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{{About |the Book of Zephaniah|the Hebrew prophet|Zephaniah}}
{{Tanakh OT|Nevi'im|prophetic}}
[[File:Leningrad-codex-13-twelve-minor-prophets.pdf |250px |thumb|The [[Leningrad Codex]] (AD. 1008) contains the complete text of the Book of Zephaniah in [[Hebrew]].]]
The '''Book of Zephaniah''' {{IPAc-en|ˌ|z|ɛ|f|ə|ˈ|n|aɪ|.|ə}} ({{lang-he|צְפַנְיָה}}, ''
== Authorship and date ==
[[File:Southern France, Toulouse(?), 13th century - Fol. 362v, Zephaniah, historiated initial V, Zephaniah kneeling with a scro - 2008.2.362.b - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif|thumb|upright=1.1|A 13th-century Latin Bible, possibly from [[Toulouse]], with part of the Book of Zephaniah (Latin ''Sophonias'')]]
The book's superscription attributes its authorship to "Zephaniah son of Cushi son of Gedaliah son of Amariah son of Hezekiah, in the days of [[Josiah|King Josiah]] son of [[Amon of Judah]],"
The name "[[Cushi]]," Zephaniah's father, means "Cushite" or "[[Ethiopia]]n," and the text of Zephaniah mentions the sin and restoration of
As with many of the other prophets,{{sfn|Berlin et al.|2004|pp=781–784, 918, 1043}} there is no external evidence to directly associate composition of the book with a prophet by the name of Zephaniah.{{sfn|Grudem et al.|2008|p=1729}} Some scholars, such as Kent Harold Richards and Jason DeRouchie, consider the words in Zephaniah to reflect a time early in the reign of [[Josiah|King Josiah]] (640–609 BC) before his reforms of 622 BC took full effect,{{sfn|Attridge|Meeks|2006|p=1259}}{{sfn|Carson et al.|2015|p=1839}} in which case the prophet may have been born during the reign of [[Manasseh of Judah|Manasseh]]{{sfn|Attridge|Meeks|2006|p=1259}} (698/687–642 BC).{{sfn|Berlin et al.|2004|p=2111}} Others agree that some portion of the book is postmonarchic,{{sfn|Berlin et al.|2004|p=1234}} that is, dating to later than 586 BC when the [[Kingdom of Judah]] fell in the [[Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)|Siege of Jerusalem]].{{sfn|Berlin et al.|2004|p=2111}} Some who consider the book to have largely been written by a historical Zephaniah have suggested that he may have been a disciple of [[Isaiah]] because of the two books' similar focus on rampant corruption and injustice in Judah.{{sfn|Attridge|Meeks|2006|p=1259}}
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== Themes ==
[[File:Sophonie s'adressant au peuple.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Illustration depicting Zephaniah addressing the people,
''The HarperCollins Study Bible'' supplies headings for the book as follows:{{sfn|Attridge|Meeks|2006|pp=1260-64}}
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More consistently than any other prophetic book, Zephaniah focuses on "the day of the Lord,"{{sfn|Grudem et al.|2008|p=1729}} developing this tradition from its first appearance in [[Book of Amos|Amos]].{{sfn|Attridge|Meeks|2006|pp=1259-60}}{{sfn|Berlin et al.|2004|p=1186}}<ref>{{Bibleverse|Amos|5:18–20|NRSV}}</ref> The day of the Lord tradition also appears in [[Book of Isaiah|Isaiah]], [[Book of Ezekiel|Ezekiel]], [[Book of Obadiah|Obadiah]], [[Book of Joel|Joel]], and [[Book of Malachi|Malachi]].{{sfn|Berlin et al.|2004|p=1169}}<ref>{{Bibleverse|Isaiah|13:6|NRSV}}, {{Bibleverse|Ezekiel|30:2–3|NRSV}}, {{Bibleverse|Obadiah|15|NRSV}}, {{Bibleverse|Joel|1:15|NRSV}}, {{Bibleverse|Malachi|4:5|NRSV}}</ref>
The book begins by describing Yahweh's judgement.
