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Moreton Bay settlement was founded in 13/09/1824, the settlement was moved to North Quay in 1825 but Redcliffe is still part of Brisbane and the Moreton Bay colony was established in 1824 which was the founding of settlement of Brisbane |
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| density = 159
| density_footnotes = <ref name="auto5">{{Cite web |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/3GBRI |title=2021 Greater Brisbane, Census Community Profiles |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=1 July 2022 |archive-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630122137/https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/3GBRI |url-status=live}}</ref> (2021 GCCSA)
| established = {{start date and age|1824|11|4|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web |title= PROPOSAL FOR A BICENTENNIAL QUEENSLAND HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE HUB|url=https://drnevillebuch.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/17.-Proposal-for-Bicentenary-Queensland-HSS-Hub-22-June-2018.pdf |date=22 June 2018 |access-date=30 June 2024 |publisher=drnevillebuch |url-status=live }}</ref>
| force_national_map = yes
| elevation = 32
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'''Brisbane''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|r|ɪ|z|b|ən|audio=En-au-Brisbane.oga}} {{respell|BRIZ|bən}},<ref>{{cite book |title=Macquarie Dictionary |publisher= The Macquarie Library |year=2003 |page=121 |isbn=1-876429-37-2}}</ref> {{lang-yxg|label=[[Turrbal language|Turrbal]]|
The [[Moreton Bay penal settlement]] was founded in 1824 at [[Redcliffe, Queensland|Redcliffe]] as a place for secondary offenders from the [[Sydney|Sydney colony]], and soon moved to [[North Quay, Brisbane|North Quay]] in 1825 on the banks of the Brisbane River, so named for British army general and [[Governor of New South Wales]] Sir [[Thomas Brisbane]]. [[Lutheranism|German Lutherans]] established the first free settlement of [[Zion Hill Mission|Zion Hill]] at [[Nundah, Queensland|Nundah]] in 1838, and in 1859 Brisbane was chosen as Queensland's capital when [[Separation of Queensland|the state separated]] from [[New South Wales]]. By the late 19th century, the city had grown into a major [[port]] and centre of immigration. During [[World War II]], the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] command in the [[South West Pacific Area (command)|South West Pacific]] was based in the city, along with the [[MacArthur Chambers|headquarters]] for General [[Douglas MacArthur]] of the United States Army.<ref>{{cite web |title=South West Pacific campaign |url=https://www.ww2places.qld.gov.au/south-west-pacific-campaign |website=Queensland World War II Historic Places |date=30 June 2014 |access-date=22 January 2016 |publisher=[[Queensland Government]] |url-status=live |archive-date=24 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424214526/https://www.ww2places.qld.gov.au/south-west-pacific-campaign }}</ref>
Brisbane is a global centre of research and innovation,<ref>{{cite web |title=Brisbane: A hub for innovation and the gateway to Asia |date=19 May 2020 |url=https://businesschief.asia/leadership-and-strategy/brisbane-hub-innovation-and-gateway-asia |publisher=Business Chief |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111002724/https://businesschief.asia/leadership-and-strategy/brisbane-hub-innovation-and-gateway-asia |url-status=live }}</ref> and ranks in the top 10% for its innovation environment out of 500 cities worldwide;<ref>{{cite web|title=Brisbane|url= https://startupgenome.com/ecosystems/brisbane |website=startupgenome |access-date=25 May 2024}}</ref> with leading strengths in medicine and biotechnology,<ref name="aboutTRI">{{cite web|title=TRI Story|url=http://www.tri.edu.au/about|publisher=The Translational Research Institute|access-date=12 March 2017|archive-date=13 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313150704/https://www.tri.edu.au/about|url-status=live}}</ref> as well as a major tech base centered on [[Fortitude Valley, Queensland|Fortitude Valley]].<ref>{{cite
A diverse city with over 36% of its metropolitan population being foreign-born, Brisbane is frequently ranked highly in lists of the [[most livable cities|most liveable cities]].<ref>{{cite web|title=2016 Census Community Profiles: Greater Brisbane|url=https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/communityprofile/3GBRI?opendocument|date=23 October 2017|website=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=1 April 2020|archive-date=12 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512032924/https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/communityprofile/3GBRI%3Fopendocument|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.broadsheet.com.au/national/city-file/article/worlds-most-liveable-cities-index-australia-melbourne-sydney-adelaide-brisbane-perth|title=Announced: Melbourne Remains the World's Second Most Liveable City|date=4 September 2019|website=Broadsheet|access-date=1 April 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727050243/https://www.broadsheet.com.au/national/city-file/article/worlds-most-liveable-cities-index-australia-melbourne-sydney-adelaide-brisbane-perth|url-status=live}}</ref> Galleries and museums are an important part of the [[Culture of Brisbane|city's culture]], with the most prominent being the [[QAGOMA|Queensland Art Gallery and Gallery of Modern Art]]. Brisbane has hosted major events including the [[1982 Commonwealth Games]], [[World Expo 88]], [[2001 Goodwill Games|the final Goodwill Games in 2001]], [[2014 G20 Brisbane summit|the 2014 G20 summit]], and will host the [[2032 Summer Olympics]] and [[2032 Summer Paralympics]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 July 2021|title=Brisbane wakes as Olympics 2032 city after IOC's landslide vote of confidence|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-07-22/qld-brisbane-olympics-bid-ioc-reaction-2032/100312862|access-date=23 July 2021|website=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|archive-date=23 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723050945/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-07-22/qld-brisbane-olympics-bid-ioc-reaction-2032/100312862|url-status=live}}</ref>
