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'''''Bunyavirales''''' is an order of segmented [[Negative-strand RNA virus|negative-strand RNA viruses]] with mainly tripartite genomes. Member viruses infect It is the only order in the class '''''Ellioviricetes'''''.<ref name=ICTV>{{citation |title=Virus Taxonomy: 2018 Release |publisher=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses |url=https://talk.ictvonline.org/taxonomy/ |access-date=2018-12-02}}</ref> The name ''Bunyavirales'' derives from [[Bunyamwera]],<ref name="ICTV9">{{cite web |title=ICTV 9th Report (2011) ''Bunyaviridae'' |url=https://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv-reports/ictv_9th_report/negative-sense-rna-viruses-2011/w/negrna_viruses/205/bunyaviridae |website=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) |access-date=31 January 2019 |language=en |quote=Bunya: from Bunyamwera, place in Uganda, where type virus was isolated.}}</ref> where the original [[type species]] ''[[Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus]]'' was first discovered.<ref name="Smithburn">{{cite journal |last1=Smithburn |first1=K. C. |last2=Haddow |first2=A. J. |last3=Mahaffy |first3=A. F. |title=A Neurotropic Virus Isolated from Aedes Mosquitoes Caught in the Semliki Forest |journal=The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=March 1946 |volume=s1-26 |issue=2 |pages=189–208 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.1946.s1-26.189 |pmid=21020339 |language=en |issn=1476-1645 |oclc=677158400}}</ref> ''Ellioviricetes'' is named in honor of late virologist [[Richard M. Elliott (virologist)|Richard M. Elliott]] for his early work on bunyaviruses.<ref name="2017.006M">{{cite web |last1=Wolf |first1=Yuri |last2=Krupovic |first2=Mart |last3=Zhang |first3=Yong Zhen |last4=Maes |first4=Piet |last5=Dolja |first5=Valerian |last6=Koonin |first6=Eugene V. |last7=Kuhn |first7=Jens H. |title=Megataxonomy of negative-sense RNA viruses |url=https://talk.ictvonline.org/cfs-file/__key/telligent-evolution-components-attachments/13-237-00-00-00-00-76-13/2017.006M.A.v1.Negarnaviricota.docx |website=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) |access-date=12 January 2019 |language=en |format=docx}}</ref>
Bunyaviruses belong to the fifth group of the [[Baltimore classification|Baltimore classification system]], which includes viruses with a [[Sense (molecular biology)|negative-sense]], single-stranded RNA genome. They have an [[Viral envelope|enveloped]], spherical virion. Though generally found in [[arthropod]]s or rodents, certain viruses in this order occasionally infect humans. Some of them also infect plants.<ref name= PlyusninAElliottRM>{{cite book |editor1=Plyusnin, A |editor2=Elliott, RM | year=2011 | title=Bunyaviridae: Molecular and Cellular Biology | publisher=[[Caister Academic Press]] | isbn= 978-1-904455-90-5}}</ref> In addition, there is a group of bunyaviruses whose replication is restricted to arthropods and is known as insect-specific bunyaviruses.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Elrefaey|first1=Ahmed ME|last2=Abdelnabi|first2=Rana|last3=Rosales Rosas|first3=Ana Lucia|last4=Wang|first4=Lanjiao|last5=Basu|first5=Sanjay|last6=Delang|first6=Leen|date=September 2020|title=Understanding the Mechanisms Underlying Host Restriction of Insect-Specific Viruses|journal=Viruses|language=en|volume=12|issue=9|pages=964|doi=10.3390/v12090964|pmid=32878245|pmc=7552076|doi-access=free}}</ref>
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The total genome size ranges from 10.5 to 22.7 [[kilo base pair|kbp]].<ref name="ICTVdb">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/00.011.htm |publisher=ICTVdB—The Universal Virus Database, version 4 |title=00.011. ''Bunyaviridae'' |year=2006 |access-date=2009-01-01}}</ref>
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[[File:ONSR.Nairo.Fig3.v2_WEB.png|thumb|Nairovirus life cycle.]]
The ambisense genome requires two rounds of transcription to be carried out. First, the negative-sense RNA is transcribed to produce mRNA and a full-length replicative intermediate. From this intermediate, a subgenomic mRNA encoding the small segment nonstructural protein is produced while the polymerase produced following the first round of transcription can now replicate the full-length RNA to produce viral genomes.
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Bunyaviruses replicate in the [[cytoplasm]], while the viral proteins transit through the [[endoplasmic reticulum|ER]] and [[Golgi apparatus]]. Mature virions bud from the Golgi apparatus into vesicles which are transported to the cell surface.
[[File:Viruses-12-01010-g001-pdf-crop.jpg|thumb|Phylogenetic tree of ''Bunyavirales'']]
There are currently 383 virus species recognised in this order, organized into the following 12 families:
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