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The '''Antikythera mechanism''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|æ|n|t|ɪ|ˈ|k|ɪ|ˈ|θ|ɪər|ə}} {{respell|AN|tihtik|KIHih|therTHEER|ə}}, {{IPAc-en|USalso|ˌ|æ|n|t|aɪ|k|ɪ|ˈ|-}} {{respell|AN|ty|kih|-}})<ref>{{dict.com|Antikythera}}</ref><ref>{{OED|Antikythera mechanism|1572890579}}</ref> is an [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] hand-powered [[orrery]] (model of the Solar System), described as the oldest known example of an [[analogue computer]]<!-- see the talk page before changing "analogue computer" to "analog computer" --><ref>{{cite journal
|last1= Efstathiou
|first1= Kyriakos
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|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230909175511/https://books.google.com/books?id=hjthDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA108
|url-status= live
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|first= Nicholas
|last= Paphitis
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|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170608182215/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/30/AR2006113001303.html
|archive-date= 8 June 2017
|newspaper= Washington Post
|date= 30 November 2006
|quote= Imagine tossing a top-notch laptop into the sea, leaving scientists from a foreign culture to scratch their heads over its corroded remains centuries later. A Roman shipmaster inadvertently did something just like it 2,000 years ago off southern Greece, experts said late Thursday.
}}</ref> used to predict [[astronomy|astronomical]] positions and [[eclipse]]s decades in advance.<ref name=freeth-06/><ref name=freeth-12/><ref name=pinotsis/> It could also be used to track the four-year cycle of athletic games similar to an [[Olympiad]], the cycle of the [[ancient Olympic Games]].<ref name=freeth-08/><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2016/06/14/the-worlds-oldest-computer-is-still-revealing-its-secrets/
|title=The world's oldest computer is still revealing its secrets
|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]
|access-date=17 June 2016
|archive-date=23 February 2020
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223000504/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2016/06/14/the-worlds-oldest-computer-is-still-revealing-its-secrets/
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref name=Iversen>{{cite journal
|first= Paul A.
|last= Iversen
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|archive-url= https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2017/05/17/antikythera-mechanism-discovered-115-years-ago/
|archive-date= 11 January 2022
|url-access= subscription
|url-status= live
|title= What is the Antikythera Mechanism? How was this ancient 'computer' discovered?
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|last= Palazzo
|date= 17 May 2017
|newspaper= The Telegraph
|access-date= 10 June 2017
}}{{cbignore}}</ref> as containing a [[gear]]. The device, housed in the remains of a wooden-framed case of (uncertain) overall size {{cvt|34|×|18|×|9|cm|in|adj=on}},<ref name=bibliotec/><ref name=vetenskapens/> was found as one lump, later separated into three main fragments which are now divided into 82 separate fragments after conservation efforts. Four of these fragments contain gears, while inscriptions are found on many others.<ref name=bibliotec/><ref name=vetenskapens/> The largest gear is about {{convert|13|cm|in||sigfig=1|abbr=on}} in diameter and originally had 223 teeth.<ref name=freeth-06-1/> All these fragments of the mechanism are kept at the [[National Archaeological Museum, Athens]], along with reconstructions and [[replica]]s,<ref>{{cite journal
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|pages= 219–231
|doi= 10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2012.01.020
}}</ref> to demonstrate how it may have looked and worked.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.antikythera-mechanism.gr/museum
|title=The Antikythera Mechanism at the National Archaeological Museum
|website=Antikythera Mechanism Research Project
|access-date=8 August 2015
|archive-date=21 February 2017
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221035812/http://www.antikythera-mechanism.gr/museum
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
 
In 20082005, a team from [[Cardiff University]] used computer [[x-ray]] [[tomography]] and high resolution scanning to image inside fragments of the crust-encased mechanism and read the faintest inscriptions that once covered the outer casing. This suggests it had 37 meshing bronze gears enabling it to follow the movements of the Moon and the Sun through the zodiac, to predict eclipses and to model the [[Lunar month#Anomalistic month|irregular orbit of the Moon]], where the Moon's velocity is higher in its [[apsis|perigee than in its apogee]]. This motion was studied in the 2nd century BC by astronomer [[Hipparchus]] of [[Rhodes]], and he may have been consulted in the machine's construction.<ref name=sample-06/> There is speculation that a portion of the mechanism is missing and it calculated the positions of the five [[classical planet]]s. The inscriptions were further deciphered in 2016, revealing numbers connected with the [[synodic cycle]]s of Venus and Saturn.<ref name=FrontCover>{{cite journal
|last1= Anastasiou
|last2= Bitsakis
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|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230725202106/https://www.brepols.net/products/ON-M1-F1-04010366-1
|url-status= live
}}</ref><ref name=Freeth2016/>
 
