Brisbane: Difference between revisions

{{Use Australian English|date=October 2013}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}

| type = city

| name = Brisbane

| state = qld

| image = {{multiple image

| alt6 = Gallery of Modern Art

| caption6 = [[Gallery of Modern Art, Brisbane|Gallery of Modern Art]]

| alt7 = Story Bridge

| caption7 = [[Story Bridge]]

| density = 159

| density_footnotes = <ref name="auto5">{{Cite web |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/3GBRI |title=2021 Greater Brisbane, Census Community Profiles |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=1 July 2022 |archive-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630122137/https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/3GBRI |url-status=live}}</ref> (2021 GCCSA)

| force_national_map = yes

| elevation = 32

}}

 

 

The [[Moreton Bay penal settlement]] was founded in 1824 at [[Redcliffe, Queensland|Redcliffe]] as a place for secondary offenders from the [[Sydney|Sydney colony]], and soon moved to [[North Quay, Brisbane|North Quay]] in 1825 on the banks of the Brisbane River, so named for British army general and [[Governor of New South Wales]] Sir [[Thomas Brisbane]]. [[Lutheranism|German Lutherans]] established the first free settlement of [[Zion Hill Mission|Zion Hill]] at [[Nundah, Queensland|Nundah]] in 1838, and in 1859 Brisbane was chosen as Queensland's capital when [[Separation of Queensland|the state separated]] from [[New South Wales]]. By the late 19th century, the city had grown into a major [[port]] and centre of immigration. During [[World War II]], the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] command in the [[South West Pacific Area (command)|South West Pacific]] was based in the city, along with the [[MacArthur Chambers|headquarters]] for General [[Douglas MacArthur]] of the United States Army.<ref>{{cite web |title=South West Pacific campaign |url=https://www.ww2places.qld.gov.au/south-west-pacific-campaign |website=Queensland World War II Historic Places |date=30 June 2014 |access-date=22 January 2016 |publisher=[[Queensland Government]] |url-status=live |archive-date=24 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424214526/https://www.ww2places.qld.gov.au/south-west-pacific-campaign }}</ref>

 

 

A diverse city with over 36% of its metropolitan population being foreign-born, Brisbane is frequently ranked highly in lists of the [[most livable cities|most liveable cities]].<ref>{{cite web|title=2016 Census Community Profiles: Greater Brisbane|url=https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/communityprofile/3GBRI?opendocument|date=23 October 2017|website=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=1 April 2020|archive-date=12 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512032924/https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/communityprofile/3GBRI%3Fopendocument|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.broadsheet.com.au/national/city-file/article/worlds-most-liveable-cities-index-australia-melbourne-sydney-adelaide-brisbane-perth|title=Announced: Melbourne Remains the World's Second Most Liveable City|date=4 September 2019|website=Broadsheet|access-date=1 April 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727050243/https://www.broadsheet.com.au/national/city-file/article/worlds-most-liveable-cities-index-australia-melbourne-sydney-adelaide-brisbane-perth|url-status=live}}</ref> Galleries and museums are an important part of the [[Culture of Brisbane|city's culture]], with the most prominent being the [[QAGOMA|Queensland Art Gallery and Gallery of Modern Art]]. Brisbane has hosted major events including the [[1982 Commonwealth Games]], [[World Expo 88]], [[2001 Goodwill Games|the final Goodwill Games in 2001]], [[2014 G20 Brisbane summit|the 2014 G20 summit]], and will host the [[2032 Summer Olympics]] and [[2032 Summer Paralympics]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 July 2021|title=Brisbane wakes as Olympics 2032 city after IOC's landslide vote of confidence|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-07-22/qld-brisbane-olympics-bid-ioc-reaction-2032/100312862|access-date=23 July 2021|website=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|archive-date=23 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723050945/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-07-22/qld-brisbane-olympics-bid-ioc-reaction-2032/100312862|url-status=live}}</ref>

A historic nickname for Brisbane was the "Queen City of the North",<ref name="trove"/> whilst more recent for popular nicknames for the city include ''Brissie'', ''Brisvegas'', and ''the'' ''River City''.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-first = Bruce|editor1-last = Prideaux|editor2-first = Gianna|editor2-last = Moscardo|editor3-first = Eric|editor3-last = Laws|title = Managing Tourism and Hospitality Services: Theory and International Applications|chapter = The Development and Tracking of a Branding Campaign for Brisbane|first1 = Noel|last1 = Scott|first2 = Stephen|last2 = Clark|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BTGt2fvYVXUC&pg=PA310|publisher = CABI|date = 2006|isbn = 9781845930158|access-date = 25 November 2020|archive-date = 17 January 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230117222835/https://books.google.com/books?id=BTGt2fvYVXUC&pg=PA310|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="trove">{{Cite web|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/163659134?searchTerm=brisbane%20queen%20city|title= Brisbane: The Queen City of the North|last=Asher|first=Morris|date=31 July 1907|website=Trove |url-status=live|access-date=28 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928011837/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/163659134?searchTerm=brisbane%20queen%20city |archive-date=28 September 2021 }}</ref>

 

 

==History==

=== Pre-colonisation ===

{{main|History of Indigenous Australians}}

 

