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{{About |the Book of Zephaniah|the Hebrew prophet|Zephaniah}}
{{Tanakh OT|Nevi'im|prophetic}}
[[File:Leningrad-codex-13-twelve-minor-prophets.pdf |250px |
The '''Book of Zephaniah''' {{IPAc-en|ˌ|z|ɛ|f|ə|ˈ|n|aɪ|.|ə}} ({{lang-he|צְפַנְיָה}}, ''Ṣəfanyā''; sometimes Latinized as ''Sophonias'') is the ninth of the [[Twelve Minor Prophets]] of the [[Old Testament]] and [[Tanakh]], preceded by the [[Book of Habakkuk]] and followed by the [[Book of Haggai]]. Zephaniah means "[[Yahweh]] has hidden/protected,"{{sfn |Grudem et al. |2008|p=1729}} or "Yahweh hides".{{sfn |Carson et al. |2015|p= 1839}} Zephaniah is also a male given name. The original text was written in [[Biblical Hebrew]].
== Authorship and date ==
[[File:Southern France, Toulouse(?), 13th century - Fol. 362v, Zephaniah, historiated initial V, Zephaniah kneeling with a scro - 2008.2.362.b - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif|thumb|
The book's superscription attributes its authorship to "Zephaniah son of Cushi son of Gedaliah son of Amariah son of Hezekiah, in the days of [[Josiah|King Josiah]] son of [[Amon of Judah]],"<ref>[[Zephaniah 1#Verse 1|Zephaniah 1:1]], [[New Revised Standard Version|NRSV]]</ref> All that is known of [[Zephaniah]] comes from the text.{{sfn|Grudem et al.|2008|p=1729}}
The name "[[Cushi]]," Zephaniah's father, means "Cushite" or "[[Ethiopia]]n," and the text of Zephaniah mentions the sin and restoration of ''Cushim''.<ref>{{Bibleverse|Zeph|2:12|NRSV}}, {{Bibleverse|Zeph|3:9–10|NRSV}}</ref> While some have concluded from this that Zephaniah was dark-skinned
As with many of the other prophets,{{sfn|Berlin et al.|2004|pp=781–784, 918, 1043}} there is no external evidence to directly associate composition of the book with a prophet by the name of Zephaniah.{{sfn|Grudem et al.|2008|p=1729}} Some scholars, such as Kent Harold Richards and Jason DeRouchie, consider the words in Zephaniah to reflect a time early in the reign of [[Josiah|King Josiah]] (640–609 BC) before his reforms of 622 BC took full effect,{{sfn|Attridge|Meeks|2006|p=1259}}{{sfn|Carson et al.|2015|p=1839}} in which case the prophet may have been born during the reign of [[Manasseh of Judah|Manasseh]]{{sfn|Attridge|Meeks|2006|p=1259}} (698/687–642 BC).{{sfn|Berlin et al.|2004|p=2111}} Others agree that some portion of the book is postmonarchic,{{sfn|Berlin et al.|2004|p=1234}} that is, dating to later than 586 BC when the [[Kingdom of Judah]] fell in the [[Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)|Siege of Jerusalem]].{{sfn|Berlin et al.|2004|p=2111}} Some who consider the book to have largely been written by a historical Zephaniah have suggested that he may have been a disciple of [[Isaiah]] because of the two books' similar focus on rampant corruption and injustice in Judah.{{sfn|Attridge|Meeks|2006|p=1259}}
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== Themes ==
[[File:Sophonie s'adressant au peuple.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Illustration depicting Zephaniah addressing the people, from a French 16th
''The HarperCollins Study Bible'' supplies headings for the book as follows:{{sfn|Attridge|Meeks|2006|pp=1260-64}}
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==Surviving early manuscripts==
The original manuscript of this book has been lost. Some early manuscripts containing the text of this book in [[Biblical Hebrew|Hebrew]] are of the [[Masoretic Text]] tradition, which includes the [[Codex Cairensis]] (895), [[Codex Babylonicus Petropolitanus|the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets]] (916), [[Aleppo Codex]] (10th century), [[Leningrad Codex|Codex Leningradensis]] (1008).{{sfn|Würthwein|1995|pp=35-37}} Fragments containing parts of this book in Hebrew were found among the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]], including 4Q77 (4QXII<sup>b</sup>; 150–125 BCE),{{sfn|Ulrich|2010|p=616}}<ref name=thewaytoyahuweh>[https://thewaytoyahuweh.com/dead-sea-scrolls/general-info/#zephaniah Dead sea scrolls - Zephaniah]</ref>{{sfn|Fitzmyer|2008|p=38}}
4Q78 (4QXII<sup>c</sup>; 75–50 BCE),<ref name=thewaytoyahuweh/>{{sfn |Fitzmyer|2008|p=38}}{{sfn|Ulrich|2010|p= 618}}
and [[Wadi Murabba'at]] Minor Prophets (Mur88; MurXIIProph; 75-100 CE).<ref name=thewaytoyahuweh/>{{sfn|Fitzmyer|2008|pp=140-141}}
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| url = https://archive.org/details/TheBiblicalQumranScrolls}}
*{{cite book | last = Würthwein | first = Ernst | author-link = Ernst Würthwein | title = The Text of the Old Testament | publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans |location = Grand Rapids, MI | year= 1995 | translator-first1 = Erroll F.| translator-last1 = Rhodes |isbn = 0-8028-0788-7 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC | access-date= January 26, 2019}}
== Further reading ==
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[[Category:Book of Zephaniah| ]]
[[Category:7th-century BC books]]
[[Category:Twelve Minor Prophets| 09]]
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