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* Counterrevolutionary anti-fascism was much more conservative in nature, with Seidman arguing that Charles de Gaulle and Winston Churchill represented examples of it and that they tried to win the masses to their cause. Counterrevolutionary antifascists desired to ensure the restoration or continuation of the prewar old regime and conservative antifascists disliked fascism's erasure of the distinction between the public and private spheres. Like its revolutionary counterpart, it would outlast fascism once the Second World War ended.
Seidman argues that despite the differences between these two strands of anti-fascism, there were similarities. They would both come to regard violent expansion as intrinsic to the fascist project. They both rejected any claim that the [[Treaty of Versailles|Versailles Treaty]] was responsible for the rise of Nazism and instead viewed fascist dynamism as the cause of conflict. Unlike fascism, these two types of anti-fascism did not promise a quick victory but an extended struggle against a powerful enemy. During World War II, both anti-fascisms responded to fascist aggression by creating a cult of heroism which relegated victims to a secondary position.<ref name="Seidman 2017">Seidman, Michael. Transatlantic Antifascisms: From the Spanish Civil War to the End of World War II. Cambridge University Press, 2017, pp.
== History ==
[[File:101st with members of dutch resistance.jpg|thumb|[[Dutch resistance]] members with U.S. [[101st Airborne Division|101st Airborne]] troops in [[Eindhoven]], September 1944|220x220px]]
Anti-fascist movements emerged first in Italy during the rise of [[Benito Mussolini]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://library.fes.de/libalt/journals/swetsfulltext/17283245.pdf |title=Working Class Defence Organization, Anti-Fascist Resistance and the Arditi Del Popolo in Turin,
In 1928, the [[Comintern]] instituted its [[ultra-left]] [[Third Period]] policies, ending co-operation with other left groups, and denouncing social democrats as "[[social fascists]]". From 1934 until the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]], the Communists pursued a [[Popular Front]] approach, of building broad-based coalitions with liberal and even conservative anti-fascists. As fascism consolidated its power, and especially during [[World War II]], anti-fascism largely took the form of [[Partisan (military)|partisan]] or [[Resistance during World War II|resistance]] movements.
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[[File:Flag of the Arditi del Popolo Battalion.svg|thumb|left|Flag of ''[[Arditi del Popolo]]'', an axe cutting a ''[[fasces]]''. ''Arditi del Popolo'' was a militant anti-fascist group founded in 1921 in Italy]]
In Italy, Mussolini's [[Italian Fascism|Fascist]] regime used the term ''anti-fascist'' to describe its opponents. Mussolini's [[secret police]] was officially known as the [[Organization for Vigilance and Repression of Anti-Fascism]]. During the 1920s in the [[Kingdom of Italy]], anti-fascists, many of them from the [[labor movement]], fought against the violent [[Blackshirts]] and against the rise of the fascist leader Benito Mussolini. After the [[Italian Socialist Party]] (PSI) signed a [[Pact of Pacification|pacification pact]] with Mussolini and his [[Fasci Italiani di Combattimento|Fasces of Combat]] on 3 August 1921,<ref>Charles F. Delzell, edit., ''Mediterranean Fascism
The [[Italian General Confederation of Labour]] (CGL) and the PSI refused to officially recognize the anti-fascist militia and maintained a non-violent, legalist strategy, while the [[Communist Party of Italy]] (PCd'I) ordered its members to quit the organization. The PCd'I organized some militant groups, but their actions were relatively minor.<ref>[https://library.fes.de/libalt/journals/swetsfulltext/17283245.pdf Working Class Defence Organization, Anti-Fascist Resistance and the Arditi Del Popolo in Turin,
[[File:Concentrazione_di_azione_antifascista.jpg|thumb|1931 badge of a member of [[Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana]]]]
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[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-05976, Berlin, Pfingstreffen der Rot-Front-Kämpfer.jpg|thumb|upright|1928 ''[[Roter Frontkämpferbund]]'' rally in Berlin. Organized by the [[Communist Party of Germany]], the RFB had at its height over 100,000 members.]]