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Brisbane sits on land known also as ''Meanjin'', the name used in the [[Turrbal language]] of one group of [[traditional owners]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turrbal Aboriginal Tribe |title=Our Story |url=https://www.turrbal.com.au/our-story |access-date=26 May 2022 |archive-date=7 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207011301/https://www.turrbal.com.au/our-story |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2018 |title=Meanjin debacle: erasing Aboriginal words in order to highlight white women's appropriation |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/2018/06/06/meanjin-debacle-erasing-aboriginal-words-order-highlight-white-womens-1 |access-date=4 May 2022 |website=[[NITV]] |archive-date=31 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031023201/https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/2018/06/06/meanjin-debacle-erasing-aboriginal-words-order-highlight-white-womens-1 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Meanjin'' means "place shaped as a spike", referencing the shape of the [[Brisbane River]] along the area that Brisbane CBD now straddles.<ref>[http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/documents/about%20council/vision2026_final_ourbrisbane.pdf Our Brisbane – Our shared vision] – [[Brisbane City Council]] Page 2 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140127025724/http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/documents/about%20council/vision2026_final_ourbrisbane.pdf|date=27 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=About Meanjin |url=https://meanjin.com.au/about-meanjin/ |url-status=live|access-date=7 January 2023 |website=[[Meanjin|Meanjin Quarterly]] |archive-date=7 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107075231/https://meanjin.com.au/about-meanjin/ }}</ref><ref name="PetrieMeanjin"/> A contemporary Turrbal organisation has also suggested it means "the place of the blue water lilies".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turrbal Dippil |title=Our Story |url=https://www.turrbal.com.au/our-story |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=Turrbal |language=en-AU |archive-date=7 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207011301/https://www.turrbal.com.au/our-story |url-status=live }}</ref> Local Elder Gaja Kerry Charlton posits that ''Meanjin'' is based on a European understanding of "spike", and that the phonetically similar [[Yagara language|Yagara]] name ''Magandjin'' — after the native [[Harpullia pendula|tulipwood trees]] (''magan'') at [[Gardens Point, Brisbane|Gardens Point]] — is a more accurate and appropriate Aboriginal name for Brisbane.<ref name="magandjin"/>
Aboriginal groups claiming [[traditional owners]]hip of the area include the [[Jagera people|
==History==
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=== Pre-colonisation ===
{{main|History of Indigenous Australians}}
[[Aboriginal Australians]] had lived in coastal South East Queensland for at least 22,000 years, with an estimated population between 6,000 and 10,000 individuals before [[History of Australia (1788–1850)|European settlement]] in the 1820s.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.brisbanehistory.com/vanished_tribes.html |title= Aboriginal {{Sic|Indigen|eous|hide= y}} Tribes of Brisbane and Moreton Bay |author= [[Archibald Meston]] |access-date= 17 July 2017 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170712092614/http://www.brisbanehistory.com/vanished_tribes.html |archive-date= 12 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/the-indigenous-history-of-musgrave-park-20120516-1ys2c.html |title= The indigenous history of Musgrave Park |access-date= 17 July 2017 |date= 17 May 2012 |author= Tony Moore |newspaper= [[Brisbane Times]] |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170730123640/http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/the-indigenous-history-of-musgrave-park-20120516-1ys2c.html |archive-date= 30 July 2017}}</ref> Aboriginal groups claiming traditional ownership of the area include the [[
Archaeological evidence suggests frequent habitation around the Brisbane River, and notably at the site now known as [[Musgrave Park, Brisbane|Musgrave Park]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.linksdisk.com/roskidd/general/g2.htm |title= Aboriginal History of the Princess Alexandra Hospital Site |access-date= 17 July 2017 |author= Ros Kidd |publisher= [[Diamantina Health Care Museum]] Association Inc. |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170802185416/http://www.linksdisk.com/roskidd/general/g2.htm |archive-date= 2 August 2017}}</ref> The rivers were integral to life and supplied an abundance of food included fish, shellfish, crab, and [[prawn]]s. Good fishing places became campsites and the focus of group activities. The district was defined by open woodlands with rainforest in some pockets or bends of the Brisbane River.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Ryan |title=Indigenous Aboriginal Sites of Southside Brisbane {{!}} Mapping Brisbane History |url=https://mappingbrisbanehistory.com.au/brisbane-history-essays/brisbane-southside-history/first-australians-and-original-landscape/indigenous-sites/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824020357/https://mappingbrisbanehistory.com.au/brisbane-history-essays/brisbane-southside-history/first-australians-and-original-landscape/indigenous-sites/ |archive-date=24 August 2020 |access-date=25 August 2020 |website=mappingbrisbanehistory.com.au |language=en-US}}</ref>
