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Line 1: {{Tanakh OT}} The two '''Books of [[Samuel]]''' ({{lang-he\|''Sefer Shmuel'' ספר שמואל}}) are part of a series of books in the [[Hebrew Bible]] and the [[Old Testament]], ([[Book of Joshua\|Joshua]], [[Book of Judges\|Judges]], Samuel and [[Books of Kings\|Kings]]) that constitute a theological history of the [[Israelites]] which ~~affirms and~~ explains [[Torah\|God's law for Israel]] under the guidance of the prophets.{{sfn\|Gordon\|1986\|p=18}} According to Jewish tradition the book was written by Samuel, with additions by the prophets Gad and Nathan; modern scholarly thinking is that the entire history (called the [[Deuteronomistic history]]) was composed in the period c.630–540 BCE by combining a number of independent texts of various ages.{{sfn\|Knight\|1995\|p=348}}{{sfn\|Jones\|2001\|p=197}} Samuel begins with the prophet [[Samuel]]'s birth and [[Yahweh\|God]]'s call to him as a boy. The story of the [[Ark of the Covenant]] that follows tells of Israel's oppression by the [[Philistines]], which brings about Samuel's anointing of [[Saul]] as Israel's first king. But Saul proves unworthy and God's choice turns to [[David]], who defeats Israel's enemies and brings the Ark to Jerusalem. God then promises David and his successors an eternal dynasty.{{sfn\|Spieckerman\|2001\|p=348}} Line 19: The elders of Judah anoint David as king, but in the north Saul's son Ishbaal rules over the northern tribes. After a long war Ishbaal is murdered hoping for reward from David, but David has them killed for killing God's anointed. David is then anointed King of all Israel. David captures Jerusalem and brings the Ark there. David wishes to build a temple, but [[Nathan (Prophet)\|Nathan]] tells him that one of David's sons will be the one to build the temple. David defeats the enemies of Israel, slaughtering Philistines, [[Moab]]ites, [[Edom]]ites, Syrians and [[Arameans]]. David commits adultery with [[Bathsheba]] and plots the death of her husband; for this heGod issends ~~punished~~disasters against his house. The prophet Nathan ~~says~~tells David that the sword shall never depart from his house. For the remainder of his reign there are problems: one of his sons rapes one of his daughters, another son kills the first, his favourite son rebels and is killed, until finally only two contenders for the succession remain, one of them Bathsheba's son [[Solomon]]. [[1 Kings]] then relates how, as David lies dying, Bathsheba and the prophet [[Nathan (prophet)\|Nathan]] ensure Solomon's elevation to the throne. ==Composition== Line 28: ===Authorship and date of composition=== According to ~~Rabbinic~~passages ~~tradition~~14b ~~recorded~~and in15a of the [[~~Talmud~~Bava Basra]] (tractate of the [[~~Bava Basra~~Talmud]] ~~14b~~, ~~15a)~~ the book was written by Samuel up until 1 Samuel 25, which notes the death of Samuel, and the remainder by the prophets Gad and Nathan. Critical scholars from the 19th century onward have rejected this idea. [[Martin Noth]] in 1943 theorized that Samuel was composed by a single author as part of a history of Israel, the [[Deuteronomistic history]], made up of ([[Deuteronomy]], [[Book of Joshua\|Joshua]], [[Book of Judges\|Judges]], Samuel and [[Books of Kings\|Kings]]).{{sfn\|Klein\|2003\|p=316}} Although Noth's belief that the entire History was composed by a single individual has been largely abandoned, his theory in its broad outline has been adopted by most scholars.{{sfn\|Tsumura\|2007\|p=15-19}} The most common view today is that an early version of the History was composed in the time of king [[Hezekiah]] (8th century BCE); the bulk of the first edition dates from his grandson [[Josiah]] at the end of the 7th, with further sections added during the [[Babylonian exile]] (6th century) and the work substantially complete by about 550 BCE.{{sfn\|Walton\|2009\|p=41-42}} Further editing was apparently done even after then: for example, the silver quarter-shekel which Saul's servant offers to Samuel in 1 Samuel 9 almost certainly fixes the date of this story in the Persian or Hellenistic periods.{{sfn\|Auld\|2003\|p=219}}

Books of Samuel: Difference between revisions