Nation's annual meeting near [[Hayden Lake, Idaho]]. The NWCAMH brought together over 200 affiliated public and private organizations, and helped people, across six states--Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington and Wyoming.<ref>{{cite web |title=One America - Northwest Coalition Against Malicious Harassment |url=https://clintonwhitehouse4.archives.gov/Initiatives/OneAmerica/Practices/pp_19980803.17134.html |website=The White House |access-date=27 February 2024}}</ref> In [[Minneapolis, Minnesota]], a group called the Baldies was formed in 1987 with the intent to fight neo-Nazi groups directly. In 2013, the "most radical" chapters of the ARA formed the [[Torch Antifa Network]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Enzinna|first=Wes|date=April 27, 2017|title=Inside the Underground Anti-Racist Movement That Brings the Fight to White Supremacists|newspaper=Mother Jones|url=http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2017/04/anti-racist-antifa-tinley-park-five/|access-date=September 9, 2020}}</ref> which has chapters throughout the United States.<ref>{{cite news|last=Strickland|first=Patrick|date=February 21, 2017|title=US anti-fascists: 'We can make racists afraid again'|agency=Al-Jazeera|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/02/anti-fascists-racists-afraid-170221100950730.html|access-date=September 9, 2020}}</ref> Other antifa groups are a part of different associations such as NYC Antifa or operate independently.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lennard|first=Natasha|date=January 19, 2017|title=Anti-Fascists Will Fight Trump's Fascism in the Streets|newspaper=The Nation|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/anti-fascist-activists-are-fighting-the-alt-right-in-the-streets/|access-date=September 9, 2020|archive-date=15 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815183536/https://www.thenation.com/article/anti-fascist-activists-are-fighting-the-alt-right-in-the-streets/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Modern antifa in the United States is a highly [[decentralized]] movement. Antifa [[political activists]] are [[anti-racists]] who engage in [[protest]] tactics, seeking to combat [[fascists]] and [[racists]] such as [[neo-Nazis]], [[white supremacists]], and other [[far-right]] [[extremists]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Clarke|first1=Colin|last2=Kenney|first2=Michael|date=23 June 2020|title=What Antifa Is, What It Isn't, and Why It Matters|url=https://warontherocks.com/2020/06/what-antifa-is-what-it-isnt-and-why-it-matters/|access-date=June 26, 2020|website=War on the Rocks|quote=[...] Antifa, a highly decentralized movement of anti-racists who seek to combat neo-Nazis, white supremacists, and far-right extremists whom Antifa's followers consider 'fascist' [...].}}</ref> This may involve [[digital activism]], [[harassment]], [[physical violence]], and [[property damage]]<ref name="SLPC June 2020">{{cite web|date=June 2, 2020|title=Designating Antifa as Domestic Terrorist Organization Is Dangerous, Threatens Civil Liberties|url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2020/06/02/designating-antifa-domestic-terrorist-organization-dangerous-threatens-civil-liberties|access-date=September 8, 2020|publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center}}</ref> against those whom they identify as belonging to the far-right.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kaste|first1=Martin|last2=Siegler|first2=Kirk|date=June 16, 2017|title=Fact Check: Is Left-Wing Violence Rising?|newspaper=NPR.org|url=https://www.npr.org/2017/06/16/533255619/fact-check-is-left-wing-violence-rising|access-date=August 15, 2017|agency=NPR}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Maida|first=Adam|date=January 16, 2018|title=Meet Antifa's Secret Weapon Against Far-Right Extremists|newspaper=Wired|url=https://www.wired.com/story/free-speech-issue-antifa-data-mining/|access-date=November 13, 2018}}</ref>
A June 2020 study by the [[Center for Strategic and International Studies]] of 893 terrorism incidents in the United States since 1994 found one attack staged by an anti-fascist that led to a fatality (the [[2019 Tacoma attack]], in which the attacker, who identified as an anti-fascist, was killed by police), while attacks by white supremacists or other right-wing extremists resulted in 329 deaths.<ref name="Beckett 2020">{{cite web |last1=Lois |first1=Beckett |title=Anti-fascists linked to zero murders in the US in 25 years |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jul/27/us-rightwing-extremists-attacks-deaths-database-leftwing-antifa |website=The Guardian|date=27 July 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Jones|first=Seth G.|date=June 4, 2020|title=Who Are Antifa, and Are They a Threat?|url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/who-are-antifa-and-are-they-threat|access-date=September 4, 2020|publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Pasley|first=James|title=Trump frequently accuses the far-left of inciting violence, yet right-wing extremists have killed 329 victims in the last 25 years, while antifa members haven't killed any, according to a new study|website=Business Insider|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/right-wing-extremists-kill-329-since-1994-antifa-killed-none-2020-7|access-date=October 6, 2020}}</ref> Since the study was published, one [[Killings of Aaron Danielson and Michael Reinoehl|homicide]] has been connected to anti-fascism.<ref name="Beckett 2020"/> A [[United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security|DHS]] draft report from August 2020 similarly did not include "antifa" as a considerable threat, while noting white supremacists as the top domestic terror threat.<ref name="Swan 2020">{{cite news|last=Swan|first=Betsy Woodruff|author-link=Betsy Woodruff Swan|date=September 4, 2020|title=DHS draft document: White supremacists are greatest terror threat|newspaper=Politico|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/09/04/white-supremacists-terror-threat-dhs-409236|access-date=September 5, 2020}}</ref>