The instrument is believed to have been designed and constructed by [[Science in classical antiquity#Hellenistic age|Hellenistic scientists]] and been variously dated to about 87&nbsp;BC,<ref>{{harvnb|Price|1974|pp=19}}</ref> between 150 and 100&nbsp;BC,<ref name=freeth-06/> or 205&nbsp;BC.<ref name="Carman Evans">{{cite journal
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|journal= Archive for History of Exact Sciences
|date= 15 November 2014
|volume= 68
|issue= 6
|pages= 693–774
|doi= 10.1007/s00407-014-0145-5
|hdl= 11336/98820
|s2cid=120548493
|hdl-access= free
}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20141124-JM">{{cite news
|last= Markoff
|first= John
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|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141125135039/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/25/science/solving-the-riddles-of-an-early-astronomical-calculator.html
|url-status= live
}}</ref> It must have been constructed before the shipwreck, which has been dated by multiple lines of evidence to approximately 70–60&nbsp;BC.<ref>{{harvnb|Iversen|2017|pp=182–83 }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Jones|2017|pp=93, 157–60, 233–46}}</ref> In 2022 researchers proposed its initial calibration date, not construction date, could have been 23 December 178 BC. Other experts propose 204 BC as a more likely calibration date.<ref name="AT-20220412">{{cite news
|last= Ouellette
|first= Jennifer
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|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220412001139/https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/04/researchers-home-in-on-possible-day-zero-for-antikythera-mechanism/
|url-status= live
}}</ref><ref name="ARX-20220328">{{cite arXiv
|last1= Voularis
|first1= Aristeidis
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|first3= Andreas
|title= The Initial Calibration Date of the Antikythera Mechanism after the Saros spiral mechanical Apokatastasis
<!---|url= https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.15045--->
|date= 28 March 2022
<!---|work= [[arxiv]]--->
|class= physics.hist-ph
|eprint= 2203.15045
<!---|accessdate=12 April 2022--->
}}</ref> Machines with similar complexity did not appear again until the [[astronomical14th clock]]s of [[Richard of Wallingford]]century in thewestern 14th centuryEurope.<ref name=marchant-06 />
 
==History==
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===Discovery===
[[File:DerekdeSollaPrice.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Derek J. de Solla Price]] (1922–1983) with a model of the Antikythera mechanism]]
Captain Dimitrios Kontos ({{lang|el|Δημήτριος Κοντός}}) and a crew of [[Sponge diving|sponge divers]] from [[Symi]] island discovered the Antikythera wreck in early 1900, and recovered arte<!-- 'e' - this article uses British spelling -->facts during the first expedition with the [[Hellenic Navy|Hellenic Royal Navy]], in 1900–01.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.antikythera-mechanism.gr/history/people/dimitrios-kontos|title=Dimitrios Kontos|access-date=28 April 2019|archive-date=8 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408203106/http://www.antikythera-mechanism.gr/history/people/dimitrios-kontos |website=Antikythera Mechanism Research |url-status=dead}}</ref> This wreck of a Roman cargo ship was found at a depth of {{convert|45|m}} off Point Glyphadia on the Greek island of [[Antikythera]]. The team retrieved numerous large objects, including bronze and marble statues, pottery, unique glassware, jewellery, coins, and the mechanism. The mechanism was retrieved from the wreckage in 1901, probably July.<ref>{{cite web |url-status=live |url=http://www.antikythera-mechanism.gr/history |title=History |website=Antikythera Mechanism Research |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519044743/http://www.antikythera-mechanism.gr/history |archive-date=19 May 2022 }}</ref> It is unknown how the mechanism came to be on the cargo ship.
 
