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{{short description|Collection of religious texts}}
{{about|the holy book|other uses}}
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{{Bible sidebar |expanded=all}}
<!-- Consensus established on the talk page for this article has established that BCE/CE dates will be used when referring to the Jewish Bible/Judaism and BC/AD dates for the Christian Bible/Christianity. -->
The '''Bible'''<!-- Per consensus, please do not add the word 'holy'. --> (from [[Koine Greek]] {{lang|grc|τὰ βιβλία}}, {{transliteration|grc|tà biblía}}, 'the books') is a collection of [[religious text]]s or scriptures, some, all, or a variant of which are held to be [[sacredness|sacred]] in [[Christianity]], [[Judaism]], [[Samaritanism]], [[Islam]], the [[Baha'i Faith]], and
The religious texts were compiled by different religious communities into various official collections. The earliest contained the first five books of the Bible, called the [[Torah]] in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] and the Pentateuch (meaning ''five books'') in Greek. The second oldest part was a collection of narrative histories and prophecies (the [[Nevi'im]]). The third collection (the [[Ketuvim]]) contains psalms, proverbs, and narrative histories. "[[Hebrew Bible|Tanakh]]" is an alternate term for the Hebrew Bible composed of the first letters of those three parts of the Hebrew scriptures: the Torah ("Teaching"), the Nevi'im ("Prophets"), and the Ketuvim ("Writings"). The [[Masoretic Text]] is the medieval version of the Tanakh, in Hebrew and Aramaic, that is considered the authoritative text of the Hebrew Bible by modern [[Rabbinic Judaism]]. The [[Septuagint]] is a Koine Greek translation of the Tanakh from the third and second centuries BC; it largely overlaps with the Hebrew Bible.
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[[File:Bible from 1300 (20).jpg|thumb|alt=Hebrew Bible from 1300. Genesis.|The [[Book of Genesis]] in a {{circa|1300}} [[Hebrew Bible]]]]
[[File:Great Isaiah Scroll.jpg|thumb|The [[Great Isaiah Scroll]] (1QIsa<sup>a</sup>), one of the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]], is the oldest complete copy of the [[Book of Isaiah]].]]
The Bible<!-- Per consensus, please do not add the word 'holy'. --> is not a single book; it is a collection of books whose complex development is not completely understood. The oldest books began as songs and stories [[oral tradition|orally transmitted]] from generation to generation. Scholars of the twenty-first century are only in the beginning stages of exploring "the interface between writing, performance, memorization, and the aural dimension" of the texts. Current indications are that writing and orality were not separate so much as ancient writing was learned in a context of communal oral performance.<ref>Carr, David M. The formation of the Hebrew Bible: A new reconstruction. Oxford University Press, 2011. p. 5</ref> The Bible was [[Authorship of the Bible|written and compiled by many people]],
British biblical scholar John K. Riches wrote:{{sfn|Riches|2000|p=9}}
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Because the canon of Scripture is distinct for Jews, Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholics, and Western Protestants, the contents of each community's Apocrypha are unique, as is its usage of the term. For Jews, none of the apocryphal books are considered canonical. Catholics refer to this collection as "[[Deuterocanonical books]]" (second canon) and the Orthodox Church refers to them as "[[Anagignoskomena]]" (that which is read).{{sfn|Pace|2016|p=349}} {{efn|[[Canon of Trent#List|the Canon of Trent]]:{{blockquote|But if anyone receive not, as sacred and canonical, the said books entire with all their parts, as they have been used to be read in the Catholic Church, and as they are contained in the old Latin vulgate edition; and knowingly and deliberately [[contemn]] the traditions aforesaid; let him be [[anathema]].|''Decretum de Canonicis Scripturis'', Council of Trent, 8 April 1546}}}}
Books included in the
The [[Greek Orthodox Church]], and the Slavonic churches (Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Poland, Ukraine, Russia, Serbia, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia and Croatia) also add:{{sfn|Pace|2016|p=350}}
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The New Testament is a collection of 27 books{{sfn|Mears|2007|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=m2Lz7iwklhAC&pg=PA439 438–439]}} of 4 different [[genres]] of Christian literature ([[Gospels]], one account of the [[Acts of the Apostles]], [[Epistles]] and an [[Apocalyptic literature|Apocalypse]]). These books can be grouped into:
The [[Gospel|
* [[Synoptic Gospels]]
** [[Gospel of Matthew]]
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* [[Gospel of John]]
The [[Acts of the Apostles (genre)|
* [[Acts of the Apostles]]
The [[Pauline epistles]] are written to individual church groups to address problems, provide encouragement and give instruction.
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* [[Epistle to the Romans]]
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The [[
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* [[First Epistle to Timothy]]
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The [[Catholic epistles]], also called the general epistles or lesser epistles.
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* [[Epistle of James]] encourages a lifestyle consistent with faith.
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The [[
* [[Book of Revelation]], or the Apocalypse, predicts end time events.
