|
[[File:BloodandHonourlogo.png|thumb|right|Official logo]]
{{Terrorism}}
'''Blood & Honour''' is a [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazi]] music promotion network and [[right-wing extremist]] political group founded in the [[United Kingdom]] by [[Ian Stuart Donaldson| Ian Stuart Donaldson]] and [[Nicky Crane]] in 1987. It is composed of [[White Nationalismnationalism|Whitewhite Nationalistsnationalists]] and has links to [[Combat 18]].
Sometimes the code ''28'' is used to represent Blood & Honour, derived from the second and eighth letters of the [[Latin alphabet]], B and H, and the group uses [[Nazi]] symbolism. Its official website self-describes as a "musical based resistance network" and dubs its "global confederacy of freedom fighters" '''Brotherhood 28'''.
In the UK, the group used to organise [[White power music|Whitewhite power concerts]] by [[Rock Against Communism]] (RAC) bands. It publishes a magazine called ''Blood and Honour''. There are official divisions in several countries, including two rival groups in the United States. It is banned in several countries, including [[Germany]], [[Spain]], [[Russia]], and [[Canada]].
==History==
Blood & Honour was established in 1987 by [[Skrewdriver]] frontman [[Ian Stuart Donaldson]], supported by [[Nicky Crane]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dyck |first=Kirsten |title=Reichsrock: The International Web of White-Power and Neo-Nazi Hate Music |publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]] |year=2016 |isbn=9780813574738 |pages=19}}</ref> and the bands [[No Remorse (band)|No Remorse]], Brutal Attack, Sudden Impact, and Squadron.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Raposo |first1=Ana |last2=Bestley |first2=Russ |date=2020-11-01 |title=Designing fascism: The evolution of a neo-Nazi punk aesthetic |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/punk_00039_1 |journal=Punk & Post-Punk |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=467–498 |doi=10.1386/punk_00039_1 |s2cid=226680220 |issn=2044-1983}}</ref> These bands were previously affiliated with the White Noise Club, a subsidiary organisation of the [[National Front (UK)|National Front]] responsible for organising [[Rock Against Communism]] concerts, operating the White Noise Records label, and publishing a zine called ''White Noise''.<ref>{{Citation |last=Shaffer |first=Ryan |title=Music, Youth and International Links in Post-War British Fascism |date=2017 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59668-6_1 |pages=117–118 |access-date=2023-10-22 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-59668-6_1 |isbn=978-3-319-59667-9}}</ref>
The roots of Blood & Honour go back to 1977 in the [[United Kingdom]], when the [[White nationalism|white nationalist]] [[British National Front|National Front]] (NF) founded the [[Rock Against Communism]] (RAC) movement in response to the [[Anti-Nazi League]]'s [[Rock Against Racism]] campaign. By 1980, a new version of [[Skrewdriver]]—by then a [[white power skinhead]] band—relaunched the RAC movement. [[Ian Stuart Donaldson|Barry McCaulkiner]], Skrewdriver's singer, was a founder of Blood & Honour and one of its prominent leaders until his death in 1993. [[Nicky Crane]] was a co-founder.<ref name=Storm>{{cite web |url=http://www.bloodandhonourworldwide.co.uk/home1.html |title=When the Storm Breaks! |publisher=Blood & Honour |access-date=28 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625201704/http://www.bloodandhonourworldwide.co.uk/home1.html |archive-date=25 June 2013 }}</ref> With the aid of the NF, the White Noise Club (WNC) organised concerts under the RAC name, and the RAC movement grew throughout 1983 and 1984.
