Bunyavirales: Difference between revisions

{{shortShort description|Order of negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses}}

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| subdivision_ref = <ref name=ICTV >{{cite web |title=Virus Taxonomy: 20182020 Release |url=https://talkictv.ictvonline.orgglobal/taxonomy/ |websitepublisher=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) |access-date=30March January 20192021 |languageaccess-date=en19 |date=OctoberMay 20182021}}</ref>

* ''[[Arenaviridae]]''

* ''[[Cruliviridae]]''

* ''[[Fimoviridae]]''

* ''[[Hantaviridae]]''

* ''[[Leishbunyaviridae]]''

* ''[[Mypoviridae]]''

* ''[[Nairoviridae]]''

* ''[[Peribunyaviridae]]''

* ''[[Phasmaviridae]]''

* ''[[Phenuiviridae]]''

* ''[[Tospoviridae]]''

* ''[[Wupedeviridae]]''

'''''Bunyavirales''''' is an order of segmented [[Negative-strand RNA virus|negative-strand RNA virusesvirus]]es with mostlymainly tripartite genomes. ItMember isviruses theinfect only[[arthropod]]s, order[[plant]]s, in[[protozoa]]ns, theand class '''''Ellioviricetes'''''[[vertebrate]]s.<ref name=ICTV":0">{{citationCite journal|titlelast1=VirusHerath|first1=Venura|last2=Romay|first2=Gustavo|last3=Urrutia|first3=Cesar Taxonomy: 2018 ReleaseD.|last4=Verchot|first4=Jeanmarie|date=September 2020|publishertitle=InternationalFamily CommitteeLevel onPhylogenies TaxonomyReveal Relationships of Plant Viruses within the Order Bunyavirales|urljournal=https://talkViruses|language=en|volume=12|issue=9|pages=1010|doi=10.ictvonline.org3390/taxonomy/ v12091010|access-datepmid=201832927652|pmc=7551631|doi-12-02access=free}}</ref> It is the only order in the class '''''Ellioviricetes'''''.<ref name=ICTV /> The name ''Bunyavirales'' derives from [[Bunyamwera]],<ref name="ICTV9">{{cite web |title=ICTV 9th Report (2011) ''Bunyaviridae'' |url=https://talkictv.ictvonline.orgglobal/ictv-reports/ictv_9th_report/negative-sense-rna-viruses-2011/w/negrna_virusesreport/205chapter/bunyaviridaeperibunyaviridae |website=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) |access-date=31 January 2019 |language=en |quote=Bunya: from Bunyamwera, place in Uganda, where type virus was isolated.}}</ref> where the original [[type species]] ''[[Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus]]'' was first discovered.<ref name="Smithburn">{{cite journal |last1=Smithburn |first1=K. C. |last2=Haddow |first2=A. J. |last3=Mahaffy |first3=A. F. |title=A Neurotropic Virus Isolated from Aedes Mosquitoes Caught in the Semliki Forest |journal=The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=March 1946 |volume=s1-26 |issue=2 |pages=189–208 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.1946.s1-26.189 |pmid=21020339 |language=en |issn=1476-1645 |oclc=677158400}}</ref> ''Ellioviricetes'' is named in honor of late virologist [[Richard M. Elliott (virologist)|Richard M. Elliott]] for his early work on bunyaviruses.<ref name="2017.006M">{{cite web |last1=Wolf |first1=Yuri |last2=Krupovic |first2=Mart |last3=Zhang |first3=Yong Zhen |author-link3=Zhang Yongzhen |last4=Maes |first4=Piet |last5=Dolja |first5=Valerian |last6=Koonin |first6=Eugene V. |last7=Kuhn |first7=Jens H. |title=Megataxonomy of negative-sense RNA viruses |url=https://talk.ictvonline.org/cfs-file/__key/telligent-evolution-components-attachments/13-237-00-00-00-00-76-13/2017.006M.A.v1.Negarnaviricota.docx |website=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) |access-date=12 January 2019 |language=en |format=docx}}{{dead link|date=January 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

[[Hantavirus|Hantaviruses]]es are another medically important member of the order ''Bunyvirales''. They are found worldwide, and are relatively common in [[Korea]], [[Scandinavia]] (including [[Finland]]), [[Russia]], western North America and parts of South America. Hantavirus infections are associated with high fever, lung edema, and pulmonary failure. The mortality rate varies significantly depending on the form, being up to 50% in New World hantaviruses (the Americas), up to 15% in Old World hantaviruses (Asia and Europe), and as little as 0.1% in [[Puumala virus]] (mostly Scandinavia).<ref>{{cite journal | author1=Walter Muranyi | author2=Udo Bahr | author3=Martin Zeier | author4=Fokko J. van der Woude | year=2005 | title=Hantavirus Infection | journal=Journal of the American Society of Nephrology | volume=16 | issue=12 |pages=3669–3679 | doi=10.1681/ASN.2005050561 | pmid=16267154 | doi-access=free }}</ref> The antibody reaction plays an important role in decreasing levels of [[viremia]].

