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{{see|Soviet war crimes|Political repression in the Soviet Union|Human rights in the Soviet Union|Holodomor genocide question}}
{{Expand section|date=December 2021}}
Some scholars consider the [[Holodomor]], a [[famine]] in [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet Ukraine]] from 1932 to 1933 that killed millions of [[Ukrainians]], is seen by some scholars (such as [[Robert Conquest]], [[Norman Naimark]], [[Timothy Snyder]] and [[Michael Ellman]]) as an act of [[genocide]] or a crime against humanity, although others, such as [[R. W. Davies]] and [[Stephen G. Wheatcroft]], argue that the famine was man-made but unintentional. Stalin's "[[Great Purge]]" of 1937 is often considered a crime against humanity, with deaths of 700,000<ref name="Kuhr">{{Cite journal|last=Kuhr|first=Corinna|date=1998|title=Children of "Enemies of The People" as Victims of the Great Purges|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20171081|journal=Cahiers du Monde russe|volume=39|issue=1/2|pages=209–220|doi=10.3406/cmr.1998.2520|jstor=20171081|issn=1252-6576|quote=According to latest estimates 2,5 million people were arrested and 700,000 of them shot. These figures are based on reliable archival materials [...]|via=[[JSTOR]]}}</ref><ref name="Xavier">{{Cite web|last=François-Xavier|first=Nérard|date=27 February 2009|title=The Levashovo cemetery and the Great Terror in the Leningrad region|url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/levashovo-cemetery-and-great-terror-leningrad-region.html|url-status=live|access-date=|website=[[Paris Institute of Political Studies]]|language=en|quote=The Yezhovshchina or Stalin’s Great Terror [...] The precise end result of these operations is difficult to establish, but the total of the condemnations is estimated at roughly 1,300,000 of which 700,000 were sentenced to death, most of the others were sentenced to ten years in the camps (document translated in Werth, 2006: 143).}}</ref> to 1.2 million.<ref name="EllmanComment">{{cite journal|last=Ellman|first=Michael|date=2002|title=Soviet Repression Statistics: Some Comments|url=http://sovietinfo.tripod.com/ELM-Repression_Statistics.pdf|journal=Europe-Asia Studies|volume=54|issue=7|pages=1151–1172|doi=10.1080/0966813022000017177|quote=The best estimate that can currently be made of the number of repression deaths in 1937–38 is the range 950,000–1.2 million, i.e. about a million. This is the estimate which should be used by historians, teachers and journalists concerned with twentieth century Russian—and world—history|s2cid=43510161}}</ref>
The war crimes which were perpetrated by the [[Soviet Union]]'s [[armed forces]] from 1919 to 1991 include acts which were committed by the [[Red Army]] (later called the [[Soviet Army]]) as well as acts which were committed by the country's secret police, [[NKVD]], including its [[Internal Troops]]. In many cases, these acts were committed upon the orders of the Soviet leaders [[Vladimir Lenin]] and [[Joseph Stalin]] in pursuance of the early Soviet government's policy of ''[[Red Terror]]''. In other instances they were committed without orders by Soviet troops against prisoners of war or civilians of countries that had been in [[armed conflict]] with the USSR, or they were committed during [[partisan warfare]].<ref name="Statiev2010">{{cite book|last=Statiev|first=Alexander|title=The Soviet Counterinsurgency in the Western Borderlands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YIRSwRDVqu4C&pg=PA277|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-76833-7|page=277}}</ref>
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