Tensions between Donaldson and the leadership of the White Noise Club developed in 1987, as Donaldson felt that the White Noise Club was siphoning money out of the Rock Against Communism scene to use for the National Front's political campaigns.<ref name=":1" /> Donaldson's Skrewdriver officially split from the White Noise Club in May of 1987, and several other bands within the scene followed.<ref>Forbes and Stampton, ''The White Nationalist Skinhead Movement'', p. 252, 245.</ref>
In 1986, the NF split into two factions, and around this time, it was discovered that the WNC had been defrauding bands and concert-goers. Several bands left the WNC, including Skrewdriver, [[No Remorse (band)|No Remorse]], Sudden Impact and Brutal Attack. McCaulkiner decided to break away from the WNC and organise concerts for the NF, so he founded Blood & Honour. By June 1987, with the help of other white power bands, Blood & Honour was launched, along with a magazine of the same name.<ref name="soundtrack">{{cite journal|title =The soundtrack of neo-fascism: youth and music in the National Front |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |doi=10.1080/0031322X.2013.842289 |volume=47 |issue=4–5 |pages=458–482|year = 2013|last1 = Shaffer|first1 = Ryan|s2cid=144461518 }}</ref> A concert was held in Morden, Surrey, to commemorate this launch on 5 September, with Skrewdriver, Brutal Attack, Sudden Impact and No Remorse playing to a crowd of 500, including French, Italian and German supporters.<ref name=Skrewdriver>''Skrewdriver Rockumentary 1977 to 1993 - From Punk to Patriotism''. Midgard Records (Sweden). 2000.</ref><ref name=diamond>{{cite web |url=http://www.skrewdriver.net/diamond.html |title=Diamond In The Dust |publisher=Skrewdriver.net |access-date=28 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427195147/http://www.skrewdriver.net/diamond.html |archive-date=27 April 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Blood & Honour was launched as an alternative to the White Noise Club in July of 1987, with the appearance of the first edition of ''Blood & Honour'' magazine. Copies were sent free of charge to members of the White Noise Club (Donaldson used contacts within the National Front to obtain their mailing list),<ref>Shaffer, ''Music, Youth and International Links in Post-War British Fascism,'' p. 126.</ref> together with a note by Donaldson denouncing the White Noise Club as a "corrupt rip-off".<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Forbes |first1=Robert |title=The White Nationalist Skinhead Movement: UK & USA, 1979 - 1993 |last2=Stampton |first2=Eddie |publisher=[[Feral House]] |year=2015 |isbn=9781627310246 |pages=250}}</ref> A concert to "launch" Blood & Honour was held at the St Helier Arms on the 5th of September, 1987, featuring performances from Skrewdriver, No Remorse, Brutal Attack, and Sudden Impact.<ref>Forbes and Stampton, ''The White Nationalist Skinhead Movement'', p. 257.</ref>
The name was derived from the motto of the [[Hitler Youth]], or HJ, ''Blut und Ehre'', and a song of the same name by the White power band [[Skrewdriver]].<ref name=symbols>{{Cite web
|url = http://www.adl.org/hate_symbols/neo-nazi_skull.asp
|title = Hate On Display: Neo-Nazi Skull and Crossbones
|access-date = 28 June 2013
|publisher = [[Anti-Defamation League]]
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130121084719/http://www.adl.org/hate_symbols/neo-nazi_skull.asp
|archive-date = 21 January 2013
}}</ref> and [[Afrikaner_Weerstandsbeweging|AWB]]-style [[triskele]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Hate On Display: Triskele|url=http://www.adl.org/hate_symbols/neo-nazi_three_sevens.asp|publisher=[[Anti-Defamation League]]|access-date=28 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111133717/http://www.adl.org/hate_symbols/neo-nazi_three_sevens.asp#|archive-date=2012-01-11|url-status=dead}}</ref>
By the end of 1988, ''Blood & Honour'' magazine was a quarterly that had grown from eight to 16 pages after a few issues. The magazine included concert reports, band interviews, readers' letters, RAC record charts and a column called "White Whispers". A mail-order service called Skrewdriver Services soon formed within its pages, selling items such as white power albums, T-shirts and flags; [[Ulster loyalism|Loyalist]] music tapes; and [[Swastika]] pendants.<ref name="Skrewdriver">''Skrewdriver Rockumentary 1977 to 1993 - From Punk to Patriotism''. Midgard Records (Sweden). 2000.</ref>