All of the items retrieved from the wreckage were transferred to the [[National Archaeological Museum, Athens|National Museum of Archaeology]] in [[Athens]] for storage and analysis. The mechanism appeared to be a lump of corroded bronze and wood; it went unnoticed for two years, while museum staff worked on piecing together more obvious treasures, such as the statues.<ref name=marchant-06/> Upon removal from seawater, the mechanism was not treated, resulting in deformational changes.<ref>Voulgaris, Aristeidis, et al. "Simulation and Analysis of Natural Seawater Chemical Reactions on the Antikythera Mechanism". Journal of Coastal Research, vol. 35, no. 5, 2019, pp. 959–972</ref>
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On 17 May 1902, [[archaeology|archaeologist]] Valerios Stais found one of the pieces of rock had a gear wheel embedded in it. He initially believed that it was an astronomical clock, but most scholars considered the device to be [[Anachronism#Prochronism|prochronistic]], too complex to have been constructed during the same period as the other pieces that had been discovered.
 
The German philosopherphilologist [[Albert Rehm]] became interested in the device;, he was theand first to proposeproposed that it was an astronomical calculator.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pao.chadwyck.co.uk/articles/displayItemFromId.do?QueryType=articles&ItemID=0215-1954-098-00-000001|title=Albert Rehm zum Gedächtnis|access-date=24 August 2023|archive-date=9 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909175427/https://www.proquest.com/legacyredirect/pao/docview/1294505584|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TFreeth2013">{{cite journal |last1=Freeth |first1=Tony |title=Building the Cosmos in the Antikythera Mechanism |journal=Proceedings of Science |date=29 March 2013 |page=018 |doi=10.22323/1.170.0018 |url=https://pos.sissa.it/170/018/pdf |access-date=13 March 2021 |doi-access=free |archive-date=1 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101230420/https://pos.sissa.it/170/018/pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
Investigations into the object lapsed until British science historian and Yale University professor [[Derek J. de Solla Price]] became interested in 1951.<ref name=haughton2006/><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=Alexander |date=2018 |title=Like Opening a Pyramid and Finding an Atomic Bomb': Derek de Solla Price and the Antikythera Mechanism. |url=https://archive.nyu.edu/handle/2451/59843 |journal=[[Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society]] |volume=162 |issue=3 |pages=259–294 |jstor=45211597 |access-date=19 June 2022 |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816183534/https://archive.nyu.edu/handle/2451/59843 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1971, Price and Greek nuclear physicist Charalampos Karakalos made X-ray and [[Gamma camera|gamma-ray images]] of the 82 fragments. Price published a paper on their findings in 1974.<ref name="price-74" />
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Further dives were undertaken in 2014 and 2015, in the hope of discovering more of the mechanism.<ref name=NYT-20141124-JM /> A five-year programme of investigations began in 2014 and ended in October 2019, with a new five-year session starting in May 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://greece.greekreporter.com/2019/10/18/important-new-discoveries-from-greeces-ancient-antikythera-shipwreck/|last=Kampouris|first=Nick|title=Important New Discoveries from Greece's Ancient Antikythera Shipwreck|newspaper=Greekreporter.com|date=18 October 2019|language=en-US|access-date=26 June 2020|archive-date=19 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919200631/https://greece.greekreporter.com/2019/10/18/important-new-discoveries-from-greeces-ancient-antikythera-shipwreck/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.laskaridisfoundation.org/en/ta-nea-eyrimata-tis-ypovrychias-archaiologikis-ereynas-sto-nayagio-ton-antikythiron/|title=The new findings from the underwater archaeological research at the Antikythera Shipwreck|date=18 October 2019|website=Aikaterini Laskaridis Foundation|language=en-US|access-date=23 January 2020|archive-date=18 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118223807/http://www.laskaridisfoundation.org/en/ta-nea-eyrimata-tis-ypovrychias-archaiologikis-ereynas-sto-nayagio-ton-antikythiron/|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
In 2022 researchers proposed the mechanism's initial calibration date, not construction date, could have been 23 December 178 BC. Other experts propose 204 BC as a more likely calibration date.<ref name="AT-20220412"/><ref name="ARX-20220328"/> Machines with similar complexity did not appear again until the fourteenth century, with early examples being [[astronomical clock]]s of [[Richard of Wallingford]] and [[Giovanni Dondi dell'Orologio|Giovanni de' Dondi]] in the fourteenth century.<ref name=marchant-06 />
 
== Design ==
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====Front face====
The front dial has two concentric circular scales. The inner scale marks the Greek signs of the zodiac, with division in degrees. The outer scale, which is a moveablemovable ring that sits flush with the surface and runs in a channel, is marked off with what appear to be days and has a series of corresponding holes beneath the ring in the channel.
 