As is common in prophetic literature in the Bible, a "remnant" survives Yahweh's judgement in Zephaniah{{sfn|Berlin et al.|2004|p=1241}} by humbly seeking refuge in Yahweh.{{sfn|Grudem et al.|2008|p=1738}}<ref>{{Bibleverse|Zeph|3:12–13|NRSV}}</ref> The book concludes in an announcement of hope and joy,{{sfn|Berlin et al.|2004|p=1242}}<ref>{{Bibleverse|Zeph|3:14–20|NRSV}}</ref> as Yahweh "bursts forth in joyful divine celebration"{{sfn|Grudem et al.|2008|p=1739}} over his people.<ref>{{Bibleverse|Zeph|3:17|NRSV}}</ref>
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Zephaniah served as a major inspiration for the [[medieval]] [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] [[hymn]] "[[Dies Irae]]," whose title and opening words are from the [[Vulgate]] translation of {{Bibleverse|Zephaniah|1:15–16|NRSV}}.{{sfn|Attridge|Meeks|2006|pp=1259–60}}
==Surviving early manuscripts==
The original manuscript of this book has been lost. Some early manuscripts containing the text of this book in [[Biblical Hebrew|Hebrew]] are of the [[Masoretic Text]] tradition, which includes the [[Codex Cairensis]] (895), [[Codex Babylonicus Petropolitanus|the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets]] (916), [[Aleppo Codex]] (10th century), [[Leningrad Codex|Codex Leningradensis]] (1008).{{sfn|Würthwein|1995|pp=35-37}} Fragments containing parts of this book in Hebrew were found among the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]], including 4Q77 (4QXII<sup>b</sup>; 150–125 BCE),{{sfn|Ulrich|2010|p=616}}<ref name=thewaytoyahuweh>[https://thewaytoyahuweh.com/dead-sea-scrolls/general-info/#zephaniah Dead sea scrolls - Zephaniah]</ref>{{sfn|Fitzmyer|2008|p=38}}
4Q78 (4QXII<sup>c</sup>; 75–50 BCE),<ref name=thewaytoyahuweh/>{{sfn |Fitzmyer|2008|p=38}}{{sfn|Ulrich|2010|p= 618}}
and [[Wadi Murabba'at]] Minor Prophets (Mur88; MurXIIProph; 75-100 CE).<ref name=thewaytoyahuweh/>{{sfn|Fitzmyer|2008|pp=140-141}}
There is also a translation into [[Koine Greek]] known as the [[Septuagint]], made in the last few centuries BC. Extant ancient manuscripts of the [[Septuagint]] version include [[Codex Vaticanus]] (4th century), [[Codex Sinaiticus]] (4th century), [[Codex Alexandrinus]] (5th century) and [[Codex Marchalianus]] (6th century).{{sfn|Würthwein|1995|pp=73-74}} Some fragments containing parts of the Septuagint version of this book were found among the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]], i.e., [[Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever|Naḥal Ḥever (1st century CE)]].<ref name=thewaytoyahuweh/>{{sfn|Fitzmyer|2008|p=127}}
{{further|List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts}}
== Notes ==
{{reflist|20em}}
==
*{{cite book |title = The Harper Collins Study Bible |edition = rev. |year = 2006 |publisher = Harper Collins |place = New York |editor-last1 = Attridge |editor-first1 = Harold W. |editor1-link = Harold W. Attridge |editor-last2 = Meeks |editor-first2 = Wayne A. |isbn = 978-0-06122840-7}}
*{{cite book |ref = {{harvid|Berlin et al.|2004}} |title = The Jewish Study Bible |url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195297515 |url-access = registration |year = 2004 |publisher = Oxford University Press |place = New York |editor-last1 = Berlin |editor-first1 = Adele |editor1-link = Adele Berlin |editor-last2 = Brettler |editor-first2 = Marc Zvi |editor2-link = Marc Zvi Brettler |editor-last3 = Fishbane |editor-first3 = Michael |editor3-link = Michael Fishbane |isbn = 978-0-19529751-5}}
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|editor-first3 = T. D. |editor-last4 = Moo |editor-first4 = Douglas J. |editor4-link = Douglas J. Moo |editor-last5 = Naselli |editor-first5 = Andrew David |isbn = 978-0-31043833-5}}
*{{cite book |ref = {{harvid |Grudem et al. |2008}} |title = ESV Study Bible |title-link = ESV Study Bible |year = 2008 |publisher = Crossway |place = Wheaton |editor-last1 = Grudem |editor-first1 = Wayne |editor1-link = Wayne Grudem |editor-last2 = Dennis |editor-first2 = Lane T.|editor-last3 = Packer |editor-first3 = J. I. |editor3-link = J. I. Packer |editor-last4 = Collins |editor-first4 = C. John |editor4-link = C. John Collins |editor-last5 = Schreiner |editor-first5 = Thomas R. |editor5-link = Thomas R. Schreiner |editor-last6 = Taylor |editor-first6 = Justin |isbn = 978-1-43350241-5}}
* {{Cite book|title = A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature|last = Fitzmyer|first = Joseph A.|author-link= Joseph Fitzmyer |publisher = William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TILXeWJ2eNAC | year = 2008|isbn = 9780802862419|location = Grand Rapids, MI }}
*{{Cite book
| editor-last = Ulrich
| editor-first = Eugene |editor-link= Eugene Ulrich
| title = The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants
| year = 2010
| publisher = Brill
| url = https://archive.org/details/TheBiblicalQumranScrolls}}
*{{cite book | last = Würthwein | first = Ernst | author-link = Ernst Würthwein | title = The Text of the Old Testament | publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans |location = Grand Rapids, MI | year= 1995 | translator-first1 = Erroll F.| translator-last1 = Rhodes |isbn = 0-8028-0788-7 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC | access-date= January 26, 2019}}
== Further reading ==
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[[Category:Book of Zephaniah| ]]
[[Category:7th-century BC books]]
[[Category:Twelve Minor Prophets| 09]]
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