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=== Before Vatican II ===
[[St. John Henry Newman]], writing in 1884, acknowledged the "human side" of biblical inspiration which "manifests itself in language, style, tone of thought, character, intellectual peculiarities, and such infirmities, not sinful, as belong to our nature, and which in unimportant matters may issue in what in doctrinal definitions is called an obiter dictum (said in passing).” In this view, the Bible contains many statements of a historical nature that have no salvific content in themselves and so need not be inerrant.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wherepeteris.com/biblical-inerrancy-for-catholics-dei-verbum-chapter-3/|title=Biblical inerrancy for Catholics: Dei Verbum, chapter 3}}</ref> Often called the “absent father of Vatican II” (absent because he died 72 years before it began), the wording of [[Dei Verbum]] recalls Newman’s position. The theologians who wrote it knew and positively appreciated his views.<ref>Juan Velez Giraldo, “Newman’s Influence on Vatican II’s Constitution Dei Verbum,” Scripta Theologica 51 (2019): 711-40</ref>
Pope [[Leo XIII]], in his 1893 encyclical {{lang|la|[[Providentissimus Deus]]}}, addressed attacks on the inerrancy of the Bible regarding descriptions of physical phenomena.<ref name=":0" /> He explained that descriptions of physical events in the Bible are meant to manifest religious truths, and not to describe the physical events themselves.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Belmonte |first=Charles |url=https://fsubelmonte.weebly.com/uploads/1/9/7/1/19715887/fsu1.pdf |title=Faith Seeking Understanding |publisher=Studium Theologiae Foundation, Inc. |year=2006 |isbn=971-91060-4-2 |editor-last=Belmonte |editor-first=Charles |edition=2nd |volume=I |location=Mandaluyong, Metro Manila, Philippines |pages=122–123 |access-date=May 17, 2023}}</ref> He also explained that the inspiration that the Holy Spirit gave to the hagiographers did not extend to the explanations of natural phenomena; hence, the hagiographers wrote about natural phenomena as they were commonly observed and in terms of everyday language.<ref name=":0" /> He also explained that the hagiographers sometimes described natural phenomena using metaphors.<ref name=":0" /> He also explained that there could not be real conflict between biblical descriptions of natural phenomena and science, because the hagiographers did not intend to describe natural phenomena scientifically, and because God is the author of the Bible.<ref name=":0" />
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