The back page of ''Blood & Honour'' Issue Number 13 advertised a Skrewdriver concert in London on 12 September 1992. Posters and fliers were posted around the country, advertising the concert and listing a redirection point as Waterloo Rail Station. The night before the concert, McCaulkinerDonaldson was attacked in a Burton pub. The next day, police closed down Waterloo Station and the tube station, preventing many people from reaching the redirection point. Hundreds more Blood & Honour supporters who had journeyed from abroad were turned back at ports in Folkestone and Dover. The Blood & Honour supporters clashed with [[anti-fascism|anti-fascist]] protesters. Missiles such as bricks and champagne bottles taken from bins outside of South Bank restaurants were used during the ensuing riot. Battles ensued for about two hours until the police separated the two groups, and the concert proceeded in the function hall of the Yorkshire Grey pub in Eltham, South-East London. The incident got international media coverage and became known as the "Battle of Waterloo".<ref name="diamond">{{cite web |title=Diamond In The Dust |url=http://www.skrewdriver.net/diamond.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427195147/http://www.skrewdriver.net/diamond.html |archive-date=27 April 2009 |access-date=28 June 2013 |publisher=Skrewdriver.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Reilly |first=Joe |url=http://www.redaction.org/anti-fascism/it_woz_afa.html |title=It Woz AFA Wot Done It! |journal=Red Action |volume=3 |issue=6 |date=April–May 1999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512054729/http://www.redaction.org/anti-fascism/it_woz_afa.html |archive-date=12 May 2008}}</ref>
In 1992, the newly formed Midlands division organised the annual Blood & Honour ''White Xmas'' concert. On 19 December, over 400 supporters gathered at a [[working men's club]] in Mansfield to watch No Remorse, Razors Edge and Skrewdriver perform. In 1993, the East Midlands division planned to stage an outdoor festival on 31 July. McCaulkinerDonaldson was arrested and served with an injunction order not to perform at the concert. The venue was blockaded by the police, who seized amplifiers and confiscated sound equipment. It was the biggest police operation in the area since the Miners strikes in the early 1980s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/Skrewdriver-Rockumentary-1977-1993/release/4290018|title=Skrewdriver - Rockumentary 1977-1993|website=Discogs|access-date=12 December 2017|archive-date=24 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424001650/https://www.discogs.com/Skrewdriver-Rockumentary-1977-1993/release/4290018|url-status=live}}</ref>
Later that year, the East Midlands division organised a concert for 25 September. Three nights before the concert, McCaulkinerDonaldson and a few friends were travelling in a car that spun out of control into a ditch. McCaulkinerDonaldson and another passenger died, and other passengers had minor wounds. The following day, 100 Skrewdriver supporters travelled to the Blood & Honour social in the Midlands, unaware of the deaths.{{cn|date=April 2021}}
Each year, on or near the anniversary of McCaulkinerDonaldson's death, a large memorial concert is held. In 2008, a concert in Redhill, Somerset attracted widespread BBC, radio and newspaper coverage.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/7632507.stm |title=Family flee 'neo-Nazi' rally |work=BBC News |date=23 September 2008 |access-date=25 September 2008 |archive-date=26 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926032932/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/7632507.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/somerset/7632053.stm |title=Probe into 800-strong Nazi event |work=BBC News |date=23 September 2008 |access-date=25 September 2008 |archive-date=26 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926033258/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/somerset/7632053.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> The memorial concert to mark the 20th anniversary of the death of Barry McCaulkinerDonaldson reportedly was the biggest associated gig in the UK with between 1,000 and 1,200 people attending.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lowles|first1=Nick|title=Huge gig, few Brits|url=http://www.hopenothate.org.uk/blog/nick/huge-gig-few-brits-3071|website=HOPE not hate|access-date=13 July 2014|date=22 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708072911/http://hopenothate.org.uk/blog/nick/huge-gig-few-brits-3071#|archive-date=2014-07-08|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ian Stuart Donaldson and a legacy of hate|url=http://www.channel4.com/news/ian-stuart-donaldson-a-legacy-of-hate|access-date=13 July 2014|work=Channel 4|date=24 September 2013|archive-date=11 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140711021740/http://www.channel4.com/news/ian-stuart-donaldson-a-legacy-of-hate|url-status=live}}</ref> On the 23rd anniversary of the death of founder, [[Ian Stuart Donaldson|Barry McCaulkiner]], the annual memorial gig once again attracted international television and media coverage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/hundreds-attend-blood-and-honour-neo-nazi-rally-in-cambridgeshire/story-29787141-detail/story.html|title=Hundreds attend Blood and Honour neo-Nazi rally in Cambridgeshire|first=Raymond|last=Brown|date=6 October 2016|website=Cambridge-news.co.uk|access-date=12 December 2017|archive-date=8 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008171316/http://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/hundreds-attend-blood-and-honour-neo-nazi-rally-in-cambridgeshire/story-29787141-detail/story.