Archaeological evidence suggests frequent habitation around the Brisbane River, and notably at the site now known as [[Musgrave Park, Brisbane|Musgrave Park]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.linksdisk.com/roskidd/general/g2.htm |title= Aboriginal History of the Princess Alexandra Hospital Site |access-date= 17 July 2017 |author= Ros Kidd |publisher= [[Diamantina Health Care Museum]] Association Inc. |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170802185416/http://www.linksdisk.com/roskidd/general/g2.htm |archive-date= 2 August 2017}}</ref> The rivers were integral to life and supplied an abundance of food included fish, shellfish, crab, and [[prawn]]s. Good fishing places became campsites and the focus of group activities. The district was defined by open woodlands with rainforest in some pockets or bends of the Brisbane River.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Ryan |title=Indigenous Aboriginal Sites of Southside Brisbane {{!}} Mapping Brisbane History |url=https://mappingbrisbanehistory.com.au/brisbane-history-essays/brisbane-southside-history/first-australians-and-original-landscape/indigenous-sites/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824020357/https://mappingbrisbanehistory.com.au/brisbane-history-essays/brisbane-southside-history/first-australians-and-original-landscape/indigenous-sites/ |archive-date=24 August 2020 |access-date=25 August 2020 |website=mappingbrisbanehistory.com.au |language=en-US}}</ref>

===18th and 19th centuries===

{{main|European maritime exploration of Australia|Moreton Bay Penal Settlement|Early Streets of Brisbane}}

 

[[Matthew Flinders]] initially explored the Moreton Bay area on behalf of the British authorities. On 17 July 1799, Flinders landed at present-day [[Woody Point, Queensland|Woody Point]], which he named "Red Cliff Point" after the red-coloured cliffs visible from the bay.<ref>{{cite news | title = Redcliffe | work = The Sydney Morning Herald | date = 8 February 2004 | url = http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2005/02/17/1108500203689.html | access-date = 17 May 2008 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080523185157/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2005/02/17/1108500203689.html | archive-date = 23 May 2008}}</ref>

{{Cite book|last= Evans|first= Raymond|title= A History of Queensland|publisher= Cambridge University Press|year= 2007|isbn= 9780521545396|location= Port Melbourne|page= 77}}

</ref> [[Old Government House, Brisbane|Old Government House]] was constructed in 1862 to house [[George Bowen|Sir George Bowen's]] family, including his wife, the noblewoman [[Diamantina Bowen|Diamantina, Lady Bowen di Roma]]. During the tenure of [[Charles Cochrane-Baillie, 2nd Baron Lamington|Lord Lamington]], Old Government House was the likely site of the origin of [[Lamingtons]].<ref name="nzherald">{{cite web |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/7/story.cfm?c_id=7&objectid=10467101 |title=Australia: The tale of Baron Lamington and an improvised cake |author=Shrimpton, James |date=6 October 2007 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |access-date=23 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108073416/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/travel/news/article.cfm?c_id=7&objectid=10467101 |archive-date=8 November 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

During the [[War of Southern Queensland]], indigenous attacks occurred across the city, committing robberies and terrorising unarmed residents.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/data/UQ_211819/s00855804_1959_6_1_155.pdf?Expires=1635864357&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJKNBJ4MJBJNC6NLQ&Signature=gy44BvCp2SSzluSPmPfr7NYzhKa6XGafqVip0T7lBRADn3LFe3A0EI29sSPaRrwU4ePlCq4WHfkoFp7tmihCvQO0dFOSJMvIgpzpkruvYmhpLSMk2-Pa5xI0VYQVAWvT~X7BQ~BuZdsOoE6GTaTnIWvr2Jpq0s4LWZgJ204ulOGcHuGHiT~1Osr0Xk~Y3enLlJA-MJ9SsyGLQln284ITW0kNSaKbAvmVAaS0irmbsipMC-gQ-nrsdRB23-2Kczg8nyyBSuBMU4QudpLcmQ9n1YnxzKZPyaD7-PpOKoIHUagWbMh4bzfx0PXkgwvyhSqiCv4th34UBFuumTXInNTWEw__ |title=The Black War in Queensland – Outrages in Brisbane district |publisher=UQ |access-date=2 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Tribal alliances with broader agendas – Terror (psychological warfare)|author=Raymond Constant Kerkhove|journal=Cosmopolitan Civil Societies Journal|volume=6|number=3|year=2014|doi=10.5130/ccs.v6i3.4218|doi-access=free}}</ref> "Reprisal raids" took place against the "Duke of York's clan" in [[Victoria Park, Brisbane|Victoria Park]] in 1846 and 1849 by British soldiers of the [[11th Regiment of Foot|11th Regiment]], however the clan had been wrongfully targeted as the attacks on Brisbane had not been committed by the [[Turrbal]] themselves but other tribes farther north.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3709940 |title=Local Intelligence |newspaper=[[The Moreton Bay Courier]] |volume=I |issue=35 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=13 February 1847 |access-date=22 April 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531093930/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/3709940 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3712868 |title=Domestic Intelligence |newspaper=[[The Moreton Bay Courier]] |volume=IV |issue=182 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=8 December 1849 |access-date=22 April 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531093930/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/3712868 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1855, [[Dundalli]], a prominent leader during the conflict, was captured and executed by hanging at the present site of the [[General Post Office, Brisbane|GPO]].

