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For Catholics as for Protestants, the challenge to inerrancy became serious when the Bible began to come into conflict with science: first astronomy (heliocentrism), then geology (the age of the earth) and finally biology (the evolution of species). By the 19th century, some Catholic thinkers were suggesting the same solution as some Protestants: inerrancy in the Bible is restricted to matters of doctrine and morality. [[Galileo]] had already said something similar in the early 17th century when, quoting Cardinal [[Caesar Baronius]], he had quipped: "The Bible teaches us how to go to heaven, not how the heavens go."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei#Letter_to_the_Grand_Duchess_Christina_(1615).html|title=Wikiquote; Galileo Galilei}}</ref>
Pope [[Leo XIII]], in his 1893 encyclical {{lang|la|[[Providentissimus Deus]]}},
Pope [[Leo XIII]], in his 1893 encyclical {{lang|la|[[Providentissimus Deus]]}},<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Providentissimus Deus (November 18, 1893) | LEO XIII |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/leo-xiii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_18111893_providentissimus-deus.html}}</ref> also wrote:
{{quote|20.{{nbsp}}[...] It is absolutely wrong and forbidden, either to narrow inspiration to certain parts only of Holy Scripture, or to admit that the sacred writer has erred. For the system of those who, in order to rid themselves of these difficulties, do not hesitate to concede that divine inspiration regards the things of faith and morals, and nothing beyond,{{nbsp}}[...] cannot be tolerated. For all the books which the Church receives as sacred and canonical, are written wholly and entirely, with all their parts, at the dictation of the Holy Ghost; and{{nbsp}}[...] that inspiration{{nbsp}}[...] is essentially incompatible with error.{{nbsp}}[...] This is the ancient and unchanging faith of the Church.}}
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