Brisbane: Difference between revisions

| alt6 = Gallery of Modern Art

| caption6 = [[Gallery of Modern Art, Brisbane|Gallery of Modern Art]]

| alt7 = Story Bridge

| caption7 = [[Story Bridge]]

 

In 1971, the touring [[Springboks]] were to play against the Australian Rugby team. This was met with plans for protests due to the growing international and local opposition to [[apartheid]] in South Africa. However, before their arrival Bjelke-Petersen declared a state of emergency for a month, citing the importance of the tour.<ref>Bryce, Alex. "We Would Live in Peace and Tranquility and No One Would Know Anything", Australian Academic and Research Libraries 31.3 (2000): 65–81.</ref> This did not stop the protest however with violent clashes between protestors and police erupting when several hundred demonstrators assembled outside a Brisbane motel on Thursday, 22 July 1971, where the Springbok team was staying. A second protest saw a large number of demonstrators assembled once more outside the Tower Mill Motel and after 15 minutes of peaceful protest, a brick was thrown into the motel room and police took action to clear the road and consequently disproportionate violence was used against demonstrators.<ref>Fitzgerald, Ross. "A History of Queensland, from 1915 to the 1980s", University of Queensland Press, 1985. Print.</ref>

In the lead up to the 1980s Queensland fell subject to many forms of censorship. In 1977 things had escalated from prosecutions and book burnings, under the introduction of the Literature Board of Review, to a statewide ban on protests and street marches. In September 1977 the Queensland Government introduced a ban on all street protests, resulting in a statewide civil liberties campaign of defiance.<ref>Keim, Stephen. "The State of (Civil Liberties in Queensland): New Broom – Same Dirt." Legal Service Bulletin 13.1(1988):10–11. Web.</ref> This saw two thousand people arrested and fined, with another hundred being imprisoned, at a cost of almost five million dollars to the State Government.<ref name="cliq">Plunkett, Mark and Ralph Summy 'Civil Liberties in Queensland: A nonviolent political campaign.' "Social Alternatives" Vol 1 no. 6/7, 1980 p 73-90</ref> Bjelke-Petersen publicly announced on 4 September 1977 that "the day of the political street march is over&nbsp;... Don't bother to apply for a permit. You won't get one. That's government policy now."<ref>Bjelke-Petersen, in Patience ''The Bjelke-Petersen premiership 1968–1983 : issues in public policy''. Longman Cheshire: Melbourne. 1985.</ref> In response to this, protesters came up with the idea of Phantom Civil Liberties Marches where protesters would gather and march until the police and media arrived. They would then disperse, and gather together again until the media and police returned, repeating the process over and over again.<ref>Summy, Ralph. Bruce Dickson and Mark Plunkett. "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgyX_01P1do Phantom Civil Liberties Marches – Queensland University 1978–79]" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005042601/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgyX_01P1do |date=5 October 2021 }}</ref>

 

 

In 1973, the [[Whiskey Au Go Go fire|Whiskey Au Go Go nightclub]] in the [[Fortitude Valley, Queensland|city's entertainment district]], was firebombed that resulted in 15 deaths, in what is one of [[List of massacres in Australia|Australia's worst mass killings]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Plunkett|first=Geoff|title=The Whiskey Au Go Go massacre: murder, arson and the crime of the century |publisher=Blue Sky Publishing |date=5 May 2018|isbn=9781925675443|location=Newport, NSW|oclc=1041112112}}</ref> The [[1974 Brisbane flood]] was a major disaster which temporarily crippled the city, and saw a [[Corinda landslip|substantial landslip]] at [[Corinda, Queensland|Corinda]]. During this era, Brisbane grew and modernised, rapidly becoming a destination of interstate migration. Some of Brisbane's popular landmarks were lost to development in controversial circumstances, including the [[Bellevue Hotel, Brisbane|Bellevue Hotel]] in 1979 and [[Cloudland]] in 1982. Major public works included the [[Riverside Expressway]], the [[Gateway Bridge]], and later, the redevelopment of [[South Bank, Queensland|South Bank]]. Starting with the monumental [[Robin Gibson (architect)|Robin Gibson]]-designed [[Queensland Cultural Centre]], with the first stage the [[Queensland Art Gallery]] completed in 1982, the [[Queensland Performing Arts Centre]] in 1985, and the [[Queensland Museum]] in 1986.