There have been multiple efforts to discredit antifa groups via hoaxes on social media, many of them [[false flag]] attacks originating from [[alt-right]] and [[4chan]] users posing as antifa backers on [[Twitter]].<ref name="vice">{{cite news|date=September 28, 2017|title=A Fake Antifa Account Was 'Busted' for Tweeting from Russia|agency=Vice News|url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/59dwed/a-fake-antifa-account-was-busted-for-tweeting-from-russia-vgtrn|access-date=September 11, 2018}}</ref><ref name="bbc">{{cite news|date=August 24, 2017|title=Far-right smear campaign against Antifa exposed by Bellingcat|agency=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-41036631|access-date=July 20, 2022}}</ref> Some hoaxes have been picked up and reported as fact by right-leaning media.<ref>{{cite news|last=Feldman|first=Brian|date=August 21, 2017|title=How to Spot a Fake Antifa Account|newspaper=New York|url=http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2017/08/how-to-spot-a-fake-antifa-account.html|access-date=August 14, 2019}}</ref><ref name="masslive">{{cite news|last=Glaun|first=Dan|date=September 14, 2017|title=Fake Boston Antifa group, which claimed credit for anti-racism banner at Red Sox game, is actually run by right wing trolls|newspaper=The Republican|url=https://www.masslive.com/news/2017/09/fake_boston_antifa_group_who_c.html|access-date=August 14, 2019}}</ref>
During the [[George Floyd protests]] in May and June 2020, the [[Trump administration]] blamed antifa for orchestrating the mass protests. Analysis of federal arrests did not find links to antifa.<ref name="nytimes_antifa">{{cite news|last1=Feuer|first1=Alan|last2=Goldman|first2=Adam|last3=MacFarquhar|first3=Neil|date=June 11, 2020|title=Federal Arrests Show No Sign That Antifa Plotted Protests|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/11/us/antifa-protests-george-floyd.html|access-date=June 11, 2020|quote=Despite claims by President Trump and Attorney General William P. Barr, there is scant evidence that loosely organized anti-fascists are a significant player in protests. [...] A review of the arrests of dozens of people on federal charges reveals no known effort by antifa to perpetrate a coordinated campaign of violence. Some criminal complaints described vague, anti-government political leanings among suspects, but a majority of the violent acts that have taken place at protests have been attributed by federal prosecutors to individuals with no affiliation to any particular group.}}</ref> There had been repeated calls by the Trump administration to designate antifa as a terrorist organization,<ref>{{cite news|last=Peiser|first=Jaclyn|date=August 10, 2020|title='Their tactics are fascistic': Barr slams Black Lives Matter, accuses the left of 'tearing down the system'|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/08/10/barr-fox-antifa-blm/|access-date=August 10, 2020}}</ref> a move that academics, legal experts and others argued would both exceed the authority of the presidency and violate the [[First Amendment]].<ref name="HabermanSavage">{{cite news|last1=Haberman|first1=Maggie|last2=Savage|first2=Charlie|date=May 31, 2020|title=Trump, Lacking Clear Authority, Says U.S. Will Declare Antifa a Terrorist Group|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/31/us/politics/trump-antifa-terrorist-group.html|access-date=June 13, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Perez">{{cite web|last1=Perez|first1=Evan|last2=Hoffman|first2=Jason|date=May 31, 2020|title=Trump tweets Antifa will be labeled a terrorist organization but experts believe that's unconstitutional|website=[[CNN]]|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/31/politics/trump-antifa-protests/index.html|access-date=June 13, 2020|agency=CNN}}</ref><ref name="Bray 2020">{{cite news|last=Bray|first=Mark|date=June 1, 2020|title=Antifa isn't the problem. Trump's bluster is a distraction from police violence|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/06/01/trump-antifa-terrorist-organization/|access-date=June 8, 2020}}</ref> ==== Elsewhere ====
Line 209 ⟶ 211:
{{Library resources box|onlinebooks=yes}}
* David Berry "[https://web.archive.org/web/20160821183723/http://raforum.info/spip.php?article238 'Fascism or Revolution!' Anarchism and Antifascism in France, 1933–39]" ''Contemporary European History'' Volume 8, Issue 1 March 1999, pp. 51–71
* {{cite book|editor=Birchall, Sean |title=Beating The Fascists: The Untold Story of Anti-Fascist Action |isbn=978-1-904491-12-5|year=2013 |publisher=Freedom Press }}
* Brasken, Kasper. "[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/contemporary-european-history/article/making-antifascism-transnational-the-origins-of-communist-and-socialist-articulations-of-resistance-in-europe-19231924/B2A05C6190FFE23C7D3CA06A99D08FF3 Making Anti-Fascism Transnational: The Origins of Communist and Socialist Articulations of Resistance in Europe, 1923–1924]." ''Contemporary European History'' 25.4 (2016): 573–596.
