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==== United States ====
{{main|Antifa (United States)}}
[[Dartmouth College]] historian Mark Bray, author of ''[[Antifa: The Anti-Fascist Handbook]]'', credits the ARA as the precursor of modern antifa groups in the United States. In the late 1980s and 1990s, ARA activists toured with popular punk rock and skinhead bands in order to prevent [[Klansmen]], neo-Nazis and other assorted white supremacists from recruiting.<ref>{{cite news|last=Stein|first=Perry|date=August 16, 2017|title=Anarchists and the antifa: The history of activists Trump condemns as the 'alt-left'|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-antifa-history-20170816-story.html|access-date=November 10, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Snyders|first=Matt|date=February 20, 2008|title=Skinheads at Forty|url=http://www.citypages.com/2008-02-20/feature/skinheads-at-forty/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803021740/http://www.citypages.com/2008-02-20/feature/skinheads-at-forty/|archive-date=August 3, 2012|access-date=July 29, 2012|newspaper=City Pages}}</ref> Their motto was "We go where they go" by which they meant that they would confront [[far-right]] activists in concerts and actively remove their materials from public places.<ref name="bray-wapo">{{cite news|last=Bray|first=Mark|date=August 16, 2017|title=Who are the antifa?|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/made-by-history/wp/2017/08/16/who-are-the-antifa/|access-date=November 10, 2017|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> In 2002, the ARA disrupted a speech in Pennsylvania by [[Matthew F. Hale]], the head of the white supremacist group [[World Church of the Creator]], resulting in a fight and twenty-five arrests. In 2007, [[Rose City Antifa]], likely the first group to utilize the name antifa, was formed in [[Portland, Oregon]].<ref name="bogelburroughs2">{{cite news|last=Bogel-Burroughs|first=Nicholas|date=July 2, 2019|title=What Is Antifa? Explaining the Movement to Confront the Far Right|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/02/us/what-is-antifa.html|access-date=July 13, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Sacco 20202">{{cite web|last=Sacco|first=Lisa N.|date=June 9, 2020|title=Are Antifa Members Domestic Terrorists? Background on Antifa and Federal Classification of Their Actions InFocus IF10839|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10839|access-date=September 9, 2020|publisher=Congressional Research Service}} Updated June 9, 2020.</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Bogel-Burroughs|first1=Nicholas|last2=Garcia|first2=Sandra E.|date=September 28, 2020|title=What Is Antifa, the Movement Trump Wants to Declare a Terror Group?|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/article/what-antifa-trump.html|access-date=October 1, 2020|quote=One of the first groups in the United States to use the name was Rose City Antifa, which says it was founded in 2007 in Portland.}}</ref> Other antifa groups in the United States have other genealogies. In 1987 in [[Boise, Idaho]],
Modern antifa in the United States is a highly [[decentralized]] movement. Antifa [[political activists]] are [[anti-racists]] who engage in [[protest]] tactics, seeking to combat [[fascists]] and [[racists]] such as [[neo-Nazis]], [[white supremacists]], and other [[far-right]] [[extremists]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Clarke|first1=Colin|last2=Kenney|first2=Michael|date=23 June 2020|title=What Antifa Is, What It Isn't, and Why It Matters|url=https://warontherocks.com/2020/06/what-antifa-is-what-it-isnt-and-why-it-matters/|access-date=June 26, 2020|website=War on the Rocks|quote=[...] Antifa, a highly decentralized movement of anti-racists who seek to combat neo-Nazis, white supremacists, and far-right extremists whom Antifa's followers consider 'fascist' [...].}}</ref> This may involve [[digital activism]], [[harassment]], [[physical violence]], and [[property damage]]<ref name="SLPC June 2020">{{cite web|date=June 2, 2020|title=Designating Antifa as Domestic Terrorist Organization Is Dangerous, Threatens Civil Liberties|url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2020/06/02/designating-antifa-domestic-terrorist-organization-dangerous-threatens-civil-liberties|access-date=September 8, 2020|publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center}}</ref> against those whom they identify as belonging to the far-right.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kaste|first1=Martin|last2=Siegler|first2=Kirk|date=June 16, 2017|title=Fact Check: Is Left-Wing Violence Rising?|newspaper=NPR.org|url=https://www.npr.org/2017/06/16/533255619/fact-check-is-left-wing-violence-rising|access-date=August 15, 2017|agency=NPR}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Maida|first=Adam|date=January 16, 2018|title=Meet Antifa's Secret Weapon Against Far-Right Extremists|newspaper=Wired|url=https://www.wired.com/story/free-speech-issue-antifa-data-mining/|access-date=November 13, 2018}}</ref>
