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[[File:BloodandHonourlogo.png|thumb|right|Official logo]]
{{Terrorism}}
'''Blood & Honour''' is a [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazi]] music promotion network and [[right-wing extremist]] political group founded in the [[United Kingdom]] by [[Ian Stuart Donaldson]] and [[Nicky Crane]] in 1987. It is composed of [[White Nationalismnationalism|Whitewhite Nationalistsnationalists]] and has links to [[Combat 18]].
 
Sometimes the code ''28'' is used to represent Blood & Honour, derived from the second and eighth letters of the [[Latin alphabet]], B and H, and the group uses [[Nazi]] symbolism. Its official website self-describes as a "musical based resistance network" and dubs its "global confederacy of freedom fighters" '''Brotherhood 28'''.
 
In the UK, the group used to organise [[White power music|Whitewhite power concerts]] by [[Rock Against Communism]] (RAC) bands. It publishes a magazine called ''Blood and Honour''. There are official divisions in several countries, including two rival groups in the United States. It is banned in several countries, including [[Germany]], [[Spain]], [[Russia]], and [[Canada]].
 
==History==
Blood & Honour formedwas established in 1987 asby a[[Skrewdriver]] breakawayfrontman group[[Ian fromStuart theDonaldson]], supported by [[Nicky Crane]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dyck |first=Kirsten |title=Reichsrock: The International Web of White-Power Noiseand Club.Neo-Nazi EstablishedHate inMusic 1986|publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]] |year=2016 |isbn=9780813574738 |pages=19}}</ref> and the bands [[No Remorse (band)|No Remorse]], Brutal Attack, Sudden Impact, and Squadron.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Raposo |first1=Ana |last2=Bestley |first2=Russ |date=2020-11-01 |title=Designing fascism: The evolution of a neo-Nazi punk aesthetic |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/punk_00039_1 |journal=Punk & Post-Punk |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=467–498 |doi=10.1386/punk_00039_1 |s2cid=226680220 |issn=2044-1983}}</ref> These bands were previously affiliated with the White Noise Club was, a subsidiary organisation of the [[National Front (UK)|National Front]] responsible for organising [[Rock Against Communism]] concerts, operating the White Noise Records label, and publishing a zine called ''White Noise'', thereby generating significant revenue for the National Front's political operations.<ref>{{Citation |last=Shaffer |first=Ryan |title=Music, Youth and International Links in Post-War British Fascism |date=2017 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59668-6_1 |pages=117–118 |access-date=2023-10-22 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-59668-6_1 |isbn=978-3-319-59667-9}}</ref>
 
Tensions between Donaldson and the leadership of the White Noise Club developed in 1987, as Donaldson felt that the White Noise Club was siphoning money out of the Rock Against Communism scene to use for the National Front's political campaigns.<ref name=":1" /> Donaldson's Skrewdriver officially split from the White Noise Club in May of 1987, and several other bands within the scene followed.<ref>Forbes and Stampton, ''The White Nationalist Skinhead Movement'', p. 252, 245.</ref>
Ian Stuart Donaldson, whose band [[Skrewdriver]] had been the flagship act of the National Front's Rock Against Communism movement, split from the National Front and denounced the White Noise Club as a "corrupt rip-off" in the first edition of ''Blood & Honour'' magazine, distributed free of charge to members of the White Noise Club and Skrewdriver's mailing lists in July of 1987.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Forbes |first=Robert |title=The White Nationalist Skinhead Movement: UK & USA, 1979 - 1993 |last2=Stampton |first2=Eddie |publisher=[[Feral House]] |year=2015 |isbn=9781627310246 |pages=253}}</ref> Donaldson was supported in his new venture by [[Nicky Crane]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dyck |first=Kirsten |title=Reichsrock: The International Web of White-Power and Neo-Nazi Hate Music |publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]] |year=2016 |isbn=9780813574738 |pages=19}}</ref> and the bands [[No Remorse (band)|No Remorse]], Brutal Attack, and Sudden Impact, and Squadron, who had previously been affiliated with the White Noise Club.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Raposo |first=Ana |last2=Bestley |first2=Russ |date=2020-11-01 |title=Designing fascism: The evolution of a neo-Nazi punk aesthetic |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/punk_00039_1 |journal=Punk &amp; Post-Punk |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=467–498 |doi=10.1386/punk_00039_1 |issn=2044-1983}}</ref> Blood & Honour's inaugural concert was held at the St Helier Arms on the 5th of September, 1987, and featured performances from Skrewdriver, No Remorse, Brutal Attack, and Sudden Impact.<ref>Forbes and Stampton, ''The White Nationalist Skinhead Movement'', p. 257.</ref>
 
Blood & Honour was launched as an alternative to the White Noise Club in July of 1987, with the appearance of the first edition of ''Blood & Honour'' magazine. Copies were sent free of charge to members of the White Noise Club (Donaldson used contacts within the National Front to obtain their mailing list),<ref>Shaffer, ''Music, Youth and International Links in Post-War British Fascism,'' p. 126.</ref> together with a note by Donaldson denouncing the White Noise Club as a "corrupt rip-off".<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Forbes |first1=Robert |title=The White Nationalist Skinhead Movement: UK & USA, 1979 - 1993 |last2=Stampton |first2=Eddie |publisher=[[Feral House]] |year=2015 |isbn=9781627310246 |pages=250}}</ref> A concert to "launch" Blood & Honour was held at the St Helier Arms on the 5th of September, 1987, featuring performances from Skrewdriver, No Remorse, Brutal Attack, and Sudden Impact.<ref>Forbes and Stampton, ''The White Nationalist Skinhead Movement'', p. 257.</ref>
 