* {{cite book|last1=Bray|first1=Mark|title=Antifa: The Anti-Fascist Handbook|date=2017|publisher=Melville House|location=New York|isbn=978-1612197036|oclc=1016082358}}
* {{cite book|last = Bullstreet|first= K. |url=https://libcom.org/library/bash-the-fash-anti-fascist-recollections-1984-1993 |title=Bash the Fash: Anti-Fascist Recollections 1984–1993 |isbn=978-1-873605-87-5|year= 2001 |publisher= Kate Sharpley Library }}
* Class War/3WayFight/Kate Sharpley Library [http://www.anarkismo.net/newswire.php?story_id=1583 Interview from ''Beating Fascism: Anarchist Anti-Fascism in Theory and Practice''], anarkismo.net
* Copsey, N. (2011) "From direct action to community action: The changing dynamics of anti-fascist opposition", in {{cite book | last=Copsey | first=Nigel | title=The British National Party : contemporary perspectives | publisher=Routledge | location=Abingdon, Oxon New York | year=2011 | isbn=978-0-415-48384-1 | oclc=657270952}}
Line 220 ⟶ 222:
* Joseph Fronczak [https://academic.oup.com/dh/article/39/2/245/468665/Local-People-s-Global-Politics-A-Transnational "Local People's Global Politics: A Transnational History of the Hands Off Ethiopia Movement of 1935"] ''Diplomatic History'', Volume 39, Issue 2, 1 April 2015, pp. 245–274
* Hugo Garcia, ed, ''[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/contemporary-european-history/issue/transnational-antifascism-agents-networks-circulations/66C7BB6E0DA823AE3712837108CFCE10 Transnational Anti-Fascism: Agents, Networks, Circulations'' ''Contemporary European History]'' Volume 25, Issue 4 November 2016, pp. 563–572
* {{cite book|editor=Key, Anna |title=Beating Fascism: Anarchist anti-fascism in theory and practice |isbn=978-1-873605-88-2|year=2005 |publisher=Kate Sharpley Library }}
* Renton, Dave. ''[http://www.palgrave.com/us/book/9780333760857 Fascism, Anti-fascism and Britain in the 1940s]''. Springer, 2016.
* {{cite web | last=Stout | first=James | title=A Brief History of Anti-Fascism | website=Smithsonian Magazine | date=2020-06-24 | url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/brief-history-anti-fascism-180975152/ | access-date=2020-09-04}}
* [[Enzo Traverso]] [http://newpol.org/content/intellectuals-and-anti-fascism-critical-historization "Intellectuals and Anti-Fascism: For a Critical Historization"] ''New Politics'', vol. 9, no. 4 (new series), whole no. 36, Winter 2004
* {{cite book |title=When Hate Groups Come to Town: A Handbook of Effective Community Responses |date=1992 |publisher=Center for Democratic Renewal |location=Atlanta |url=https://archive.org/details/whenhategroupsco0000unse/page/n3/mode/2up}}
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Anti-fascism}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170824222929/http://www.tees.ac.uk/sections/research/design_culture_arts/facist_centre.cfm Centre for fascist, anti-fascist and post-fascist studies]
* [http://www.anarkismo.net/newswire.php?story_id=87 Remembering the Anarchist Resistance to fascism]
| |||