[[File:3arrows Anti-fascist.png|thumb|[[Iron Front]] [[Three Arrows]] through the NSDAP Swastika]]
The specific term anti-fascism was primarily used{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} by the [[Communist Party of Germany]] (KPD), which held the view that it was the only anti-fascist party in Germany. The KPD formed several explicitly anti-fascist groups such as ''[[Roter Frontkämpferbund]]'' (formed in 1924 and banned by the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democrats]] in 1929) and ''Kampfbund gegen den Faschismus'' (a ''de facto'' successor to the latter).<ref>Eve Rosenhaft, ''Beating the Fascists?: The German Communists and Political Violence
The movement of [[Nazism]], which grew ever more influential in the last years of the [[Weimar Republic]], was opposed for different ideological reasons by a wide variety of groups, including groups which also opposed each other, such as social democrats, centrists, conservatives and communists. The SPD and centrists formed ''[[Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold]]'' in 1924 to defend [[liberal democracy]] against both the Nazi Party and the KPD, and their affiliated organizations. Later, mainly SPD members formed the [[Iron Front]] which opposed the same groups.<ref>Siegfried Lokatis: ''Der rote Faden. Kommunistische Parteigeschichte und Zensur unter Walter Ulbricht''. Böhlau Verlag, Köln 2003, {{ISBN|3-412-04603-5}} (''Zeithistorische Studien'' series, vol. 25), p. 60</ref>
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{{main|Anti-Fascist Bloc|Anti-Fascist Military Organisation|Lviv Anti-Fascist Congress of Cultural Workers}}
[[File:Odezwa Bloku Antyfaszystowskiego z 15 maja 1942.jpg|thumb|Proclamation of the [[Anti-Fascist Bloc]], 15 May 1942]]
The Anti-Fascist Bloc was an organization of [[Polish Jews]] formed in the March 1942 in the [[Warsaw Ghetto]]. It was created after an alliance between [[Left Zionism|leftist-Zionist]], communist and socialist Jewish parties was agreed upon. The initiators of the bloc were [[Mordechai Anielewicz]], [[Józef Lewartowski]] (Aron Finkelstein) from the [[Polish Workers' Party]], [[Josef Kaplan]] from [[Hashomer Hatzair]], [[Szachno Sagan]] from [[Poale Zion]]-Left, [[Jozef Sak]] as a representative of socialist-Zionists and [[Izaak Cukierman]] with his wife [[Cywia Lubetkin]] from [[Habonim Dror|Dror]]. The [[General Jewish Labour Bund in Poland|Jewish Bund]] did not join the bloc though they were represented at its first conference by [[Abraham Blum]] and [[Maurycy Orzech]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gutman |first1=Yisrael |title=The Jews of Warsaw,
=== After World War II ===
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[[File:2013-04-25 Porta san Paolo Roma.jpg|thumb|Anti-fascist demonstration at [[Porta San Paolo]] in [[Rome]], [[Italy]], on the occasion of the [[Liberation Day (Italy)|Liberation Day]] on 25 April 2013]]
Today's [[Italian constitution]] is the result of the work of the [[Constituent Assembly of Italy|Constituent Assembly]], which was formed by the representatives of all the anti-fascist forces that contributed to the defeat of Nazi and Fascist forces during the [[Italian Civil War]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McGaw Smyth |first1=Howard |title=Italy: From Fascism to the Republic (
[[Liberation Day (Italy)|Liberation Day]] is a national holiday in [[Italy]] that commemorates the victory of the [[Italian resistance movement]] against [[Nazi Germany]] and the [[Italian Social Republic]], [[puppet state]] of the Nazis and [[rump state]] of the fascists, in the [[Italian Civil War]], a [[civil war]] in Italy fought during [[World War II]], which takes place on 25 April. The date was chosen by convention, as it was the day of the year 1945 when the [[National Liberation Committee]] of Upper Italy (CLNAI) officially proclaimed the insurgency in a radio announcement, propounding the seizure of power by the CLNAI and proclaiming the death sentence for all fascist leaders (including [[Benito Mussolini]], who was shot three days later).<ref>{{cite web |url =http://www.associazioni.milano.it/isec/ita/cronologia/crono25apr.htm| title=Fondazione ISEC – cronologia dell'insurrezione a Milano – 25 aprile| access-date=28 September 2019 | language=Italian}}</ref>
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[[File:Anonimo - Bella ciao (versione solo strumentale).ogg|thumb|''[[Bella ciao]]'' (instrumental only version)]]
''[[Bella ciao]]'' ({{IPA-it|ˈbɛlla ˈtʃaːo}}; "Goodbye beautiful") is an [[Italian folk music|Italian folk song]] modified and adopted as an anthem of the [[Italian resistance movement]] by the partisans who opposed [[nazism]] and [[fascism]], and fought against the occupying forces of [[Nazi Germany]], who were allied with the fascist and collaborationist [[Italian Social Republic]] between 1943 and 1945 during the [[Italian Civil War]]. Versions of this Italian anti-fascist song continue to be sung worldwide as a hymn of freedom and resistance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://notizie.virgilio.it/bella-ciao-significato-e-testo-perche-la-canzone-della-resistenza-non-appartiene-solo-ai-comunisti-1541819|title=Bella ciao, significato e testo: perché la canzone della Resistenza non appartiene (solo) ai comunisti|date=13 September 2022 |access-date=21 October 2022|language=it}}</ref> As an internationally known hymn of freedom, it was intoned at many historic and revolutionary events. The song originally aligned itself with Italian partisans fighting against Nazi German occupation troops, but has since become to merely stand for the inherent rights of all people to be liberated from tyranny.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pstream.lastampa.it.dl1.ipercast.net/lastampa/2015/01/23/d37A1QUG.mp4 |title=ATENE – Comizio di chiusura di Alexis Tsipras |access-date=23 January 2015 |archive-date=20 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420023001/http://pstream.lastampa.it.dl1.ipercast.net/lastampa/2015/01/23/d37A1QUG.mp4 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://video.corriere.it/bella-ciao-tutte-lingue-mondo-cosi-canto-partigiani-diventato-global/24c02342-a38b-11e4-808e-442fa7f91611 |title=Non solo Tsipras: "Bella ciao" cantata in tutte le lingue del mondo Guarda il video – Corriere TV |language=it |trans-title=Not only Tsipras: "Bella ciao" sung in all languages of the world Watch the video
==== United States ====
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