Since the discovery of the mechanism more than a century ago, this outer ring has been presumed to represent thea 365&nbsp;-day Egyptian solar calendar, but recent research (Budiselic, et al., 2020) challenged this presumption and provided direct statistical evidence itthere isare most354 likelyintervals, dividedsuggesting intoa 354lunar intervalscalendar.<ref name=budiselic>{{cite report |author1=Budiselic |display-authors=etalet al |date=December 2020 |title=Antikythera mechanism: Evidence of a lunar calendar |place=Newark, UK |publisher=British Horological Institute |website=BHI.Co.UK |url=https://bhi.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/BHI-Antikythera-Mechanism-Evidence-of-a-Lunar-Calendar.pdf |access-date=12 December 2020 |archive-date=13 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213144005/https://bhi.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/BHI-Antikythera-Mechanism-Evidence-of-a-Lunar-Calendar.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Since this initial discovery, two research teams, using different methods, independently calculated the interval count. Woan and Bayley calculate 354-355354–355 intervals using two different methods, confirming with higher accuracy the Budiselic et al. findings and noting that "365 holes is not plausible.".<ref>{{cite report |author1=Woan and BayleyarXiv |date=February 2024 |title= An improved calendar ring hole-count for the Antikythera mechanism |urleprint=https://arxiv.org/pdf/2403.00040 |access-datelast1=15 AprilWoan 2024|first1= Graham |archive-datelast2=29 FebruaryBayley 2024|first2= Joseph |archive-urlclass=https://arxiv physics.org/pdf/2403.00040.pdf |urlhist-status=liveph }}</ref> Malin and Dickens' weightedbest estimate is 354352.83±51.65 and concludeconcluded that the number of holes (N) "has to be integral and the SE ([[standard error]]) of 1.5 indicates that there is less than a 5% probability that N is not one of the six values in the range 350 to 355. The chances of N being as high as 365 are less than 1 in 10,000. While other contenders cannot be ruled out, of the two values that have been proposed for N on astronomical grounds, that of Budiselic et al. (354) is "by far the more likely."<ref intervalname=budiselic count./><ref>{{cite report |author1= Malin and Dickens |date=April 2024 |title=How Many Days in an Egyptian Year? Evidence from the Antikythera Mechanism |page= 144 |place=Newark, UK |publisher=British Horological Institute |website=BHI.Co.UK |url=https://bhi.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/04-HJApril24-AOTM.pdf |access-date=15 April 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Woan |first1=Graham |last2=Bayley |first2=Joseph |title=An improved calendar ring hole-count for the Antikythera mechanism |journal=The Horological Journal |date=July 2024 |arxiv=2403.00040 |url=https://bhi.co.uk/wp-statuscontent/uploads/2024/06/07-HJJuly24-AOTM-2.pdf |access-date=live4 July 2024}}</ref>
 
