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'''Blood libel''' or '''ritual murder libel''' (also '''blood accusation''')<ref name=JewishEncyclopedia>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Gottheil |first1=Richard |last2=Strack |first2=Hermann L. |last3=Jacobs |first3=Joseph |encyclopedia=Jewish Encyclopedia |title=Blood Accusation |url=http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/3408-blood-accusation |year=1901–1906 |location=New York |publisher=Funk & Wagnalls }}</ref><ref name=dundes>{{Cite book |editor1-last = Dundes |editor1-first = Alan |year = 1991 |title = The Blood Libel Legend: A Casebook in Anti-Semitic Folklore |publisher = University of Wisconsin Press |isbn = 978-0-299-13114-2 |url-access = registration |url = https://archive.org/details/bloodlibellegend00alan }}</ref> is an [[antisemitic canard]]<ref name=Turvey2008p3>Turvey, Brent E. ''Criminal Profiling: An Introduction to Behavioral Evidence Analysis'', Academic Press, 2008, p. 3. "Blood libel: An accusation of ritual murder made against one or more persons, typically of the Jewish faith".</ref><ref name=Chanes2004pp34-35>Chanes, Jerome A. ''Antisemitism: A Reference Handbook'', ABC-CLIO, 2004, pp. 34–45. "Among the most serious of these [anti-Jewish] manifestations, which reverberate to the present day, were those of the libels: the leveling of charges against Jews, particularly the blood libel and the libel of desecrating the host."</ref><ref name=Goldish2008p8>Goldish, Matt. ''Jewish Questions: Responsa on Sephardic Life in the Early Modern Period'', Princeton University Press, 2008, p. 8. "In the period from the twelfth to the twentieth centuries, Jews were regularly charged with blood libel or ritual murder{{snd}} that Jews kidnapped and murdered non-Jews as part of a Jewish religious ritual."</ref> which falsely accuses Jews of murdering Christians in order to use their blood in the performance of [[religious ritual]]s.<ref name=JewishEncyclopedia /><ref name=dundes /><ref name=zeitlin>Zeitlin, S [https://www.jstor.org/pss/1453766 "The Blood Accusation"] ''Vigiliae Christianae'', Vol. 50, No. 2 (1996), pp. 117–124</ref> Echoing very old myths of secret [[Child sacrifice|cultic practices]] in many [[Prehistory|prehistoric]] societies, the claim, as it is leveled against Jews, was rarely attested to in [[Ancient history|antiquity]]. According to [[Tertullian]], it originally emerged in late antiquity as an accusation made against [[Early Christianity|members of the early Christian community]] of the [[Roman Empire]].<ref name="D'Antonio">Emanuele D'Antonio, [https://www.quest-cdecjournal.it/jewish-self-defense-against-the-blood-libel-in-mid-nineteenth-century-italy-the-badia-affair-and-proceedings-of-the-castilliero-trial-1855-56/ ''Jewish Self-Defense against the Blood Libel in Mid-Nineteenth Century Italy: the Badia Affair and Proceedings of the Castilliero Trial (1855-56),''] [[:it:Quest. Issues in Contemporary Jewish History|Quest. Issues in Contemporary Jewish History]] volume 14, 1 pp. 23–47</ref> Once this accusation had been dismissed, it was revived a millennium later as a Christian slander against Jews in the [[Middle Ages|medieval period]].<ref>[[Norman Cohn]], ''[[Europe's Inner Demons]],'' (1975) Paladin Books 1976 pp.1-8.</ref><ref>Albert Ehrman, 'The Origins of the Ritual Murder Accusation and Blood Libel,' [[Tradition (journal)|Tradition]] vol.14, No.4 Spring 1976 p.83</ref> The first examples of medieval blood libel emerged in England in the mid 1100s before spreading into other parts of Europe, especially France and Germany. This libel, alongside those of [[well poisoning]] and [[host desecration]], became a major theme of the [[History of the Jews in Europe|persecution of Jews in Europe]] from that period down to modern times.<ref name=Chanes2004pp34-35/>
Blood libels often claim that Jews require human blood for the baking of [[Matzah|matzos]], an unleavened flatbread which is eaten during [[Passover]]. Earlier versions of the blood libel accused Jews of ritually re-enacting the [[Crucifixion of Jesus|crucifixion]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/lifemiraclesofst00thomuoft/page/14/mode/2up?view=theater | title=The life and miracles of St. William of Norwich | year=1896 }}</ref> The accusations often assert that the blood of Christian children is especially coveted, and historically, blood libel claims have been made in order to account for the otherwise unexplained deaths of children. In some cases, the alleged victims of [[human sacrifice]] have become venerated as [[Christian martyr]]s. Many of these{{snd}} most prominently [[William of Norwich]], [[Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln]], and [[Simon of Trent]]{{snd}} (1475) became objects of local [[Cult (religious practice)|cult]]s and veneration; the cult of Hugh of Lincoln gained the support of [[Henry III of England|Henry III]] and his son [[Edward I of England|Edward I]], giving it official credibility and helping it to be particularly well remembered. Although he was never canonized, the veneration of Simon was added to the [[General Roman Calendar]]. One child who was allegedly murdered by Jews, [[Gabriel of Białystok]], was canonized by the [[Russian Orthodox Church]].
In [[Jewish mythology|Jewish lore]], blood libels served as the impetus for the creation of the [[Golem of Prague]] by [[Rabbi]] [[Judah Loew ben Bezalel]] in the 16th century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/golem.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110418003740/http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/golem.html|url-status=dead|title=Angelo S. Rappoport ''The Folklore of the Jews'' (London: Soncino Press, 1937), pp. 195–203|archivedate=18 April 2011}}</ref> The term 'blood libel' has also been used in reference to any unpleasant or damaging false accusation, and as a result, it has acquired a broader metaphoric meaning. However, this wider usage of the term remains controversial, because Jewish groups object to it.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-12176503|title=What does 'blood libel' mean?|date=12 January 2011|access-date=16 April 2018|publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/the-campaign-spot/term-blood-libel-more-common-you-might-think-jim-geraghty/|title=The Term 'Blood Libel': More Common Than You Might Think|author=Jim Geraghty|date=12 January 2011|magazine=National Review|access-date=16 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703583404576079823067585318|title=Sarah Palin Is Right About 'Blood Libel'|first=Shmuley|last=Boteach|date=14 January 2011|website=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref>
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