 

The [[City Botanic Gardens]] were originally established in 1825 as a farm for the [[Moreton Bay penal settlement]], and were planted by convicts in 1825 with food crops to feed the prison colony.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brisbane-australia.com/city-botanic-gardens.html|title=City Botanical Gardens – Brisbane Visitors Guide|publisher=Brisbane Australia|access-date=21 October 2013|archive-date=13 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013020953/https://www.brisbane-australia.com/city-botanic-gardens.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1855, several acres was declared a Botanic Reserve under the Superintendent [[Walter Hill (garden curator)|Walter Hill]], a position he held until 1881.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 February 1855|title=Botanic Gardens, Brisbane|page=483|newspaper=[[New South Wales Government Gazette]]|issue=32|location=New South Wales, Australia|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article229754165|access-date=6 August 2020|via=National Library of Australia|archive-date=21 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821070644/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/229754165|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="chabg">{{cite web|url=http://www.chabg.gov.au/chabg/bg-dir/026.html|title=City Botanic Gardens (Brisbane)|last=Fagg|first=Murray|date=26 May 2009|publisher=Council of Heads of Australian Botanic Gardens|work=Australian National Botanic Gardens|access-date=2 September 2010|archive-date=18 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218235607/http://www.chabg.gov.au/chabg/bg-dir/026.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Some trees planted in the Gardens were among the first of their species to be planted in Australia, including the [[jacaranda]] and [[Delonix regia|poinciana]].<ref name="whbr">{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-10-31/why-brisbane-not-grafton-is-the-jacaranda-capital/9103110 |title=Why Brisbane, not Grafton, is the original jacaranda capital of Australia |author=Jessica Hinchliffe |access-date=1 November 2017 |date=1 November 2017 |work=ABC News |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102035717/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-10-31/why-brisbane-not-grafton-is-the-jacaranda-capital/9103110 |archive-date=2 November 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

 

 

[[Fort Lytton]] was constructed in 1882 at the mouth of the Brisbane river, to protect the city against foreign colonial powers such as [[Russia]] and [[France]], and was the only [[Moat|moated fort]] ever built in Australia.

 

Following the [[First World War]], conflict arose between returned servicemen of the [[First Australian Imperial Force]] and [[socialists]] along with other elements of society that the ex-servicemen considered to be disloyal toward Australia.<ref name=Coulthard165>Coulthard-Clark 1998, pg. 165.</ref> Over the course of 1918–1919, a series of violent demonstrations and attacks known as the [[Red Flag riots]], were waged throughout Brisbane. The most notable incident occurred on 24 March 1919, when a crowd of about 8,000 ex-servicemen clashed violently with police who were preventing them from attacking the Russian Hall in Merivale Street, [[South Brisbane]], which was known as the "Battle of Merivale Street".

[[File:Official opening of City Hall Brisbane Queensland 1930 (7960199470).jpg|thumb|The official opening of the [[Brisbane City Hall]], 1930]]

These historic buildings, along with the [[Story Bridge]] which opened in 1940, are key landmarks that help define the architectural character of the city. Following the death of [[George V of the United Kingdom|King George V]] in 1936, Albert square was widened to include the area which had been Albert Street, and renamed [[King George Square]] in honour of the King. An [[equestrian statue]] of the king and two [[Bronze]] [[Lion]] [[sculpture]]s were unveiled in 1938.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

 

In 1939, armed farmers marched on the [[Parliament House, Brisbane|Queensland Parliament]] and stormed the building in an attempt to take hostage the [[Queensland Government]] led by Labor Premier [[William Forgan Smith]], in an event that became known as the "Pineapple rebellion".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/46419048?searchTerm=queensland%20parliament%20rebellion%20pineapple|title= Raid on Parliament|date=23 August 1939|website=Trove |url-status=live|access-date=31 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031031007/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/46419048?searchTerm=queensland%20parliament%20rebellion%20pineapple |archive-date=31 October 2021 }}</ref>

During World War II, Brisbane became central to the Allied campaign, since it was the northernmost city with adequate communications facilities. From July 1942 to September 1944, AMP Building (now called [[MacArthur Central]]) was used as the headquarters for [[South West Pacific Area]] under General MacArthur. MacArthur had previously rejected use of the University of Queensland complex as his headquarters, as the distinctive bends in the river at St Lucia could have aided enemy bombers. Also used as a headquarters by the American troops during World War II was the [[T & G Building, Brisbane|T & G Building]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://home.st.net.au/~dunn/ausarmy/hiringsno1lofc.htm|title=Hirings Section|publisher=Australia @ War|author=Peter Dunn|date=2 March 2005|access-date=7 January 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012165321/http://home.st.net.au/~dunn/ausarmy/hiringsno1lofc.htm|archive-date=12 October 2007}}</ref> About one million US troops passed through Australia during the war, as the primary co-ordination point for the South West Pacific.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.quartermaster.army.mil/OQMG/professional_bulletin/1999/spring1999/QM%20Supply%20in%20the%20Pacific%20During%20WWII.htm |title=QM Supply in the Pacific during WWII|work=Quartermaster Professional Bulletin|date=Spring 1999|access-date=7 January 2008 |archive-url = http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20040221195229/http%3A//www%2Equartermaster%2Earmy%2Emil/oqmg/Professional_Bulletin/1999/spring1999/QM%2520Supply%2520in%2520the%2520Pacific%2520During%2520WWII%2Ehtm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 21 February 2004 }}</ref> Wartime Brisbane was defined by the [[racial segregation]] of [[Military history of African Americans|African American]] servicemen, [[prohibition]] and [[Moonshine|sly grog]], crime, and [[jazz]] [[ballroom]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/theatre/play-explores-brisbanes-boundaries-20120703-21fdv.html |title=Theatre play explores Brisbane's boundaries |publisher=Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=2 November 2021 |author=Dan Nancarrow |date=5 July 2012 |archive-date=21 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821070704/https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/theatre/play-explores-brisbanes-boundaries-20120703-21fdv.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/192940438?searchTerm=brisbane%20prohibition |title=Unspeakable orgy in Brisbane |publisher=Trove |access-date=2 November 2021 |author=E.J. Tait |date=14 August 1942 |archive-date=21 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821070645/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/192940438?searchTerm=brisbane%20prohibition |url-status=live }}</ref>