[[File:Peribunyavirus_virion_structurePeribunyavirus virion structure.gif|thumb|Peribunyavirus virion structure]]

Bunyavirus [[morphology (biology)|morphology]] is somewhat similar to that of the ''[[Paramyxoviridae]]'' family; ''Bunyavirales'' form enveloped, spherical virions with diameters of 80–120 [[nanometer|nm]]. These viruses contain no matrix proteins.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bunyaviridae - Negative Sense RNA Viruses - Negative Sense RNA Viruses (2011)|url=https://talkictv.ictvonline.orgglobal/ictv-reportsreport/ictv_9th_reportchapter/negative-sense-rna-viruses-2011/w/negrna_viruses/205/bunyaviridaeperibunyaviridae|access-date=2020-09-08|website=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)|language=en}}</ref> Instead, the viral surface glycoproteins which form a continuous layer on the virion surface are thought to play a role in the formation of new virions by budding from a cell membrane.<ref name="pmid20219926">{{cite journal| author=Huiskonen JT, Hepojoki J, Laurinmäki P, Vaheri A, Lankinen H, Butcher SJ | display-authors=etal| title=Electron cryotomography of Tula hantavirus suggests a unique assembly paradigm for enveloped viruses. | journal=J Virol | year= 2010 | volume= 84 | issue= 10 | pages= 4889-97 | pmid=20219926 | doi=10.1128/JVI.00057-10 | pmc=2863824 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20219926 }} </ref>

Most bunyaviruses have a negative-sense L and M segment. The S segment of the genus ''[[Phlebovirus]]'',<ref name="phlebovirus">{{cite journal |last1=Elliott |first1=Richard M |last2=Brennan |first2=Benjamin |title=Emerging phleboviruses |journal=Current Opinion in Virology |date=April 2014 |volume=5 |issue=100 |pages=50–57 |doi=10.1016/j.coviro.2014.01.011|pmid=24607799 |pmc=4031632 }}</ref> and both M and S segment of the genus ''[[Tospovirus]]'' are [[ambisense]].<ref name="tospovirus">{{cite journal |last1=Lima |first1=R. N. |last2=De Oliveira |first2=A. S. |last3=Leastro |first3=M. O. |last4=Blawid |first4=R. |last5=Nagata |first5=T. |last6=Resende |first6=R. O. |last7=Melo |first7=F. L. |title=The complete genome of the tospovirus Zucchini lethal chlorosis virus |journal=Virology Journal |date=7 July 2016 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=123 |doi=10.1186/s12985-016-0577-4|pmid=27388209 |pmc=4936248 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Ambisense means that some of the genes on the RNA strand are negative sense and others are positive sense. The ambisense S segment codes for the viral [[nucleoprotein]] (N) in the negative sense and a [[NonstructuralBunyaviridae nonstructural S Proteinproteins|nonstructural protein]] (NSs) in the positive sense. The ambisense M segment codes for [[glycoprotein]] (GP) in the negative sense and a nonstructural protein (NSm) in the positive sense.<ref name="tospovirus" />

=== ReplicationLife cycle ===

[[File:ONSR.Nairo.Fig3.v2_WEBv2 WEB.png|thumb|Nairovirus life cycle.]]

The ambisense genome requires two rounds of transcription to be carried out. First, the negative-sense RNA is transcribed to produce mRNA and a full-length replicative intermediate. From this intermediate, a subgenomic mRNA encoding the small segment nonstructural protein is produced while the polymerase produced following the first round of transcription can now replicate the full-length RNA to produce viral genomes.{{cn|date=October 2022}}

Bunyaviruses replicate in the [[cytoplasm]], while the viral proteins transit through the [[endoplasmic reticulum|ER]] and [[Golgi apparatus]]. Mature virions bud from the Golgi apparatus into vesicles which are transported to the cell surface.{{cn|date=October 2022}}

=== ClassificationTransmission ===

Bunyaviruses that cause disease in humans include:{{cn|date=April 2023}}

* [[California encephalitis virus]], [[Jamestown Canyon virus]], [[La Crosse encephalitis virus]], [[JamestownOropouche Canyon virusorthobunyavirus]], and [[Snowshoe hare virus]] (vector: mosquitoes; Familyfamily: Peribunyaviridae);