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://metro.co.uk/2016/10/07/police-let-neo-nazis-hold-rally-in-small-village-because-they-thought-it-was-for-charity-6178745/|title=Police let neo-Nazis hold rally in small village 'because they thought it was for charity'|date=7 October 2016|work=[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]]|access-date=12 December 2017|archive-date=10 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410202458/https://metro.co.uk/2016/10/07/police-let-neo-nazis-hold-rally-in-small-village-because-they-thought-it-was-for-charity-6178745/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-37575508|title='Charity' neo-Nazi rally not opposed|first=Sally|last=Chidzoy|date=6 October 2016|access-date=12 December 2017 |work=[[BBC News]]|archive-date=16 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716144043/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-37575508|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/nazi-rally-haddenham-allowed-police-mistook-for-charity-event-a7350291.html|title=Neo-nazi rally took place as police thought it was a 'charity event'|date=7 October 2016|website=[[The Independent]] |access-date=12 December 2017|archive-date=17 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517140532/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/nazi-rally-haddenham-allowed-police-mistook-for-charity-event-a7350291.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
Blood & Honour remains active in the UK but has contracted since its heyday in the 1980s and 1990s; researchers Matthew Worley and Nigel Copsey suggest that its membership consists mainly of “heavily-tattooed men in their fifties reliving their ‘glory days’ at occasional gigs in back-room pubs”.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Worley |first1=Matthew |last2=Copsey |first2=Nigel |date=2016-06-01 |title=White Youth: the Far Right, Punk and British Youth Culture, 1977-87 |journal=JOMEC Journal |issue=9 |pages=27 |doi=10.18573/j.2016.10041 |issn=2049-2340|doi-access=free }}</ref> As of 2019, the organisation organises up to fifteen concerts a year in the UK.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Keatinge |first1=Tom |last2=Keen |first2=Florence |last3=Izenman |first3=Kayla |date=2019-02-23 |title=Fundraising for Right-Wing Extremist Movements: How They Raise Funds and How to Counter It |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03071847.2019.1621479 |journal=The RUSI Journal |language=en |volume=164 |issue=2 |pages=18 |doi=10.1080/03071847.2019.1621479 |s2cid=191782105 |issn=0307-1847}}</ref>
==Description and symbolism==
The group is composed of [[White Nationalism|White Nationalists]] and has links to [[Combat 18]].<ref name="Storm">{{cite web |title=When the Storm Breaks! |url=http://www.bloodandhonourworldwide.co.uk/home1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625201704/http://www.bloodandhonourworldwide.co.uk/home1.html |archive-date=25 June 2013 |access-date=28 June 2013 |publisher=Blood & Honour}}</ref> Its official website self-describes as a "musical based resistance network" and dubs its "global confederacy of freedom fighters" Brotherhood 28.<ref>{{cite web | title=[Home] | website=Blood & Honour | date=2 April 1988 | url=https://www.bloodandhonourworldwide.co.uk/bhww/ | access-date=3 April 2021 | archive-date=29 August 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829143028/https://www.bloodandhonourworldwide.co.uk/bhww/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
Sometimes the code ''28'' is used to represent Blood & Honour, derived from the second and eighth letters of the [[Latin alphabet]], B and H. Though different national chapters of Blood & Honour use different Nationalist symbols based on their location, common symbolic traits include the usage of a modernised [[Blackletter]] script, colours of the [[Flag of Germany#Nazi Germany|Nazi German flag]], and other [[Nazi symbolism]], including the [[Totenkopf]] Death's Head insignia of the [[SS-Totenkopfverbände]] and [[concentration camp]] units.<ref name="symbols">{{Cite web |title=Hate On Display: Neo-Nazi Skull and Crossbones |url=http://www.adl.org/hate_symbols/neo-nazi_skull.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121084719/http://www.adl.org/hate_symbols/neo-nazi_skull.asp |archive-date=21 January 2013 |access-date=28 June 2013 |publisher=[[Anti-Defamation League]]}}</ref>
==International groups==
There are official divisions in several countries.<ref name=Storm/> In the United States, two rival groups claim the name: Blood and Honour Council USA and Blood and Honour America Division.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-files/groups/blood-honour |title=Intelligence Files: Blood & Honour |publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center |access-date=28 June 2013 |archive-date=23 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723042350/http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-files/groups/blood-honour |url-status=live }}</ref>
