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→top: Change the word "appositions" to "appositives" in the sentence starting with the adverb "Traditionally". When the word "apposition" is used, it is typically in a prepositional phrase such as "in apposition", and [hence] it is a "mass" noun (= an "uncountable" noun), which is not suitable for being "pluralized" by adding a suffix such as the letter "s". The correct use of the countable noun "appositive" (singular or plural, without or with an "s"), is introduced earlier in this article. |
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{{Short description|Modifying noun phrases by placing them next to each other}}
{{about|the grammatical construction}} {{distinguish|text=[[dislocation (syntax)|dislocation]]s, an apposition-like structure whose elements are not placed side by side|opposition (disambiguation)}}
{{distinguish|adposition}}
'''Apposition''' is a [[grammatical]] construction in which two elements, normally [[noun phrases]], are placed side by side so one element identifies the other in a different way. The two elements are said to be ''in apposition'', and one of the elements is called the '''appositive''', but its identification requires consideration of how the elements are used in a sentence.
For example, in these sentences, the phrases ''Alice Smith'' and ''my sister'' are in apposition, with the appositive identified with italics:
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* Alice Smith, ''my sister'', likes jelly beans.
Traditionally,
Apposition is a figure of speech of the [[scheme (linguistics)|scheme]] type and often results when the verbs (particularly verbs of being) in supporting clauses are eliminated to produce shorter descriptive phrases. That makes them often function as [[hyperbaton]]s, or figures of disorder, because they can disrupt the flow of a sentence. For example, in the phrase: "My wife, a surgeon by training,...", it is necessary to pause before the parenthetical modification "a surgeon by training".
==Restrictive versus non-restrictive==
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* ''My brother''<sup>P</sup> ''Nathan''<sup>A</sup> is here. <small>– Restrictive: I have several brothers, and the one named Nathan is here.</small>
* ''My brother''<sup>P</sup>, ''Nathan''<sup>A</sup>, is here. <small>– Non-restrictive: I have only one brother and, as an aside, his name is Nathan.</small>
If there is any doubt that the appositive is non-restrictive, it is safer to use the restrictive punctuation.{{
A [[
* ''My sister''<sup>P</sup>, ''Alice Smith''<sup>A</sup>, likes jelly beans. <small>– The appositive is the noun phrase ''Alice Smith''.</small>
* ''My sister''<sup>P</sup>, ''a doctor whose name is Alice Smith''<sup>A</sup>, likes jelly beans. <small>– The appositive is the noun phrase with dependent relative clause ''a doctor whose name is Alice Smith''.</small>
* My sister, whose name is Alice Smith, likes jelly beans. <small>– There is no appositive. There is a relative clause: ''whose name is Alice Smith''.</small>
More examples:
[[Zero article]]:
* The English writer Agatha Christie, ''author'' of nearly a hundred mystery novels and stories, was born in 1891.
==Examples==
{{Multiple issues|section=yes|
{{
{{original research|section|date=June 2020}}
}}
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* ''A staunch supporter of democracy'', Ann campaigned against the king's authoritarian rule. <small>– Indicates the reason for Ann's actions.</small>
A
Appositive phrases can also serve as definitions:
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* In English:
** "Appositive oblique", a prepositional phrase with ''of'' as in: ''the month of December'', ''the sin of pride'', or ''the city of New York''. That has also been invoked as an explanation for the [[English possessive#Double genitive|double genitive]]: ''a friend of mine''.<ref>Chapter 5, §14.3 (pages 447–448), Rodney Huddleston, Geoffrey K. Pullum, ''The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. {{ISBN|0-521-43146-8}}</ref>
** The ending ''-'s'' as in ''[[In Dublin's Fair City]]''
* In Classical Greek:
** "Genitive of explanation" as in {{lang-gr
* In Japanese:
** Postpositive ''no'' as in: {{lang-ja
* In Biblical Hebrew:
**[[Hebrew grammar#Noun construct|Construct]], "genitive of association" as in: {{lang-he|גַּן עֵדֶן|Gan 'Ēden}}, "the
==See also==
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* [[Purdue OWL]]: [https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/596/01/ Appositives]
* [https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-74628-7_38 Appositions Versus Double Subject Sentences – What Information the Speech Analysis Brings to a Grammar Debate]
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Rhetoric]]
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