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{{Main|Role of Christianity in civilization}}{{Further|History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance|The Bible and violence|Women in the Bible}}
{{See also|Category:Works based on the Bible}}
With a literary tradition spanning two millennia, the Bible is one of the most influential
The Bible is the world's most published book, with estimated total sales of over five billion copies.<ref name="WSJ">{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111903918104576502782310557332|title=How We Got the Best-Selling Book of All Time |last1=Ryken |first1=Leland |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=9 December 2015 |archive-date=8 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508064956/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111903918104576502782310557332 |url-status=live}}</ref> As such, the Bible has had a profound influence, especially in the [[Western world]],<ref>{{cite book|title=God, Justice, and Society: Aspects of Law and Legality in the Bible|first=Jonathan |last=Burnside|year= 2011| isbn=978-0-19-975921-7| page = XXVI|publisher=Oxford University Press|quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title= Readings in Western Religious Thought: The ancient world|first=Patrick|last= V. Reid|year= 1987| isbn=978-0-8091-2850-1| page =43|publisher=Paulist Press|quote=}}</ref> where the [[Gutenberg Bible]] was the first book printed in Europe using [[movable type]].{{sfn|Riches|2000|loc=chs. 1 and 4}} It has contributed to the formation of [[Western law]], [[Western art|art]], [[Western literature|literature]], and education.<ref>{{cite book|title= Religion and Spirituality in Psychiatry|first=Harold |last= G. Koenig|year= 2009| isbn=978-0-521-88952-0| page =31 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|quote= The Bible is the most globally influential and widely read book ever written. ... it has been a major influence on the behavior, laws, customs, education, art, literature, and morality of Western civilization.}}</ref>
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File:Blanche of Castile and King Louis IX of France.jpg|Blanche of Castile and Louis IX of France Bible, 13th century
File:Maciejowski Bible Leaf 37 3.jpg|Maciejowski Bible, Leaf 37, the 3rd image, [[Abner]] (in the centre in green) sends [[Michal]] back to David.
File:Jephthah's daughter laments - Maciejowski Bible.JPG|Jephthah's daughter laments – Maciejowski Bible (France,
File:Whore-babylon-luther-bible-1534.jpg|Coloured version of the [[Whore of Babylon]] illustration from Martin Luther's 1534 translation of the Bible
File:Malnazar - Bible - Google Art Project.jpg|An Armenian Bible, 17th century, [[Illuminated manuscript|illuminated]] by Malnazar
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* {{cite book |last=Brake |first=Donald L. |title=A visual history of the English Bible: the tumultuous tale of the world's bestselling book |year=2008 |publisher=Baker Books |location=Grand Rapids, MI |isbn=978-0-8010-1316-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/visualhistoryofe00brak/page/29 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Brock |first1=Sebastian |author-link=Sebastian Brock |title=The Bible in the Syriac Tradition |date=1988 |publisher=St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Bromiley |first=Geoffrey W. |author-link=Geoffrey W. Bromiley |title=The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: Q–Z |year=1995 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |isbn=978-0-8028-3784-4}}
* {{cite journal |last=Brown |year=1997 |first=Peter |title=''SO Debate'': The World of Late Antiquity Revisited |journal=Symbolae Osloenses |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=5–30 |issn=1502-7805 |doi=10.1080/00397679708590917 |url=https://www.academia.edu/37604019 |access-date=25 April 2022 |archive-date=25 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425223626/https://www.academia.edu/37604019 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last=Brown |first=Raymond E. |author-link=Raymond E. Brown |date=2010 |orig-date=1997 |title=An Introduction to the New Testament |series=[[Anchor Bible Series|The Anchor Yale Bible Reference Library]] |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0-300-14016-3 |oclc=762279536}}
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* {{cite book |last1=Duff |first1=Jeremy |last2=Wenham |first2=John William |author-link2=John Wenham |title=The Elements of New Testament Greek |date=14 April 2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-75551-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-YT1IjEjmDkC |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last=Ewert |first=David |title=A General Introduction to the Bible: From Ancient Tablets to Modern Translations |date=11 May 2010 |publisher=Zondervan |isbn=978-0-310-87243-6}}
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Fahlbusch |editor-first1=E. |editor-link1=Erwin Fahlbusch |editor-last2=Bromiley |editor-first2=G. W. |editor-link2=Geoffrey W. Bromiley |title=The encyclopedia of Christianity |volume=4(P–Sh) |date=2004 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |isbn=978-0-8028-2416-5}}
* {{cite book |last1=Fishbane |first1=Michael |author-link=Michael Fishbane |title=The Garments of Torah, Essays in Biblical Hermeneutics |year=1992 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-11408-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Fitzmeyer|first=Joseph A.|title=Responses to 101 questions on the Dead Sea scrolls|year=1992|publisher=Paulist Press|isbn= 978-0-8091-3348-2}}
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* {{cite book |last1=Mears |first1=Henrietta C. |author-link=Henrietta Mears |title=What the Bible is All About Visual Edition |date=5 February 2007 |publisher=Gospel Light Publications |isbn=978-0-8307-4329-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m2Lz7iwklhAC |language=en}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Metzger |first1=Bruce M. |author-link=Bruce M. Metzger |title=Literary Forgeries and Canonical Pseudepigrapha |journal=Journal of Biblical Literature |date=1972 |volume=91 |issue=1 |pages=3–24 |doi=10.2307/3262916 |jstor=3262916}}
* {{cite journal |author1-last=Metzger |author1-first=David |author2-last=Katz |author2-first=Steven B. |title=The 'Place' of Rhetoric in Aggadic Midrash |journal=College English |volume=72 |issue=6 |publisher=National Council of Teachers of English |year=2010 |pages=638–653 |doi=10.58680/ce201011553 |jstor=20749307 |url=https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/english_fac_pubs/18 |ref={{sfnref|Metzger & Katz|2010}}}}
* {{cite book |last1=Mittleman |first1=Alan L. |title=A Short History of Jewish Ethics: Conduct and Character in the Context of Covenant |date=2012 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |location=Chichester, West Suffix |isbn=978-1-4051-8942-2}}
* {{cite journal| last=Mowry|first= Lucetta|title=The Early Circulation of Paul's Letters|journal= Journal of Biblical Literature| volume= 63|issue= 2|year=1944|pages= 73–86|doi= 10.2307/3262644|jstor= 3262644|url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/3262644}}
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