By the end of 1988, ''Blood & Honour'' magazine was a quarterly that had grown from eight to 16 pages after a few issues. The magazine included concert reports, band interviews, readers' letters, RAC record charts and a column called "White Whispers". A mail-order service called Skrewdriver Services soon formed within its pages, selling items such as white power albums, T-shirts and flags; [[Ulster loyalism|Loyalist]] music tapes; and [[Swastika]] pendants.<ref name="Skrewdriver">''Skrewdriver Rockumentary 1977 to 1993 - From Punk to Patriotism''. Midgard Records (Sweden). 2000.</ref>
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Each year, on or near the anniversary of Donaldson's death, a large memorial concert is held. In 2008, a concert in Redhill, Somerset attracted widespread BBC, radio and newspaper coverage.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/7632507.stm |title=Family flee 'neo-Nazi' rally |work=BBC News |date=23 September 2008 |access-date=25 September 2008 |archive-date=26 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926032932/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/7632507.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/somerset/7632053.stm |title=Probe into 800-strong Nazi event |work=BBC News |date=23 September 2008 |access-date=25 September 2008 |archive-date=26 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926033258/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/somerset/7632053.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> The memorial concert to mark the 20th anniversary of the death of Donaldson reportedly was the biggest associated gig in the UK with between 1,000 and 1,200 people attending.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lowles|first1=Nick|title=Huge gig, few Brits|url=http://www.hopenothate.org.uk/blog/nick/huge-gig-few-brits-3071|website=HOPE not hate|access-date=13 July 2014|date=22 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708072911/http://hopenothate.org.uk/blog/nick/huge-gig-few-brits-3071|archive-date=2014-07-08|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ian Stuart Donaldson and a legacy of hate|url=http://www.channel4.com/news/ian-stuart-donaldson-a-legacy-of-hate|access-date=13 July 2014|work=Channel 4|date=24 September 2013|archive-date=11 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140711021740/http://www.channel4.com/news/ian-stuart-donaldson-a-legacy-of-hate|url-status=live}}</ref> On the 23rd anniversary of the death of founder, [[Ian Stuart Donaldson]], the annual memorial gig once again attracted international television and media coverage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/hundreds-attend-blood-and-honour-neo-nazi-rally-in-cambridgeshire/story-29787141-detail/story.html|title=Hundreds attend Blood and Honour neo-Nazi rally in Cambridgeshire|first=Raymond|last=Brown|date=6 October 2016|website=Cambridge-news.co.uk|access-date=12 December 2017|archive-date=8 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008171316/http://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/hundreds-attend-blood-and-honour-neo-nazi-rally-in-cambridgeshire/story-29787141-detail/story.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://metro.co.uk/2016/10/07/police-let-neo-nazis-hold-rally-in-small-village-because-they-thought-it-was-for-charity-6178745/|title=Police let neo-Nazis hold rally in small village 'because they thought it was for charity'|date=7 October 2016|work=[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]]|access-date=12 December 2017|archive-date=10 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410202458/https://metro.co.uk/2016/10/07/police-let-neo-nazis-hold-rally-in-small-village-because-they-thought-it-was-for-charity-6178745/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-37575508|title='Charity' neo-Nazi rally not opposed|first=Sally|last=Chidzoy|date=6 October 2016|access-date=12 December 2017|work=[[BBC News]]|archive-date=16 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716144043/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-37575508|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/nazi-rally-haddenham-allowed-police-mistook-for-charity-event-a7350291.html|title=Neo-nazi rally took place as police thought it was a 'charity event'|date=7 October 2016|website=[[The Independent]]|access-date=12 December 2017|archive-date=17 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517140532/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/nazi-rally-haddenham-allowed-police-mistook-for-charity-event-a7350291.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
Blood & Honour remains active in the UK but has contracted since its heyday in the 1980s and 1990s; researchers Matthew Worley and Nigel Copsey suggest that its membership is now “comprisedconsists mainly of heavily“heavily-tattooed men in their fifties reliving their “glory‘glory days”days’ at occasional gigs in back-room pubs”.<ref>{{Cite journal |lastlast1=Worley |firstfirst1=Matthew |last2=Copsey |first2=Nigel |date=2016-06-01 |title=White Youth: the Far Right, Punk and British Youth Culture, 1977-87 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.18573/j.2016.10041 |journal=JOMEC Journal |volume=0 |issue=9 |pages=27 |doi=10.18573/j.2016.10041 |issn=2049-2340|doi-access=free }}</ref> As of 2019, the organisation organises up to fifteen concerts a year in the UK.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |lastlast1=Keatinge |firstfirst1=Tom |last2=Keen |first2=Florence |last3=Izenman |first3=Kayla |date=2019-02-23 |title=Fundraising for Right-Wing Extremist Movements: How They Raise Funds and How to Counter It |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03071847.2019.1621479 |journal=The RUSI Journal |language=en |volume=164 |issue=2 |pages=18 |doi=10.1080/03071847.2019.1621479 |s2cid=191782105 |issn=0307-1847}}</ref>
 
==Description and symbolism==
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