 

 

In 1971, the touring [[Springboks]] were to play against the Australian Rugby team. This was met with plans for protests due to the growing international and local opposition to [[apartheid]] in South Africa. However, before their arrival Bjelke-Petersen declared a state of emergency for a month, citing the importance of the tour.<ref>Bryce, Alex. "We Would Live in Peace and Tranquility and No One Would Know Anything", Australian Academic and Research Libraries 31.3 (2000): 65–81.</ref> This did not stop the protest however with violent clashes between protestors and police erupting when several hundred demonstrators assembled outside a Brisbane motel on Thursday, 22 July 1971, where the Springbok team was staying. A second protest saw a large number of demonstrators assembled once more outside the Tower Mill Motel and after 15 minutes of peaceful protest, a brick was thrown into the motel room and police took action to clear the road and consequently disproportionate violence was used against demonstrators.<ref>Fitzgerald, Ross. "A History of Queensland, from 1915 to the 1980s", University of Queensland Press, 1985. Print.</ref>

In the lead up to the 1980s Queensland fell subject to many forms of censorship. In 1977 things had escalated from prosecutions and book burnings, under the introduction of the Literature Board of Review, to a statewide ban on protests and street marches. In September 1977 the Queensland Government introduced a ban on all street protests, resulting in a statewide civil liberties campaign of defiance.<ref>Keim, Stephen. "The State of (Civil Liberties in Queensland): New Broom – Same Dirt." Legal Service Bulletin 13.1(1988):10–11. Web.</ref> This saw two thousand people arrested and fined, with another hundred being imprisoned, at a cost of almost five million dollars to the State Government.<ref name="cliq">Plunkett, Mark and Ralph Summy 'Civil Liberties in Queensland: A nonviolent political campaign.' "Social Alternatives" Vol 1 no. 6/7, 1980 p 73-90</ref> Bjelke-Petersen publicly announced on 4 September 1977 that "the day of the political street march is over&nbsp;... Don't bother to apply for a permit. You won't get one. That's government policy now."<ref>Bjelke-Petersen, in Patience ''The Bjelke-Petersen premiership 1968–1983 : issues in public policy''. Longman Cheshire: Melbourne. 1985.</ref> In response to this, protesters came up with the idea of Phantom Civil Liberties Marches where protesters would gather and march until the police and media arrived. They would then disperse, and gather together again until the media and police returned, repeating the process over and over again.<ref>Summy, Ralph. Bruce Dickson and Mark Plunkett. "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgyX_01P1do Phantom Civil Liberties Marches – Queensland University 1978–79]" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005042601/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgyX_01P1do |date=5 October 2021 }}</ref>

 

 

In 1973, the [[Whiskey Au Go Go fire|Whiskey Au Go Go nightclub]] in the [[Fortitude Valley, Queensland|city's entertainment district]], was firebombed that resulted in 15 deaths, in what is one of [[List of massacres in Australia|Australia's worst mass killings]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Plunkett|first=Geoff|title=The Whiskey Au Go Go massacre: murder, arson and the crime of the century |publisher=Blue Sky Publishing |date=5 May 2018|isbn=9781925675443|location=Newport, NSW|oclc=1041112112}}</ref> The [[1974 Brisbane flood]] was a major disaster which temporarily crippled the city, and saw a [[Corinda landslip|substantial landslip]] at [[Corinda, Queensland|Corinda]]. During this era, Brisbane grew and modernised, rapidly becoming a destination of interstate migration. Some of Brisbane's popular landmarks were lost to development in controversial circumstances, including the [[Bellevue Hotel, Brisbane|Bellevue Hotel]] in 1979 and [[Cloudland]] in 1982. Major public works included the [[Riverside Expressway]], the [[Gateway Bridge]], and later, the redevelopment of [[South Bank, Queensland|South Bank]]. Starting with the monumental [[Robin Gibson (architect)|Robin Gibson]]-designed [[Queensland Cultural Centre]], with the first stage the [[Queensland Art Gallery]] completed in 1982, the [[Queensland Performing Arts Centre]] in 1985, and the [[Queensland Museum]] in 1986.

