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With the development and spread of [[Italian Fascism]], i.e. the original fascism, the [[National Fascist Party]]'s ideology was met with increasingly militant opposition by Italian communists and socialists. Organizations such as ''[[Arditi del Popolo]]''<ref name=Arditi>[http://www.romacivica.net/anpiroma/antifascismo/antifascismo3a.html Gli Arditi del Popolo (Birth)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080807125621/http://www.romacivica.net/anpiroma/antifascismo/antifascismo3a.html |date=7 August 2008 }} {{in lang|it}}</ref> and the [[Italian Anarchist Union]] emerged between 1919 and 1921, to combat the nationalist and fascist surge of the post-World War I period.
In the words of historian [[Eric Hobsbawm]], as fascism developed and spread, a "nationalism of the left" developed in those nations threatened by Italian [[irredentism]] (e.g. in the [[Balkans]], and [[Albania]] in particular).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hobsbawm|first1=Eric|title=The Age of Extremes|date=1992|publisher=Vintage|isbn=978-0394585758|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ageofextremeshis00hobs/page/136 136]–37|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/ageofextremeshis00hobs}}</ref> After the outbreak of World War II, the [[Albanian resistance during World War II|Albanian]] and [[Yugoslav Partisans|Yugoslav]] resistances were instrumental in antifascist action and underground resistance. This combination of irreconcilable nationalisms and [[leftist]] partisans constitute the earliest roots of European anti-fascism. Less militant forms of anti-fascism arose later. During the 1930s in Britain, "Christians – especially the [[Church of England]] – provided both a language of opposition to fascism and inspired anti-fascist action".<ref>{{cite book|last=Lawson|first=Tom |title=Varieties of Anti-Fascism: Britain in the Inter-War Period|year=2010|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|language=en|isbn=978-1-349-28231-9|pages=119–139}}</ref> French philosopher [[Georges Bataille]] believed that [[
Michael Seidman argues that traditionally anti-fascism was seen as the purview of the [[political left]] but that in recent years this has been questioned. Seidman identifies two types of anti-fascism, namely revolutionary and counterrevolutionary:<ref name="Seidman 2017"/>
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