Content deleted Content added
m v2.05 - Fix errors for CW project (Unicode control characters - ISBN with incorrect syntax) |
Citation bot (talk | contribs) Misc citation tidying. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by AManWithNoPlan | #UCB_toolbar |
||
Line 17:
In the [[First World War]] the [[belligerents]] built underground shelters, called [[Dugout (military)|dugouts]] in [[English language|English]], while the Germans used the term ''Bunker''.<ref>Harry Horstmann, ''Der Soldat: In Sprache und Tradition'' (2010), p. 153.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dwds.de/wb/Bunker |title=DWDS – Bunker |access-date=2016-11-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116103616/https://www.dwds.de/wb/Bunker |archive-date=16 November 2016}} Das Wortauskunftssystem zur deutschen Sprache in Geschichte und Gegenwart</ref> By the [[Second World War]] the term came to be used by the Germans to describe permanent structures both large: [[blockhouse]], and small: [[Pillbox (military)|pillbox]], and to bombproof shelters both above ground (as in ''[[Hochbunker]]'') and below ground (such as the ''[[Führerbunker]]'').<ref>"The German term Bunker was used to denote a type of shelter which was of permanent construction. It can be distinguished from the improvised type built in cellars or by reinforcing ordinary buildings. Bunkers were of two types: underground and tower" ({{cite book|author=Morale Division|year=1945|title=The effect of bombing on health and medical care in Germany| volume=65 |series=Reports: European war, United States Strategic Bombing Survey |edition=2 |publisher=United States War Department|page=189 (footnote "*")}})</ref>
The military sense of the word was imported into English during World War II, at first in reference to specifically German dug-outs; according to the [[Oxford English Dictionary]], the sense of "military dug-out; a reinforced concrete shelter" is first recorded on 13 October 1939, in "A Nazi field gun hidden in a cemented 'bunker' on the Western front".<ref name="OED">''War Pictorial'', cited after {{cite book|chapter=bunker, n.1.c|title=Oxford English Dictionary|publisher=Oxford University Press|edition=Second |orig-year=1989|date=December 2011|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/24799}} {{subscription required}}</ref> All the early references to its usage in the Oxford English Dictionary are to German fortifications. However, in the [[South-East Asian theatre of World War II|Far East]] the term was also applied to the earth and log positions built by the Japanese, the term appearing in a 1943 instruction manual issued by the [[British Indian Army]] and quickly gaining wide currency.<ref>{{cite book|author=Tim Moreman|title=The Jungle, Japanese and the British Commonwealth Armies at War, 1941-45: Fighting Methods, Doctrine and Training for Jungle Warfare|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QcKWCEHQ1jYC&pg=PA98|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-76455-5|page=98}}</ref>
By 1947 the word was familiar enough in English that [[Hugh Trevor-Roper]] in ''The Last Days of Hitler'' was describing [[Führerbunker|Hitler's underground complex]] near the [[New Reich Chancellery|Reich Chancellery]] as "Hitler's own bunker" without quotes around the word bunker.<ref name=OED/>
| |||