Brisbane hosted the [[1982 Commonwealth Games]] and [[World Expo 88]]. These events were accompanied by a scale of public expenditure, construction, and development not previously seen in the state of Queensland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.commonwealthgames.org.au/Templates/Games_PastGames_1982.htm |title=ACGA Past Games 1982 |publisher=Commonwealth Games Australia |access-date=28 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070917163227/http://www.commonwealthgames.org.au/Templates/Games_PastGames_1982.htm |archive-date=17 September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ozbird.com/oz/OzCulture/expo88/brisbane/default.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/19990128080738/http://www.ozbird.com/oz/OzCulture/expo88/brisbane/default.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 January 1999|title=Expo 88 / Brisbane|publisher=OZ Culture|access-date=28 December 2007|author=Rebecca Bell}}</ref> Brisbane's population growth far exceeded the national average in the last two decades of the 20th century, with a high level of interstate migration from [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] and New South Wales. In the late 1980s Brisbane's inner-city areas were struggling with economic stagnation, urban decay and crime which resulted in an exodus of residents and business to the suburban fringe, in the early 1990s the city undertook an extensive and successful [[Urban renewal in Woolstore Precinct, Teneriffe|urban renewal of the Woolstore precinct]] as well as the development of [[South Bank Parklands]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/prdc/groups/corpwebcontent/documents/documents/urbanrenewal_20yearmagazine.pdf|title=Brisbane City Council. Urban Renewal Brisbane – 20 Years Celebration Magazine. p 14|website=Brisbane.qld.gov.au|access-date=12 January 2018}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

 

 

Brisbane was impacted by major floods in [[2010–2011 Queensland floods|January 2011]] and [[2022 eastern Australia floods|February 2022]]. The Brisbane River did not reach the same height as the previous 1974 flood on either occasion, but caused extensive disruption and damage to infrastructure.<ref name="Berry">{{cite news|last=Berry|first=Petrina|title=Brisbane braces for flood peak as Queensland's flood crisis continues|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/breaking-news/brisbane-braces-for-flood-peak-as-queenslands-flood/story-fn7ik8u2-1225986784487|access-date=14 January 2011|newspaper=The Courier-Mail|date=13 January 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816145500/http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/breaking-news/brisbane-braces-for-flood-peak-as-queenslands-flood/story-fn7ik8u2-1225986784487|archive-date=16 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/infographics/qld-floods/beforeafter2.htm/ |title=Before and after photos of the floods in Brisbane |publisher=Abc.net.au |access-date=4 November 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712045536/http://www.abc.net.au/news/infographics/qld-floods/beforeafter2.htm |archive-date=12 July 2011}}</ref>

 

 

Greater Brisbane had a density of {{convert|159|PD/sqkm}} in 2021.<ref name="auto5"/> Like most Australian cities, Brisbane has a sprawling metropolitan area which takes in excess of one hour to traverse either north to south or east to west by car without traffic.

 

From the 1970s onwards, there has been a large increase in the construction of [[apartment]] developments, including [[low-rise building|mid-rise]] and [[high-rise building|high rise]] buildings, which has quickened in the 21st century. At the 2021 census, 73.4% of residents lived in [[Single-family detached home|separate houses]], 14.7% lived in [[apartment]]s, and 11.4% lived in [[townhouse]]s, [[terrace house]]s, or [[semidetached]] houses.<ref name="auto5"/>

[[List of tallest buildings in Brisbane|Brisbane's tallest building]] is currently [[Brisbane Skytower]], which has a height of {{Convert|270|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://buildingdb.ctbuh.org/?do=create%3E|title=CTBUH Tall Building Database – The Skyscraper Center|author=CTBUH|work=Skyscrapercenter|access-date=2 June 2011|archive-date=22 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222072343/https://www.ctbuh.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> Architecturally prominent skyscrapers include the [[Harry Seidler]]-designed [[Riparian Plaza]], [[One One One Eagle Street]], which incorporates LED lighting resembling the [[buttress root]]s of the [[Ficus macrophylla|Moreton Bay fig]], and [[1 William Street, Brisbane|1 William Street]], the executive headquarters of the [[Queensland Government]].

 

File:Treasury Building, Reddacliff Place, Brisbane 01.jpg|19th century sandstone [[Treasury Building, Brisbane|Treasury Building]]

File:People's Palace with 288 Edward Street, Brisbane in the background, April 2020, 01.jpg|Former [[Temperance movement|temperance]] hotel, the [[People's Palace, Brisbane|People's Palace]], was built in the [[Federation architecture|Federation Filigree style]] between 1910 and 1911.

File:Queenslander house in Hendra, Queensland 02.jpg|[[Queenslander (architecture)|Queenslander]]-style house in [[Hendra, Queensland|Hendra]], a suburb of Brisbane

</gallery>

 

 

Brisbane's Greater Capital City Statistical Area includes the Local Government Areas of [[City of Brisbane]], [[City of Ipswich]], [[City of Moreton Bay]], [[Logan City]] and [[Redland City]], as well as parts of [[Lockyer Valley Region]], [[Scenic Rim Region]] and [[Somerset Region]], which form a continuous metropolitan area. The [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] estimates that the population of Greater Brisbane is 2,560,720 as of June 2020,<ref name=":0"/> making it the [[List of cities in Australia by population|third-largest city]] in Australia.