* [[Hantavirus]] reservoir: small mammals or rodents (vector: aerosolized excreta from these mammals; Familyfamily: Hantaviridae);

* [[Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever]] reservoir and (vector: ticks,; amplifying hosts and vector: small mammals, domestic mammals; Familyfamily: [[Nairoviridae]]);

* [[Rift Valley fever]] (reservoir: bats; vector: mosquitoes; amplifying hosts: small mammals,and domestic mammals; Familyfamily: [[Phenuiviridae]]);

* [[Bwamba Fever]] (reservoir: monkeys; vector: mosquitoes,; amplifying hosts: donkeys; Familyfamily: Peribunyaviridae);

* [[Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome]] (vector: ticks);

* [[Lassa fever]] and [[Argentine hemorrhagic fever]] (reservoir: rodents; vector: aerosolized excreta from these mammals; Familyfamily: Arenaviridae).

Bunyaviruses have segmented genomes, making them capable of rapid recombinationreassortment and increasing the risk of outbreak.<ref>{{Citation| doi = 10.1016/j.virol.2013.07.030| title = Viruses of the family Bunyaviridae: Are all available isolates reassortants?| date = November 2013| last1 = Briese| first1 = Thomas| last2 = Calisher| first2 = Charles H.| last3 = Higgs| first3 = Stephen| journal = Virology| volume = 446| issue = 1–2| pages = 207–216| pmid = 24074583| hdl = 2097/17679| hdl-access = free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.3390/v6114373| issn = 1999-4915| volume = 6| issue = 11| pages = 4373–4397| last1 = Horne| first1 = Kate McElroy| last2 = Vanlandingham| first2 = Dana L.| title = Bunyavirus-Vector Interactions| journal = Viruses| date = 2014-11-13| pmid = 25402172| pmc = 4246228| doi-access = free}}</ref> The bunyavirus that causes [[severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome]] can undergo recombination both by reassortment of [[genome]] segments and by intragenic [[homologous recombination]].<ref>Lv Q, Zhang H, Tian L, Zhang R, Zhang Z, Li J, Tong Y, Fan H, Carr MJ, Shi W. Novel sub-lineages, recombinants and reassortants of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2017 Mar;8(3):385-390. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.12.015. Epub 2017 Jan 3. {{PMID|28117273}}</ref><ref>He CQ, Ding NZ. Discovery of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome bunyavirus strains originating from intragenic recombination. J Virol. 2012 Nov;86(22):12426-30. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01317-12. Epub 2012 Aug 29. {{PMID|22933273}}</ref> Bunyaviridae are transmitted by hematophagous arthropods including mosquitoes, midges, flies, and ticks. The viral incubation period is about 48 hours. Symptomatic infection typically causes non-specific [[flu-like]] symptoms with fever lasting for about three days. Because of their [[non-specific symptoms]], Bunyavirus infections are frequently mistaken for other illnesses. For example, Bwamba fever is often mistaken for malaria.<ref>{{Cite book| edition = 6| publisher = Mosby| isbn = 9780323054706| author = Patrick R. Murray, Ken S. Rosenthal and Michael A. Pfaller|title = Medical Microbiology, 6e| location = Philadelphia| date = 2008-12-24}}</ref>

Prevention depends on the reservoir, amplifying hosts and how the viruses are transmitted, i.e. the vector, whether ticks or mosquitoes and which animals are involved. Preventive measures include general hygiene, limiting contact with vector saliva, urine, feces, or bedding. There is no licensed vaccine for bunyaviruses. As precautions Cache Valley virus and Hantavirus research are conducted in BSL-2 (or higher), Rift Valley Fever virus research is conducted in BSL-3 (or higher), Congo-Crimean Hemorrhagic Fever virus research is conducted in BSL-4 laboratories.{{cn|date=October 2022}}

* [http://www.virology.net/Big_Virology/BVRNAbunya.html The Big Picture Book of Viruses: ''Bunyaviridae''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511185402/http://www.virology.net/Big_Virology/BVRNAbunya.html |date=2016-05-11 }}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151007112957/http://vbrc.org/query.asp?web_taxonomy=Bunyaviridae Bunyaviridae Genomes]&mdash;database—database search results from the [http://www.vbrc.org/ Viral Bioinformatics Resource Center]

* {{cite web |title=''Bunyaviridae'' |work=NCBI Taxonomy Browser |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=11571 |id=11571}}