If one subscribes to the 365&nbsp;day presumption, it is recognized the mechanism predates the [[Julian calendar]] reform, but the [[Sothic cycle|Sothic]] and [[Callippus|Callippic]] cycles had already pointed to a {{sfrac|365|1|4}}&nbsp;day solar year, as seen in [[Ptolemy III Euergetes|Ptolemy&nbsp;III]]'s attempted calendar reform of 238&nbsp;BC. The dials are not believed to reflect his proposed leap day ([[Epag.]]&nbsp;6), but the outer calendar dial may be moved against the inner dial to compensate for the effect of the extra quarter-day in the solar year by turning the scale backward one day every four years.
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|-
| Α || {{lang|grc|ΑΙΓΟΚΕΡΩΣ ΑΡΧΕΤΑΙ<br />ΑΝΑΤΕΛΛΕΙΝ [...] Α}} || [[Capricorn (constellation)|Capricorn]] begins to rise
|rowspan="11" style="background:white;"| &nbsp; <!-- blank column to separate separate sides -->
| Ι || ΚΡΙΟΣ ΑΡΧΕΤΑΙ ΕΠΙΤΕΛΛΕΙΝ<br />[...] Α || [[Aries (constellation)|Aries]] begins to rise
|-
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|-
<!-- | || || -->
|rowspan="2;" colspan="3;" style="background:white;"| &nbsp;
| Ρ || ΑΕΤΟΣ ΕΠΙΤΕΛΛΕΙ ΕΣΠΕΡΙΟΣ || [[Altair]] rises in the evening
|-
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|-
| Α || ΧΗΛΑΙ ΑΡΧΟΝΤΑ<br />ΕΠΙΤΕΛΛΕΙΝ [...] Α || [[Libra (constellation)|Libra]] begins to rise
|rowspan=12 style="background:white;"| &nbsp; <!-- blank column to separate separate sides -->
| Μ || ΚΑΡΚΙΝΟΣ ΑΡΧΕΤΑΙ<br />[...] Α || [[Cancer (constellation)|Cancer]] begins {to rise}
|-
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This evidence that the Antikythera mechanism was not unique adds support to the idea that there was an ancient Greek tradition of complex mechanical technology that was later, at least in part, transmitted to the Byzantine and [[Islamic Golden Age|Islamic worlds]], where mechanical devices which were complex, albeit simpler than the Antikythera mechanism, were built during the [[Middle Ages]].<ref name="charette-06" /> Fragments of a geared calendar attached to a sundial, from the fifth or sixth century [[Byzantine Empire]], have been found; the calendar may have been used to assist in telling time.<ref name="madison-85" /> In the Islamic world, [[Banū Mūsā]]'s ''[[Book of Ingenious Devices|Kitab al-Hiyal]]'', or ''Book of Ingenious Devices'', was commissioned by the [[Caliph of Baghdad]] in the early 9th century AD. This text described over a hundred mechanical devices, some of which may date back to ancient Greek texts preserved in [[Monastery|monasteries]]. A geared calendar similar to the Byzantine device was described by the scientist [[al-Biruni]] around 1000, and a surviving 13th-century [[astrolabe]] also contains a similar clockwork device.<ref name="madison-85" /> It is possible that this medieval technology may have been transmitted to Europe and contributed to the development of mechanical clocks there.<ref name="marchant-06" />
 
In the 11th century, Chinese polymath [[Su Song]] constructed a mechanical clock tower that told (among other measurements) the position of some stars and planets, which were shown on a mechanically rotated [[armillary sphere]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/songdynasty-module/tech-experiment.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210826131722/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/songdynasty-module/tech-experiment.html|archive-date = 26 August 2021|title = The Song Dynasty in China &#124;{{pipe}} Asia for Educators}}</ref>
 
== Popular culture and museum replicas ==
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A functioning [[Lego]] reconstruction of the Antikythera mechanism was built in 2010 by hobbyist Andy Carol, and featured in a short film produced by Small Mammal in 2011.<ref name=pavlus/>
 
On 17 May 2017, [[Google]] marked the 115th anniversary of the discovery with a [[Google Doodle]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Staff |title=115 Anniversary of the Antikythera Mechanism Discovery |url=https://wwwdoodles.google.com/doodlesdoodle/115th-anniversary-of-the-antikythera-mechanisms-discovery/ |date=17 May 2017 |work=[[Google]] |access-date=17 May 2017 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224225706/http://www.google.com/doodles/115th-anniversary-of-the-antikythera-mechanisms-discovery |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Smith |first=Reiss |title=What is the Antikythera mechanism? Google Doodle marks discovery of ancient Greek computer |url=http://www.express.co.uk/life-style/science-technology/805587/Antikythera-mechanism-Google-Doodle-discovery-anniversary-ancient-Greek-computer |date=17 May 2017 |work=[[BBC]] |access-date=17 May 2017 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125081343/https://www.express.co.uk/life-style/science-technology/805587/Antikythera-mechanism-Google-Doodle-discovery-anniversary-ancient-Greek-computer |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
The YouTube channel Clickspring documents the creation of an Antikythera mechanism replica using the tools, techniques of machining and metallurgy, and materials that would have been available in ancient Greece,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Machining The Antikythera Mechanism - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZioPDnFPNsHnyxfygxA0to4RXv4_jDU2 |access-date=11 January 2023 |website=www.youtube.com |archive-date=22 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222064528/https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZioPDnFPNsHnyxfygxA0to4RXv4_jDU2 |url-status=live }}</ref> along with investigations into the possible technologies of the era.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Antikythera Fragments - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZioPDnFPNsGnUXuZScwn6Ackf6LGILCa |access-date=11 January 2023 |website=www.youtube.com |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111005140/https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZioPDnFPNsGnUXuZScwn6Ackf6LGILCa |url-status=live }}</ref>
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The film ''[[Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny]]'' (2023) features a plot around a fictionalized version of the mechanism (also referred to as Archimedes' Dial, the titular Dial of Destiny).<ref>{{Cite web |title='Indiana Jones And The Dial Of Destiny': Cannes Review |url=https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/indiana-jones-and-the-dial-of-destiny-cannes-review/5182251.article |access-date=19 May 2023 |website=www.screendaily.com |archive-date=19 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519025817/https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/indiana-jones-and-the-dial-of-destiny-cannes-review/5182251.article |url-status=live }}</ref> In the film, the device was built by [[Archimedes]] as a [[Time travel|temporal mapping system]], and sought by a former Nazi scientist as a way to travel back in time and help Germany win World War II.
 