A June 2020 study by the [[Center for Strategic and International Studies]] of 893 terrorism incidents in the United States since 1994 found one attack staged by an anti-fascist that led to a fatality (the [[2019 Tacoma attack]], in which the attacker, who identified as an anti-fascist, was killed by police), while attacks by white supremacists or other right-wing extremists resulted in 329 deaths.<ref name="Beckett 2020">{{cite web |last1=Lois |first1=Beckett |title=Anti-fascists linked to zero murders in the US in 25 years |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jul/27/us-rightwing-extremists-attacks-deaths-database-leftwing-antifa |website=The Guardian|date=27 July 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Jones|first=Seth G.|date=June 4, 2020|title=Who Are Antifa, and Are They a Threat?|url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/who-are-antifa-and-are-they-threat|access-date=September 4, 2020|publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Pasley|first=James|title=Trump frequently accuses the far-left of inciting violence, yet right-wing extremists have killed 329 victims in the last 25 years, while antifa members haven't killed any, according to a new study|website=Business Insider|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/right-wing-extremists-kill-329-since-1994-antifa-killed-none-2020-7|access-date=October 6, 2020}}</ref> Since the study was published, one [[Killings of Aaron Danielson and Michael Reinoehl|homicide]] has been connected to anti-fascism.<ref name="Beckett 2020"/> A [[United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security|DHS]] draft report from August 2020 similarly did not include "antifa" as a considerable threat, while noting white supremacists as the top domestic terror threat.<ref name="Swan 2020">{{cite news|last=Swan|first=Betsy Woodruff|author-link=Betsy Woodruff Swan|date=September 4, 2020|title=DHS draft document: White supremacists are greatest terror threat|newspaper=Politico|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/09/04/white-supremacists-terror-threat-dhs-409236|access-date=September 5, 2020}}</ref>
There have been multiple efforts to discredit antifa groups via hoaxes on social media, many of them [[false flag]] attacks originating from [[alt-right]] and [[4chan]] users posing as antifa backers on [[Twitter]].<ref name="vice">{{cite news|date=September 28, 2017|title=A Fake Antifa Account Was 'Busted' for Tweeting from Russia|agency=Vice News|url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/59dwed/a-fake-antifa-account-was-busted-for-tweeting-from-russia-vgtrn|access-date=September 11, 2018}}</ref><ref name="bbc">{{cite news|date=August 24, 2017|title=Far-right smear campaign against Antifa exposed by Bellingcat|agency=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-41036631|access-date=July 20, 2022}}</ref> Some hoaxes have been picked up and reported as fact by right-leaning media.<ref>{{cite news|last=Feldman|first=Brian|date=August 21, 2017|title=How to Spot a Fake Antifa Account|newspaper=New York|url=http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2017/08/how-to-spot-a-fake-antifa-account.html|access-date=August 14, 2019}}</ref><ref name="masslive">{{cite news|last=Glaun|first=Dan|date=September 14, 2017|title=Fake Boston Antifa group, which claimed credit for anti-racism banner at Red Sox game, is actually run by right wing trolls|newspaper=The Republican|url=https://www.masslive.com/news/2017/09/fake_boston_antifa_group_who_c.html|access-date=August 14, 2019}}</ref>
During the [[George Floyd protests]] in May and June 2020, the [[Trump administration]] blamed antifa for orchestrating the mass protests. Analysis of federal arrests did not find links to antifa.<ref name="nytimes_antifa">{{cite news|last1=Feuer|first1=Alan|last2=Goldman|first2=Adam|last3=MacFarquhar|first3=Neil|date=June 11, 2020|title=Federal Arrests Show No Sign That Antifa Plotted Protests|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/11/us/antifa-protests-george-floyd.html|access-date=June 11, 2020|quote=Despite claims by President Trump and Attorney General William P. Barr, there is scant evidence that loosely organized anti-fascists are a significant player in protests. [...] A review of the arrests of dozens of people on federal charges reveals no known effort by antifa to perpetrate a coordinated campaign of violence. Some criminal complaints described vague, anti-government political leanings among suspects, but a majority of the violent acts that have taken place at protests have been attributed by federal prosecutors to individuals with no affiliation to any particular group.}}</ref> There had been repeated calls by the Trump administration to designate antifa as a terrorist organization,<ref>{{cite news|last=Peiser|first=Jaclyn|date=August 10, 2020|title='Their tactics are fascistic': Barr slams Black Lives Matter, accuses the left of 'tearing down the system'|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/08/10/barr-fox-antifa-blm/|access-date=August 10, 2020}}</ref> a move that academics, legal experts and others argued would both exceed the authority of the presidency and violate the [[First Amendment]].<ref name="HabermanSavage">{{cite news|last1=Haberman|first1=Maggie|last2=Savage|first2=Charlie|date=May 31, 2020|title=Trump, Lacking Clear Authority, Says U.S. Will Declare Antifa a Terrorist Group|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/31/us/politics/trump-antifa-terrorist-group.html|access-date=June 13, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Perez">{{cite web|last1=Perez|first1=Evan|last2=Hoffman|first2=Jason|date=May 31, 2020|title=Trump tweets Antifa will be labeled a terrorist organization but experts believe that's unconstitutional|website=[[CNN]]|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/31/politics/trump-antifa-protests/index.html|access-date=June 13, 2020|agency=CNN}}</ref><ref name="Bray 2020">{{cite news|last=Bray|first=Mark|date=June 1, 2020|title=Antifa isn't the problem. Trump's bluster is a distraction from police violence|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/06/01/trump-antifa-terrorist-organization/|access-date=June 8, 2020}}</ref> ==== Elsewhere ====
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