 

===Ancestry and immigration===

}}

 

 

The areas of [[Sunnybank, Queensland|Sunnybank]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC32718?opendocument |title=2016 Census QuickStats: Sunnybank |publisher=Censusdata.abs.gov.au |access-date=19 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714081423/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC32718?opendocument |archive-date=14 July 2017}}</ref> [[Sunnybank Hills, Queensland|Sunnybank Hills]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC32719?opendocument |title=2016 Census QuickStats: Sunnybank Hills |publisher=Censusdata.abs.gov.au |access-date=19 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714081440/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC32719?opendocument |archive-date=14 July 2017}}</ref> [[Stretton, Queensland|Stretton]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC32705?opendocument |title=2016 Census QuickStats: Stretton |publisher=Censusdata.abs.gov.au |access-date=19 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714081446/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC32705?opendocument |archive-date=14 July 2017}}</ref> [[Robertson, Queensland|Robertson]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC32467?opendocument |title=2016 Census QuickStats: Robertson (Qld) |publisher=Censusdata.abs.gov.au |access-date=19 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714081600/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC32467?opendocument |archive-date=14 July 2017}}</ref> [[Calamvale, Queensland|Calamvale]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC30483?opendocument |title=2016 Census QuickStats: Calamvale |publisher=Censusdata.abs.gov.au |access-date=19 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714081609/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC30483?opendocument |archive-date=14 July 2017}}</ref> [[MacGregor, Queensland|Macgregor]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC31736?opendocument |title=2016 Census QuickStats: Macgregor (Qld) |publisher=Censusdata.abs.gov.au |access-date=19 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714081615/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC31736?opendocument |archive-date=14 July 2017}}</ref> [[Eight Mile Plains, Queensland|Eight Mile Plains]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC30959?opendocument |title=2016 Census QuickStats: Eight Mile Plains |publisher=Censusdata.abs.gov.au |access-date=19 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714081625/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC30959?opendocument |archive-date=14 July 2017}}</ref> [[Runcorn, Queensland|Runcorn]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC32514?opendocument |title=2016 Census QuickStats: Runcorn |publisher=Censusdata.abs.gov.au |access-date=19 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714081637/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC32514?opendocument |archive-date=14 July 2017}}</ref> and [[Rochedale, Queensland|Rochedale]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC32470?opendocument |title=2016 Census QuickStats: Rochedale |publisher=Censusdata.abs.gov.au |access-date=19 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714081655/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC32470?opendocument |archive-date=14 July 2017}}</ref> are home to a large proportion of Brisbane's Mainland China, Taiwan and Hong Kong-born population, with Chinese being the most commonly-reported ancestry in each of these areas. The Vietnamese-born are the largest immigrant group in [[Inala, Queensland|Inala]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC31403?opendocument |title=2016 Census QuickStats: Inala |publisher=Censusdata.abs.gov.au |access-date=19 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714081724/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC31403?opendocument |archive-date=14 July 2017}}</ref> [[Darra, Queensland|Darra]],<ref>{{Census 2016 AUS|id=SSC30818|name=Darra (SSC)|access-date=1 April 2020|quick=on}}</ref> [[Durack, Queensland|Durack]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC30913?opendocument |title=2016 Census QuickStats: Durack (Qld) |publisher=Censusdata.abs.gov.au |access-date=19 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714081907/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC30913?opendocument |archive-date=14 July 2017}}</ref> [[Willawong, Queensland|Willawong]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC33107 |title=2016 Census QuickStats: Willawong |access-date=18 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518062529/https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC33107 |archive-date=18 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Richlands, Queensland|Richlands]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC32447 |title=2016 Census QuickStats: Richlands (QLD) |access-date=18 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518062539/https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC32447 |archive-date=18 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Doolandella, Queensland|Doolandella]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC30869 |title=2016 Census QuickStats: Doolandella |access-date=18 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518064042/https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC30869 |archive-date=18 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Indian-born are the largest immigrant group in [[Chermside, Queensland|Chermside]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC30597 |title=2016 Census QuickStats: Chermside |access-date=18 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729113058/http://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC30597 |archive-date=29 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

 

At the 2021 census, 3.0% of Brisbane's population identified as being [[Indigenous Australians|Indigenous]], which includes [[Aboriginal Australians]] and [[Torres Strait Islanders]].{{refn|group="N"|Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.}}<ref name="auto4"/>

 

===Language===

 

=== Religion ===

At the 2021 census, the most commonly cited religious affiliation was "No religion" (41.4%).

Brisbane's most popular religion at the 2021 census was [[Christianity]] at 44.3%, the most popular denominations of which were [[Catholic Church in Australia|Catholicism]] (18.6%) and [[Anglican Church of Australia|Anglicanism]] (9.7%). [[Brisbane central business district|Brisbane's CBD]] is home to two cathedrals – [[St John's Cathedral (Brisbane)|St John's]] (Anglican) and [[Cathedral of St Stephen, Brisbane|St Stephen's]] (Catholic).