Brisbane hosted the [[1982 Commonwealth Games]] and [[World Expo 88]]. These events were accompanied by a scale of public expenditure, construction, and development not previously seen in the state of Queensland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.commonwealthgames.org.au/Templates/Games_PastGames_1982.htm |title=ACGA Past Games 1982 |publisher=Commonwealth Games Australia |access-date=28 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070917163227/http://www.commonwealthgames.org.au/Templates/Games_PastGames_1982.htm |archive-date=17 September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ozbird.com/oz/OzCulture/expo88/brisbane/default.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/19990128080738/http://www.ozbird.com/oz/OzCulture/expo88/brisbane/default.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 January 1999|title=Expo 88 / Brisbane|publisher=OZ Culture|access-date=28 December 2007|author=Rebecca Bell}}</ref> Brisbane's population growth far exceeded the national average in the last two decades of the 20th century, with a high level of interstate migration from [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] and New South Wales. In the late 1980s Brisbane's inner-city areas were struggling with economic stagnation, urban decay and crime which resulted in an exodus of residents and business to the suburban fringe, in the early 1990s the city undertook an extensive and successful [[Urban renewal in Woolstore Precinct, Teneriffe|urban renewal of the Woolstore precinct]] as well as the development of [[South Bank Parklands]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/prdc/groups/corpwebcontent/documents/documents/urbanrenewal_20yearmagazine.pdf|title=Brisbane City Council. Urban Renewal Brisbane – 20 Years Celebration Magazine. p 14|website=Brisbane.qld.gov.au|access-date=12 January 2018}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

 

===21st century===

Brisbane was impacted by major floods in [[2010–2011 Queensland floods|January 2011]] and [[2022 eastern Australia floods|February 2022]]. The Brisbane River did not reach the same height as the previous 1974 flood on either occasion, but caused extensive disruption and damage to infrastructure.<ref name="Berry">{{cite news|last=Berry|first=Petrina|title=Brisbane braces for flood peak as Queensland's flood crisis continues|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/breaking-news/brisbane-braces-for-flood-peak-as-queenslands-flood/story-fn7ik8u2-1225986784487|access-date=14 January 2011|newspaper=The Courier-Mail|date=13 January 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816145500/http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/breaking-news/brisbane-braces-for-flood-peak-as-queenslands-flood/story-fn7ik8u2-1225986784487|archive-date=16 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/infographics/qld-floods/beforeafter2.htm/ |title=Before and after photos of the floods in Brisbane |publisher=Abc.net.au |access-date=4 November 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712045536/http://www.abc.net.au/news/infographics/qld-floods/beforeafter2.htm |archive-date=12 July 2011}}</ref>

 

[[List of tallest buildings in Brisbane|Brisbane's tallest building]] is currently [[Brisbane Skytower]], which has a height of {{Convert|270|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://buildingdb.ctbuh.org/?do=create%3E|title=CTBUH Tall Building Database – The Skyscraper Center|author=CTBUH|work=Skyscrapercenter|access-date=2 June 2011|archive-date=22 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222072343/https://www.ctbuh.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> Architecturally prominent skyscrapers include the [[Harry Seidler]]-designed [[Riparian Plaza]], [[One One One Eagle Street]], which incorporates LED lighting resembling the [[buttress root]]s of the [[Ficus macrophylla|Moreton Bay fig]], and [[1 William Street, Brisbane|1 William Street]], the executive headquarters of the [[Queensland Government]].

 

File:Treasury Building, Reddacliff Place, Brisbane 01.jpg|19th century sandstone [[Treasury Building, Brisbane|Treasury Building]]

File:People's Palace with 288 Edward Street, Brisbane in the background, April 2020, 01.jpg|Former [[Temperance movement|temperance]] hotel, the [[People's Palace, Brisbane|People's Palace]], was built in the [[Federation architecture|Federation Filigree style]] between 1910 and 1911.