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===18th and 19th centuries===
{{main|European maritime exploration of Australia|Moreton Bay Penal Settlement|Early Streets of Brisbane}}
In 1770, British navigator [[James Cook]]
[[Matthew Flinders]] initially explored the Moreton Bay area on behalf of the British authorities. On 17 July 1799, Flinders landed at present-day [[Woody Point, Queensland|Woody Point]], which he named "Red Cliff Point" after the red-coloured cliffs visible from the bay.<ref>{{cite news | title = Redcliffe | work = The Sydney Morning Herald | date = 8 February 2004 | url = http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2005/02/17/1108500203689.html | access-date = 17 May 2008 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080523185157/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2005/02/17/1108500203689.html | archive-date = 23 May 2008}}</ref>
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The [[City Botanic Gardens]] were originally established in 1825 as a farm for the [[Moreton Bay penal settlement]], and were planted by convicts in 1825 with food crops to feed the prison colony.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brisbane-australia.com/city-botanic-gardens.html|title=City Botanical Gardens – Brisbane Visitors Guide|publisher=Brisbane Australia|access-date=21 October 2013|archive-date=13 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013020953/https://www.brisbane-australia.com/city-botanic-gardens.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1855, several acres was declared a Botanic Reserve under the Superintendent [[Walter Hill (garden curator)|Walter Hill]], a position he held until 1881.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 February 1855|title=Botanic Gardens, Brisbane|page=483|newspaper=[[New South Wales Government Gazette]]|issue=32|location=New South Wales, Australia|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article229754165|access-date=6 August 2020|via=National Library of Australia|archive-date=21 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821070644/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/229754165|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="chabg">{{cite web|url=http://www.chabg.gov.au/chabg/bg-dir/026.html|title=City Botanic Gardens (Brisbane)|last=Fagg|first=Murray|date=26 May 2009|publisher=Council of Heads of Australian Botanic Gardens|work=Australian National Botanic Gardens|access-date=2 September 2010|archive-date=18 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218235607/http://www.chabg.gov.au/chabg/bg-dir/026.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Some trees planted in the Gardens were among the first of their species to be planted in Australia, including the [[jacaranda]] and [[Delonix regia|poinciana]].<ref name="whbr">{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-10-31/why-brisbane-not-grafton-is-the-jacaranda-capital/9103110 |title=Why Brisbane, not Grafton, is the original jacaranda capital of Australia |author=Jessica Hinchliffe |access-date=1 November 2017 |date=1 November 2017 |work=ABC News |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102035717/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-10-31/why-brisbane-not-grafton-is-the-jacaranda-capital/9103110 |archive-date=2 November 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:StateLibQld 2 394553 Edward Street looking west across the intersection with Queen Street, Brisbane, 1889.jpg|thumb|right|[[Edward Street, Brisbane|Edward Street]] looking west across the intersection with [[Queen Street, Brisbane|Queen Street]], Brisbane, 1889]] [[Charles Tiffin]] was appointed as [[Queensland Government Architect]] in 1859, and pursued an intellectual policy in the design of public buildings based on [[Italianate architecture|Italianate]] and [[Renaissance Revival architecture|Renaissance revivalism]], with such buildings as [[Old Government House, Brisbane|Government House]], the [[Department of Primary Industries Building]] in 1866, and the [[Parliament House, Brisbane|Queensland Parliament]] built in 1867. The 1880s brought a period of economic prosperity and a major construction boom in Brisbane, that produced an impressive number of notable public and commercial buildings. [[John James Clark]] was appointed [[Queensland Government Architect]] in 1883, and continuing in Tiffin's design for public buildings, asserted the propriety of the Italian Renaissance, drawing upon typological elements and details from conservative High Renaissance sources. Building in this trace of intellectualism, Clark designed the [[Treasury Building, Brisbane|Treasury Building]] in 1886, and the [[Yungaba Immigration Centre]] in 1885.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://journals.openedition.org/abe/402?lang=fr|title=Colony and Climate: Positioning Public Architecture in Queensland 1859-1909|last=King|first=Stuart|journal=
[[Fort Lytton]] was constructed in 1882 at the mouth of the Brisbane river, to protect the city against foreign colonial powers such as [[Russia]] and [[France]], and was the only [[Moat|moated fort]] ever built in Australia.