Some of the largest companies headquartered in Brisbane, all among Australia's largest, include [[Suncorp Group]], [[Virgin Australia]], [[Aurizon]], [[Bank of Queensland]], [[Flight Centre]], [[CUA (company)|CUA]], [[Sunsuper]], [[QSuper]], [[Domino's Pizza Enterprises]], [[Star Entertainment Group]], [[ALS Limited|ALS]], [[TechnologyOne]], [[NEXTDC]], [[Super Retail Group]], [[New Hope Coal]], [[Jumbo Interactive]], [[National Storage]], [[Collins Foods]], and [[Boeing Australia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessnewsaus.com.au/articles/brisbane-top-companies.html|title=Brisbane Top Companies|date=11 October 2019|publisher=Business News Australia|access-date=19 April 2020|archive-date=23 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423092037/https://www.businessnewsaus.com.au/articles/brisbane-top-companies.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Most major Australian companies, as well as numerous international companies, have contact offices in Brisbane.

 

 

White-collar industries include information technology, [[financial services]], higher education and [[public sector]] administration generally concentrated in and around the central business district and satellite hubs located in the inner suburbs such as [[South Brisbane]], [[Fortitude Valley]], [[Spring Hill, Queensland|Spring Hill]], [[Milton, Queensland|Milton]], and [[Toowong]].

Dramatic and musical theatre performances are held at the multiple large theatres located at [[Queensland Performing Arts Centre]] (QPAC). The [[Brisbane Powerhouse]] in [[New Farm, Queensland|New Farm]] and the [[Judith Wright Arts Centre]] in [[Fortitude Valley, Queensland|Fortitude Valley]] also feature diverse programmes featuring exhibitions and festivals of visual art, music and dance. Brisbane is also home to numerous small theatres including the [[Brisbane Arts Theatre]] in [[Petrie Terrace, Queensland|Petrie Terrace]], the [[La Boite Theatre Company]] which performs at the [[Roundhouse Theatre]] at [[Kelvin Grove, Queensland|Kelvin Grove]], the [[Twelfth Night Theatre]] at [[Bowen Hills, Queensland|Bowen Hills]], the [[Metro Arts Theatre]] in [[Edward Street, Brisbane|Edward Street]], and the Queensland Theatre Company's [[Bille Brown Theatre]] in [[West End, Queensland|West End]].

 

 

Brisbane has maintained a constantly evolving live music scene, producing acts spanning genres including [[punk rock|punk]] (see [[Brisbane punk rock]]), [[indie rock]], [[electronic music]], [[experimental music]], [[noise rock]], [[Metal music|metal]] and [[post-punk]]. Brisbane's live music history is often intertwined with social unrest and authoritarian politics, as retold by journalist Andrew Stafford in [[Pig City (music festival)#Pig City (book)|''Pig City: From The Saints to Savage Garden'']], ''Radical Brisbane: An Unruly History'', edited by academics Raymond Evans and [[Carole Ferrier]], and ''BNE – The Definitive Archive: Brisbane Independent Electronic Music Production 1979–2014'', produced by record label director Dennis Remmer.<ref name="bne">{{cite book|last=Remmer|first=Dennis|title=BNE – The Definitive Archive: Brisbane Independent Electronic Music Production 1979–2014|year=2014|publisher=Transmission Communications|isbn=9780646921501|page=41}}</ref><ref>Project BNE: [http://projectbne.com/ Brisbane Independent Electronic Music Production 1979-2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222072343/https://transcomblog.wordpress.com/bne-project/ |date=22 December 2020 }}</ref> There are also popular entertainment pubs and clubs within both the [[Brisbane CBD|City]] and [[Fortitude Valley, Queensland|Fortitude Valley]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/musicnews/s1838651.htm|title=Billboard Loves Brisbane|work=Music News|publisher=[[Triple J]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012165031/http://abc.net.au/triplej/musicnews/s1838651.htm|archive-date=12 October 2007|url-status=live|access-date=15 November 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/musicNews/idUSN0126189720070102?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0&sp=true|title=Beijing, Berlin among music hot spots in 2007|date=1 January 2007|work=Music News|access-date=29 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521042906/http://www.reuters.com/article/musicNews/idUSN0126189720070102?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0&sp=true|archive-date=21 May 2008|url-status=live|publisher=Reuters}}</ref> The [[Brisbane Entertainment Centre]] at [[Boondall, Queensland|Boondall]] is an [[arena]] which hosts many musical concerts, with some of the largest being held at [[Lang Park]].

Prominent writers from Brisbane include [[David Malouf]] (whose 1975 novel ''Johnno'' is set in Brisbane and at [[Brisbane Grammar School]] during [[World War II]]), [[Nick Earls]] (whose 1996 novel ''Zigzag Street'' is set at Zigzag Street in [[Red Hill, Queensland|Red Hill]]), and [[Li Cunxin]], author of [[Mao's Last Dancer (book)|Mao's Last Dancer]] and artistic director of the Queensland Ballet. ''Brisbane'' is a novel by Russian writer Yevgeny Vodolazkin. In the novel, the city serves as a metaphor of the [[promised land]] for the protagonist. The [[State Library of Queensland]], the state's largest library, is located at the [[Queensland Cultural Centre]].

