Content deleted Content added
Ozzie10aaaa (talk | contribs) |
m Dating maintenance tags: {{Cn}} |
||
Line 69:
=== Traumatic injury ===
Traumatic bleeding is caused by some type of injury. There are different types of [[wound]]s which may cause traumatic bleeding. These include:{{cn|date=June 2022}}
* [[Abrasion (medical)|Abrasion]] – Also called a graze, this is caused by transverse action of a foreign object against the skin, and usually does not penetrate below the [[Epidermis (skin)|epidermis]].
* [[Excoriation]] – In common with Abrasion, this is caused by mechanical destruction of the skin, although it usually has an underlying medical cause.
Line 80:
* [[Ballistic trauma|Ballistic Trauma]] – Caused by a projectile weapon such as a firearm. This may include two external wounds (entry and exit) and a contiguous wound between the two.
The pattern of injury, evaluation and treatment will vary with the mechanism of the injury. Blunt trauma causes injury via a shock effect; delivering energy over an area. Wounds are often not straight and unbroken skin may hide significant injury. Penetrating trauma follows the course of the injurious device. As the energy is applied in a more focused fashion, it requires less energy to cause significant injury. Any body organ, including bone and brain, can be injured and bleed. Bleeding may not be readily apparent; internal organs such as the liver, kidney and spleen may bleed into the abdominal cavity. The only apparent signs may come with blood loss. Bleeding from a bodily orifice, such as the rectum, nose, or ears may signal internal bleeding, but cannot be relied upon. Bleeding from a [[medical procedure]] also falls into this category.{{cn|date=June 2022}}
=== Medical condition ===
"Medical bleeding" denotes hemorrhage as a result of an underlying medical condition (i.e. causes of bleeding that are not directly due to trauma). Blood can escape from [[blood vessel]]s as a result of 3 basic patterns of injury:{{cn|date=June 2022}}
* [[blood|Intravascular changes]] – changes of the blood within vessels (e.g. ↑ [[blood pressure]], ↓ [[clotting factors]])
* [[blood vessel|Intramural changes]] – changes arising within the walls of blood vessels (e.g. [[aneurysms]], [[aortic dissection|dissections]], [[arteriovenous malformation|AVMs]], [[vasculitides]])
Line 92:
Some medical conditions can also make patients susceptible to bleeding. These are conditions that affect the normal hemostatic (bleeding-control) functions of the body. Such conditions either are, or cause, [[bleeding diathesis|bleeding diatheses]]. [[Hemostasis]] involves several components. The main components of the hemostatic system include [[platelets]] and the [[blood coagulation|coagulation]] system.
[[Platelets]] are small blood components that form a plug in the blood vessel wall that stops bleeding. Platelets also produce a variety of substances that stimulate the production of a blood clot. One of the most common causes of increased bleeding risk is exposure to [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]] (NSAIDs). The prototype for these drugs is aspirin, which inhibits the production of thromboxane. NSAIDs inhibit the activation of [[platelets]], and thereby increase the risk of bleeding. The effect of aspirin is irreversible; therefore, the inhibitory effect of aspirin is present until the platelets have been replaced (about ten days). Other NSAIDs, such as "ibuprofen" (Motrin) and related drugs, are reversible and therefore, the effect on platelets is not as long-lived.{{cn|date=June 2022}}
There are several named coagulation factors that interact in a complex way to form blood clots, as discussed in the article on [[coagulation]]. Deficiencies of coagulation factors are associated with clinical bleeding. For instance, deficiency of Factor VIII causes classic [[hemophilia A]] while deficiencies of Factor IX cause "Christmas disease"([[hemophilia B]]). Antibodies to Factor VIII can also inactivate the Factor VII and precipitate bleeding that is very difficult to control. This is a rare condition that is most likely to occur in older patients and in those with [[autoimmune]] diseases. Another common bleeding disorder is [[Von Willebrand disease]]. It is caused by a deficiency or abnormal function of the "Von Willebrand" factor, which is involved in platelet activation. Deficiencies in other factors, such as factor XIII or factor VII are occasionally seen, but may not be associated with severe bleeding and are not as commonly diagnosed.
Line 102:
=== Infection ===
Infectious diseases such as [[Ebola]], [[Marburg virus disease]] and [[yellow fever]] can cause bleeding.{{cn|date=June 2022}}
== Diagnosis/Imaging ==
| |||