On 8 February 08th of, 2024, a 10X scale replica of the mechanism was built, installed, and inaugurated at the [[University of Sonora]] in [[Hermosillo]], [[Sonora]], [[Mexico]].<ref>https://www.mfa.gr/missionsabroad/el/mexico/news/egkainia-tou-monadikou-ston-kosmo-antigraphou-en-leitourgia-tou-mekhanismou-ton-antikuthuron-sto-panepistemio-tes-politeias-sonora-tou-mexikou-me-summetokhe-tou-presbe-tes-ellados-sto-mexiko-kotroko.html</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.elimparcial.com/son/sonora/2024/02/09/presenta-unison-mecanismo-antikythera-monumental-es-la-unica-replica-funcional-en-el-mundo/ | title=Presenta Unison Mecanismo Antikythera Monumental ¡Es la única réplica funcional en el mundo! {{pipe}} Noticias de Sonora {{pipe}} el Imparcial }}</ref> With the name of Monumental Antikythera Mechanism for Hermosillo (MAMH), Dr. Alfonso performed the inauguration.
Durazo Montaño, Governor of Sonora and Dr. Maria Rita Plancarte Martinez, Chancellor of the Universidad de Sonora. The Ambassador of Greece, Mr. Nikolaos Koutrokois, and a delegation from the Embassy.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://hub.uoa.gr/en/astronomical-clock-of-the-antikythera-mechanism/ | title=Inauguration of the first operational astronomical clock based on studies by scholars from NKUA and University of Sonora on the Antikythera Mechanism | date=9 February 2024 }}</ref>
 