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[[File:Expo 88 (8075991938).jpg|thumb|240x240px|Brisbane hosted the [[World Expo 88]] in 1988]]
Brisbane hosted the [[1982 Commonwealth Games]] and [[World Expo 88]]. These events were accompanied by a scale of public expenditure, construction, and development not previously seen in the state of Queensland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.commonwealthgames.org.au/Templates/Games_PastGames_1982.htm |title=ACGA Past Games 1982 |publisher=Commonwealth Games Australia |access-date=28 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070917163227/http://www.commonwealthgames.org.au/Templates/Games_PastGames_1982.htm |archive-date=17 September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ozbird.com/oz/OzCulture/expo88/brisbane/default.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/19990128080738/http://www.ozbird.com/oz/OzCulture/expo88/brisbane/default.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 January 1999|title=Expo 88 / Brisbane|publisher=OZ Culture|access-date=28 December 2007|author=Rebecca Bell}}</ref> Brisbane's population growth far exceeded the national average in the last two decades of the 20th century, with a high level of interstate migration from [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] and New South Wales. In the late 1980s Brisbane's inner-city areas were struggling with economic stagnation, urban decay and crime which resulted in an exodus of residents and business to the suburban fringe, in the early 1990s the city undertook an extensive and successful [[Urban renewal in Woolstore Precinct, Teneriffe|urban renewal of the Woolstore precinct]] as well as the development of [[South Bank Parklands]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/prdc/groups/corpwebcontent/documents/documents/urbanrenewal_20yearmagazine.pdf|title=Brisbane City Council. Urban Renewal Brisbane – 20 Years Celebration Magazine. p 14|website=Brisbane.qld.gov.au|access-date=12 January 2018}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
In 1996, the [[Brisbane Lions]] was established as an Australian rules football club in Brisbane.
===21st century===
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Brisbane is also serviced by community radio stations such as VAC Radio ([[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]]); Radio Brisvaani ([[Hindi]]); [[2ME Radio Arabic|Radio Arabic]] ([[Arabic]]); [[4EB]] (multiple languages); [[98.9 FM (Brisbane)|98.9 FM]] ([[Indigenous Australians|indigenous]]); [[4RPH]] (vision impaired); [[Switch 1197]] (youth broadcasting); [[4ZZZ]] (community radio); and [[Vision Christian Radio]] ([[Christianity|Christian]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radioheritage.net/AusG-Full.asp?band=AM&ste=QLD|title=The Australian Radio Guide – AM (Mediumwave) Stations – Queensland|website=Radioheritage.net|access-date=30 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130071820/http://www.radioheritage.net/AusG-Full.asp?band=AM&ste=QLD|archive-date=30 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Additional channels are also available via [[Digital audio broadcasting|DAB]] [[digital radio]].
==Sister cities==
Sister cities of Brisbane include:<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/governance-and-strategy/business-in-brisbane/growing-brisbanes-economy/international-business/brisbane-sister-cities |title= Brisbane Sister Cities - Brisbane City Council |language=en |access-date=7 July 2024}}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|UAE}} [[Abu Dhabi]], United Arab Emirates
*{{flagdeco|NZL}} [[Auckland]], New Zealand
*{{flagdeco|CHN}} [[Chongqing]], China
*{{flagdeco|KOR}} [[Daejeon]], South Korea
*{{flagdeco|IND}} [[Hyderabad]], India
*{{flagdeco|TAI}} [[Kaohsiung]], Taiwan
*{{flagdeco|JPN}} [[Kobe]], Japan
*{{flagdeco|IDN}} [[Semarang]], Indonesia
*{{flagdeco|CHN}} [[Shenzen]], China
==See also==
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