 

Brisbane's Greater Capital City Statistical Area includes the Local Government Areas of [[City of Brisbane]], [[City of Ipswich]], [[City of Moreton Bay]], [[Logan City]] and [[Redland City]], as well as parts of [[Lockyer Valley Region]], [[Scenic Rim Region]] and [[Somerset Region]], which form a continuous metropolitan area. The [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] estimates that the population of Greater Brisbane is 2,560,720 as of June 2020,<ref name=":0"/> making it the [[List of cities in Australia by population|third-largest city]] in Australia.

 

===Ancestry and immigration===

 

At the 2021 census, 3.0% of Brisbane's population identified as being [[Indigenous Australians|Indigenous]], which includes [[Aboriginal Australians]] and [[Torres Strait Islanders]].{{refn|group="N"|Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.}}<ref name="auto4"/>

 

===Language===

 

=== Religion ===

At the 2021 census, the most commonly cited religious affiliation was "No religion" (41.4%).

Brisbane's most popular religion at the 2021 census was [[Christianity]] at 44.3%, the most popular denominations of which were [[Catholic Church in Australia|Catholicism]] (18.6%) and [[Anglican Church of Australia|Anglicanism]] (9.7%). [[Brisbane central business district|Brisbane's CBD]] is home to two cathedrals – [[St John's Cathedral (Brisbane)|St John's]] (Anglican) and [[Cathedral of St Stephen, Brisbane|St Stephen's]] (Catholic).

Some of the largest companies headquartered in Brisbane, all among Australia's largest, include [[Suncorp Group]], [[Virgin Australia]], [[Aurizon]], [[Bank of Queensland]], [[Flight Centre]], [[CUA (company)|CUA]], [[Sunsuper]], [[QSuper]], [[Domino's Pizza Enterprises]], [[Star Entertainment Group]], [[ALS Limited|ALS]], [[TechnologyOne]], [[NEXTDC]], [[Super Retail Group]], [[New Hope Coal]], [[Jumbo Interactive]], [[National Storage]], [[Collins Foods]], and [[Boeing Australia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessnewsaus.com.au/articles/brisbane-top-companies.html|title=Brisbane Top Companies|date=11 October 2019|publisher=Business News Australia|access-date=19 April 2020|archive-date=23 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423092037/https://www.businessnewsaus.com.au/articles/brisbane-top-companies.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Most major Australian companies, as well as numerous international companies, have contact offices in Brisbane.

 

 

White-collar industries include information technology, [[financial services]], higher education and [[public sector]] administration generally concentrated in and around the central business district and satellite hubs located in the inner suburbs such as [[South Brisbane]], [[Fortitude Valley]], [[Spring Hill, Queensland|Spring Hill]], [[Milton, Queensland|Milton]], and [[Toowong]].

{{See also|Lists of schools in Queensland}}

[[File:Forgan Smith Building, 2020, 01.jpg|thumb|[[Great Court, University of Queensland|Forgan Smith Building]] at the [[University of Queensland|University of Queensland's]] [[St Lucia, Queensland|St Lucia]] campus]]

 

Three major universities are headquartered in Brisbane, namely:

 

====Bridges====

[[File:Neville Bonner Bridge Brisbane.jpg|thumb|Neville Bonner Bridge is a pedestrian-only bridge on Brisbane River]]

The Brisbane River creates a barrier to road transport routes. In total there are [[Bridges over the Brisbane River|sixteen bridges]] over the river, mostly concentrated in the inner city area. The road bridges (which usually also include provision for pedestrians and cyclists) by distance from the river mouth are the [[Sir Leo Hielscher Bridges]], the [[Story Bridge]], the [[Captain Cook Bridge, Brisbane|Captain Cook Bridge]], the [[Victoria Bridge, Brisbane|Victoria Bridge]], the [[William Jolly Bridge]], the [[Go Between Bridge]], the [[Eleanor Schonell Bridge]], the [[Walter Taylor Bridge]] the [[Centenary Bridge]] and [[Colleges Crossing]]. There are three railway bridges, namely the [[Merivale Bridge]], the [[Albert Bridge, Brisbane|Albert Bridge]] and the [[Indooroopilly Railway Bridge]]. There are also three pedestrian only bridges: the [[Goodwill Bridge]], the [[Kurilpa Bridge]] and the [[Jack Pesch Bridge]].