== See also ==
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<ref name=amrp-movie-bbc>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01hlkcq|title=BBC Four - The Two-Thousand-Year-Old Computer|website=BBC|access-date=23 August 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713093445/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01hlkcq|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name=amrp-movie-nova>{{cite episode| series=Nova| network=PBS| url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/ancient-computer.html| title=Ancient Computer| access-date=13 May 2014}}</ref>
<ref name=pavlus>{{cite web| last=Pavlus| first=John| title=Small Mammal, Behind the Scenes: Lego Antikythera Mechanism| date=9 December 2010| url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=RLPVCJjTNgk| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211107/RLPVCJjTNgk| archive-date=7 November 2021 | url-status=live| publisher=Small Mammal| access-date=19 July 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
<ref name=amrp-exhib>{{cite web| title=Exhibitions| url=http://www.antikythera-mechanism.gr/events/exhibitions| publisher=The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project| access-date=22 December 2017| archive-date=19 May 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519062843/http://antikythera-mechanism.gr/events/exhibitions| url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}
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* {{Cite journal | name-list-style=amp | date = 2000 | title = The Antikythera Mechanism: Still a Mystery of Greek Astronomy | journal = [[Astronomy & Geophysics]] | volume = 41 | issue = 6 | pages = 6–10 |bibcode = 2000A&G....41f..10E | doi = 10.1046/j.1468-4004.2000.41610.x | author = Edmunds, Mike | author2 = Morgan, Philip | doi-access = free }}
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* {{cite news |last=Ferreira |first=Becky |date=5 July 2024 |title=Cosmic Research Hints at Mysterious Ancient Computer’s Purpose |work=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/05/science/antikythera-mechanism-gravitational-waves-lunar.html |access-date=12 July 2024}}
* {{Cite journal | date = 2002 | title = The Antikythera Mechanism: 1. Challenging the Classic Research | journal = Mediterranean Archeology and Archeaometry | volume = 2 | issue = 1 | pages = 21–35 | author = Freeth, T. | url = http://maajournal.com/Issues/2002/Vol02-1/Full3.pdf | archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://maajournal.com/Issues/2002/Vol02-1/Full3.pdf | archive-date = 9 October 2022 | url-status = live }}
* {{Cite journal | date = 2002 | title = The Antikythera Mechanism: 2. Is it Posidonius' Orrery? | journal = Mediterranean Archeology and Archeaometry | volume = 2 | issue = 2 | pages = 45–58 | author = Freeth, T. | bibcode=2002MAA.....2...45F}}
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* {{cite journal | year = 2009 | title = Decoding an Ancient Computer | journal = Scientific American | volume = 301 | issue = 6 | pages = 76–83 | doi = 10.1038/scientificamerican1209-76 | pmid=20058643| author = Freeth, T. | bibcode = 2009SciAm.301f..76F }}
* {{Cite journal | date = 2012 | title = The Cosmos in the Antikythera Mechanism | journal = ISAW Papers | volume = 4 | url = http://dlib.nyu.edu/awdl/isaw/isaw-papers/4/ | author = Freeth, T. | author2 = Jones, A. | access-date = 4 April 2013 | archive-date = 27 February 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140227194113/http://dlib.nyu.edu/awdl/isaw/isaw-papers/4/ | url-status = live }}
* {{cite journal | year = 2022 | title = An Ancient Greek Astronomical Calculation Machine Reveals New Secrets | journal = Scientific American | volume = 326 | issue = 1 | pages = 24–33 | url = https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/an-ancient-greek-astronomical-calculation-machine-reveals-new-secrets/ | doi = 10.1038/scientificamerican0122-24 | pmid = | author = Freeth, T. | doi-broken-date = 31 January 2024 | bibcode = | access-date = 18 April 2023 | archive-date = 23 March 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230323142308/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/an-ancient-greek-astronomical-calculation-machine-reveals-new-secrets/ | url-status = live }}
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* {{Cite book |title=Ancient Inventions |date=1995 |publisher=Ballantine |isbn=978-0-345-40102-1 |author=James, Peter |author2=Thorpe, Nick |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientinvention00jame }}
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* {{Cite book | title=Observations and Predictions of Eclipse Times by Early Astronomers | date=2000 | publisher=Kluwer | isbn=978-0-7923-6298-2 | author=Steele, J. M. }}
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* {{cite web |author=<!--staff authors--> |date=10 July 2024 |title=Astronomers Shed Light on Antikythera Mechanism’s Calendar Ring |website=SciNews |url=https://www.sci.news/archaeology/antikythera-mechanisms-calendar-ring-13085.html |access-date=12 July 2024}}
* {{Cite journal | last = Spinellis | first = Diomidis | date = May 2008 | title = The Antikythera Mechanism: A Computer Science Perspective | url = http://www.dmst.aueb.gr/dds/pubs/jrnl/2008-Computer-Antikythera/html/Spi08d.htm | journal = Computer | volume = 41 | issue = 5 | pages = 22–27 | doi = 10.1109/MC.2008.166 | s2cid = 25254859 | author-link = Diomidis Spinellis | citeseerx = 10.1.1.144.2297 | access-date = 24 May 2008 | archive-date = 26 January 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210126013241/https://www2.dmst.aueb.gr/dds/pubs/jrnl/2008-Computer-Antikythera/html/Spi08d.htm | url-status = live }}
* {{Cite book | title=Historical Eclipses and the Earth's Rotation | date=1997 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-0-521-46194-8 | author=Stephenson, F. R. }}
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{{Commons category|Antikythera Mechanism}}
 
*[https://arstechnica.com/science/2024/07/antikythera-mechanisms-calendar-ring-likely-tracked-the-lunar-calendar/ New Antikythera mechanism analysis challenges century-old assumption - Arstechnica - Jennifer Ouellette - 7/10/2024]
* {{cite web|first=Thomas |last=Weibel |url=https://www.thomasweibel.ch/antikythera |title=The Antikythera Mechanism |work=Animated model of the Antikythera Mechanismmechanism in [[Virtualvirtual Realityreality]]}}
* {{cite web |first=Fivos |last=Asimakopoulos |url=http://www.etl.uom.gr/mr/index.php?mypage=antikythera_sim |title=3D model simulation |work=Manos Roumeliotis's Simulation and Animation of the Antikythera Mechanism page |publisher=The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project }}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/user/antikythera2012|title=Videos|author=The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project|website=YouTube|access-date=24 July 2017}}
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