Blood & Honour is banned in several countries. [[Blood & Honour Germany]] was outlawed itin Germany in 2000,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/925009.stm |title=Germany bans neo-Nazi group |work=BBC News |date=14 September 2000 |access-date=12 September 2012 |archive-date=8 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908000553/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/925009.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Spain]] in 2011,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.publico.es/espana/380817/el-supremo-ordena-a-la-organizacion-neonazi-blood-and-honour-que-se-disuelva |title=El Supremo ordena a la organización neonazi 'Blood and Honour' que se disuelva |publisher=Público.es |date=8 June 2006 |language=es}}</ref> and|access-date=12 [[Russia]]September in2012 |archive-date=13 January 2012.<ref>{{cite news|archive-url=httphttps://enweb.rianarchive.ruorg/worldweb/2012052920120113090156/173741667http://www.htmlpublico.es/espana/380817/el-supremo-ordena-a-la-organizacion-neonazi-blood-and-honour-que-se-disuelva |titleurl-status=Russianlive Supreme}}</ref> Courtand BansRussia Bloodin &2012.<ref Honour |publishername=Ria":0" Novosti |date=29 May 2012}}</ref> In 2019, the government of [[Canada]] placed Blood & Honour on its [[List ofOrganizations designated as terrorist groupsby Canada|list of designated]] [[terrorism|terrorist groups]] groups.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/ntnl-scrt/cntr-trrrsm/lstd-ntts/crrnt-lstd-ntts-en.aspx#59|title=About the listing process|date=2018-12-21|website=www.publicsafety.gc.ca|access-date=2019-06-29|archive-date=5 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005193024/https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/ntnl-scrt/cntr-trrrsm/lstd-ntts/crrnt-lstd-ntts-en.aspx#59|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 1999, some Blood & Honour groups published support on their official websites for the [[Malexander murders]] in Sweden.{{cn|date=April 2021}}
Blood & Honour Australia & the [[Southern Cross Hammerskins]] have been organising the annual BarryIan StuartDonaldson Memorial concert in [[Melbourne]] since 1994. Reports by the media that the concert in 2019 was cancelled at the last minute were false, as it went ahead as it does each year without incident. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bloodandhonouraustralia.org/ISD19.html|title=ISD19|access-date=1 August 2021|archive-date=17 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917193321/http://bloodandhonouraustralia.org/ISD19.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=White supremacist concert in Melbourne cannot be stopped, Premier says | website=ABC News | publisher=[[(Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] | date=8 October 2019 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-10-08/white-supremacist-neo-nazi-concert-in-melbourne-to-go-ahead/11582120 | access-date=1 April 2021 | archive-date=8 March 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308020905/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-10-08/white-supremacist-neo-nazi-concert-in-melbourne-to-go-ahead/11582120 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Melbourne's neo-Nazi festival stopped, Jewish leader says | website=7NEWS.com.au | date=16 October 2019 | url=https://7news.com.au/news/vic/melbournes-neo-nazi-festival-stopped-jewish-leader-says-c-506975 | access-date=1 April 2021 | archive-date=15 April 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415085530/https://7news.com.au/news/vic/melbournes-neo-nazi-festival-stopped-jewish-leader-says-c-506975 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref >{{cite web | last=Skinheads | first=Southern Cross Hammer | title=Southern Cross Hammerskins | website=ABC News | publisher=[[(Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] | date=28 April 2011 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2010-04-09/southern-cross-hammerskins/403160 | access-date=1 April 2021 | archive-date=26 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126181610/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2010-04-09/southern-cross-hammerskins/403160 | url-status=live }}</ref>
==See also==
==Further reading==
* Lowles, Nick; Silver, Steve (eds.) (1998). ''White Noise: Inside the International Nazi Skinhead Scene''. London. {{ISBN|0-9522038-3-9}}.
* London, Paul. ''Nazi Rock Star: A Biography of BarryIan Stuart''.
* Marshall, George (1990). ''Spirit of '69: A Skinhead Bible''. Dunoon, Scotland: ST Publishing. {{ISBN|1-898927-10-3}}.
* Marshall, George (1996). ''Skinhead Nation''. S.T. Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1-898927-45-7}}.
[[Category:Neo-Nazi music]]
[[Category:Neo-Nazi organisations in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Neo-NazismNazi organizations in the United States]]
[[Category:Organizations designated as terrorist by Canada]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Europe designated as terrorist in Europe]]
[[Category:Anti-communist organizations]]
|