 

 

Brisbane is home to over 6,000 restaurants and dining establishments,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zomato.com/brisbane/restaurants|title=Brisbane restaurants|publisher=Zomato|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-date=12 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912072734/https://www.zomato.com/brisbane/restaurants|url-status=live}}</ref> with [[Al fresco dining|outdoor dining]] featuring prominently. The most popular cuisines by number of dining establishments are [[Japanese cuisine|Japanese]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zomato.com/brisbane/restaurants/japanese|title=Japanese restaurants in Brisbane|publisher=Zomato|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-date=22 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222072355/https://www.zomato.com/brisbane/restaurants/japanese|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Chinese cuisine|Chinese]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zomato.com/brisbane/restaurants/chinese|title=Chinese restaurants in Brisbane|publisher=Zomato|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-date=22 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222072712/https://www.zomato.com/brisbane/restaurants/chinese|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Modern Australian cuisine|Modern Australian]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zomato.com/brisbane/restaurants/modern-australian|title=Modern Australian restaurants in Brisbane|publisher=Zomato|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-date=2 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202080603/https://www.zomato.com/brisbane/restaurants/modern-australian|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Italian cuisine|Italian]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zomato.com/brisbane/restaurants/italian|title=Italian restaurants in Brisbane|publisher=Zomato|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-date=1 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001014527/https://www.zomato.com/brisbane/restaurants/italian|url-status=live}}</ref> [[American cuisine|American]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zomato.com/brisbane/restaurants/american|title=American restaurants in Brisbane|publisher=Zomato|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-date=22 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222072428/https://www.zomato.com/brisbane/restaurants/american|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Indian cuisine|Indian]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zomato.com/brisbane/restaurants/indian|title=Indian restaurants in Brisbane|publisher=Zomato|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-date=22 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222072357/https://www.zomato.com/brisbane/restaurants/indian|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Vietnamese cuisine|Vietnamese]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zomato.com/brisbane/restaurants/vietnamese|title=Vietnamese restaurants in Brisbane|publisher=Zomato|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-date=22 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222072359/https://www.zomato.com/brisbane/restaurants/vietnamese|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Thenus|Moreton Bay bug]]s, less commonly known as flathead lobsters, are an ingredient named for the Brisbane region and which feature commonly in [[Cuisine of Brisbane|the city's cuisine]], along with [[Macadamia|macadamia nuts]], also native to the region.

 

===Politics===

 

In the [[Queensland Legislative Assembly]], Brisbane is represented by 41 single-member [[Electoral districts of Queensland|electoral districts]]. In the [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]], Brisbane is represented by 17 single-member [[Divisions of the Australian House of Representatives|electoral divisions]].

{{See also|Lists of schools in Queensland}}

[[File:Forgan Smith Building, 2020, 01.jpg|thumb|[[Great Court, University of Queensland|Forgan Smith Building]] at the [[University of Queensland|University of Queensland's]] [[St Lucia, Queensland|St Lucia]] campus]]

 

Three major universities are headquartered in Brisbane, namely:

 

====Bridges====

The Brisbane River creates a barrier to road transport routes. In total there are [[Bridges over the Brisbane River|sixteen bridges]] over the river, mostly concentrated in the inner city area. The road bridges (which usually also include provision for pedestrians and cyclists) by distance from the river mouth are the [[Sir Leo Hielscher Bridges]], the [[Story Bridge]], the [[Captain Cook Bridge, Brisbane|Captain Cook Bridge]], the [[Victoria Bridge, Brisbane|Victoria Bridge]], the [[William Jolly Bridge]], the [[Go Between Bridge]], the [[Eleanor Schonell Bridge]], the [[Walter Taylor Bridge]] the [[Centenary Bridge]] and [[Colleges Crossing]]. There are three railway bridges, namely the [[Merivale Bridge]], the [[Albert Bridge, Brisbane|Albert Bridge]] and the [[Indooroopilly Railway Bridge]]. There are also three pedestrian only bridges: the [[Goodwill Bridge]], the [[Kurilpa Bridge]] and the [[Jack Pesch Bridge]].

 

 

====Bus====

[[Busways in Brisbane|Brisbane's busway network]] is a large dedicated [[bus rapid transit]] network. The network comprises the [[South East Busway]], the [[Northern Busway, Brisbane|Northern Busway]] and the [[Eastern Busway, Brisbane|Eastern Busway]]. The main network hubs are the [[King George Square busway station|King George Square]], [[Queen Street bus station|Queen Street]], and [[Roma Street busway station|Roma Street]] busway stations.

 

 

Brisbane is also serviced by community radio stations such as VAC Radio ([[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]]); Radio Brisvaani ([[Hindi]]); [[2ME Radio Arabic|Radio Arabic]] ([[Arabic]]); [[4EB]] (multiple languages); [[98.9 FM (Brisbane)|98.9 FM]] ([[Indigenous Australians|indigenous]]); [[4RPH]] (vision impaired); [[Switch 1197]] (youth broadcasting); [[4ZZZ]] (community radio); and [[Vision Christian Radio]] ([[Christianity|Christian]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radioheritage.net/AusG-Full.asp?band=AM&ste=QLD|title=The Australian Radio Guide – AM (Mediumwave) Stations – Queensland|website=Radioheritage.net|access-date=30 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130071820/http://www.radioheritage.net/AusG-Full.asp?band=AM&ste=QLD|archive-date=30 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Additional channels are also available via [[Digital audio broadcasting|DAB]] [[digital radio]].

 

==See also==