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{{Christianity}}
{{Judaism}}
Christianity [[Jewish Christian|began as a movement]] within [[Second Temple Judaism]], but the two religions gradually [[Split of early Christianity and Judaism|diverged over the first few centuries]] of the [[Christian
The relative importance of belief and practice constitute an important area of difference. Most forms of [[Protestantism|Protestant Christianity]] emphasize correct belief (or [[orthodoxy]]), focusing on the [[New Covenant]] as [[Mediator (Christ as Mediator)|mediated]] through [[Jesus in Christianity|Jesus]] [[Christ (title)|Christ]],<ref name="bibleverse||Hebrews|8:6|NIV">{{bibleverse||Hebrews|8:6|NIV}}</ref> as recorded in the [[New Testament]]. Judaism places emphasis on correct conduct (or [[Orthopraxy#Judaism|orthopraxy]]),<ref>{{cite book |last=Jackson |first=Elizabeth |title=The Illustrated Dictionary of Culture |publisher=Lotus Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-89093-26-6 |pages= 147}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Westley |first=Miles |title=The Bibliophile's Dictionary |publisher=Writer's Digest Books |year=2005 |pages=91 |isbn=978-1-58297-356-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=McKim |first=Donald K. |title=Westminster Dictionary of Theological Terms |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |year=1996 |pages=197 |isbn=978-0-664-25511-4}}</ref> focusing on the [[Mosaic covenant]], as recorded in the [[Torah]] and [[Talmud]]. Mainstream [[Roman Catholicism]] occupies a middle position, stating
==Jewish self-identification==
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Judaism's purpose is to carry out what it holds to be the [[Covenant (biblical)#Mosaic covenant|covenant]] between [[God in Judaism|God]] and the [[Jewish people]]. The [[Torah]] ({{lit|teaching}}), both [[Torah|written]] and [[Oral Torah|oral]], tells the story of this covenant, and provides Jews with the terms of the covenant. The Oral Torah is the primary guide for Jews to abide by these terms, as expressed in tractate Gittin 60b ("the Holy One, Blessed be He, did not make His covenant with Israel except by virtue of the Oral Law")<ref>Chief Rabbi of the Commonwealth, Dr. [[Immanuel Jakobovits]] in the Forward to, Schimmel, H. Chaim, ''The Oral Law: A study of the rabbinic contribution to Torah she-be-al-peh'', 2nd rev.ed., Feldheim Publishers, New York, 1996</ref> to help them learn how to live a holy life, and to bring holiness, peace and love into the world and into every part of life, so that life may be elevated to a high level of [[Holiness in Judaism|kedushah]], originally through study and practice of the Torah, and since the destruction of the [[Second Temple]], through prayer as expressed in tractate Sotah 49a "Since the destruction of the Temple, every day is more cursed than the preceding one; and the existence of the world is assured only by the kedusha...and the words spoken after the study of Torah."<ref>Jacobs, Louis, God, in Arthur A. Cohen, Paul Mendes-Flohr, ''20th Century Jewish Religious Thought: Original Essays on Critical Concepts'', Jewish Publication Society, 2009, p. 394 cited in [[Elie Munk]]. The World of Prayer 1 (1961), p. 182.</ref>
Since the adoption of the [[Amidah]], the acknowledgement of God through the declaration from Isaiah 6:3 "Kadosh [holy], kadosh, kadosh, is HaShem, Master of Legions; the whole world is filled with His glory".<ref>Scherman Nosson & Zlotowitz, Meir, eds., TANACH: The Torah, Prophets, Writings, The Twenty-Four Books of the Bible Newly Translated and Annotated, Mesorah Publications, Ltd., Brooklyn, 1996, p. 963</ref> as a replacement for the study of Torah, which is a daily obligation for
According to [[Christian theologian]] [[Alister McGrath]], the Jewish Christians affirmed every aspect of then contemporary [[Second Temple Judaism]] with the addition of the belief that Jesus was the messiah,<ref>McGrath, Alister E., Christianity: An Introduction. Blackwell Publishing (2006). {{ISBN|1-4051-0899-1}}. p. 174: "In effect, they [Jewish Christians] seemed to regard Christianity as an affirmation of every aspect of contemporary Judaism, with the addition of one extra belief—that Jesus is the Messiah. Unless males were [[Circumcision controversy in early Christianity|circumcised]], they could not be saved{{bibleverse||Acts|15:1}}.";see also [[Paleo-orthodoxy]]</ref> with Isaiah 49:6, "an explicit parallel to 42:6" quoted by [[Paul the Apostle]] in Acts 13:47<ref>Beale, Gregory K., Other Religions in New Testament Theology, in David Weston Baker, ed., ''Biblical faith and other religions: an evangelical assessment'', Kregel Academic, 2004, p. 85</ref> and reinterpreted by [[Justin Martyr]].<ref>McKeehan, James, ''An Overview of the Old Testament and How It Relates to the New Testament'', iUniverse, 2002, p. 265</ref><ref>Philippe Bobichon, "L'enseignement juif, païen, hérétique et chrétien dans l'œuvre de Justin Martyr", ''Revue des Études Augustiniennes'' 45/2 (1999), pp. 233-259 [https://www.academia.edu/7279724/_Lenseignement_juif_pa%C3%AFen_h%C3%A9r%C3%A9tique_et_chr%C3%A9tien_dans_l%C5%93uvre_de_Justin_Martyr_Revue_des_%C3%89tudes_Augustiniennes_45_2_1999_p_233_259 online]</ref> According to Christian writers, most notably Paul, the Bible teaches that people are, in their current state, [[sin]]ful,<ref>{{bibleverse||Romans|3:23}}</ref> and the [[New Testament]] reveals that Jesus is both the [[Son of man]] and the [[Son of God]], united in the [[hypostatic union]], [[God the Son]], [[God in Christianity|God]] made [[incarnate]];<ref>{{bibleverse||John|1:1}}, {{bibleverse||John|1:14}}, {{bibleverse||John|1:29}}</ref> that [[Crucifixion of Jesus|Jesus' death by crucifixion]] was a [[Atonement in Christianity|sacrifice to atone]] for all of humanity's sins, and that acceptance of Jesus as [[Christian soteriology|Savior]] and [[Hæland|Lord]] saves one from [[Divine Judgment]],<ref>{{bibleverse||John|5:24}}</ref> giving [[Eternal life (Christianity)|Eternal life]].<ref>{{bibleverse||John|3:16|NIV}}</ref> Jesus is the mediator of the New Covenant.<ref name="bibleverse||Hebrews|8:6|NIV"/> His famous [[Sermon on the Mount]] is considered by some Christian scholars<ref>See also [[Expounding of the Law#Antithesis of the Law|Antithesis of the Law]]</ref> to be the proclamation of the [[Ethics in religion#Christian ethics|New Covenant ethics]], in [[Typology (theology)|contrast]] to the [[Mosaic Covenant]] of [[Moses]] from [[Biblical Mount Sinai|Mount Sinai]].
But some scholars, like [[Margaret Barker]], propose that early Christianity has roots in [[First Temple]] [[Yahwism|Israelite religion]], which is dubbed as the "Temple Theology".<ref>Collinwood, Dean W. & James W. McConkie. (2006). [https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=3777&context=byusq 'Temple Theology: An Introduction' by Margaret Barker]. Provo, UT: [[BYU Studies Quarterly|BYU Studies]] 45:2 (May 2006).</ref> Baker's works have been criticized for engaging in [[parallelomania]] and failing to engage in the broader scholarly literature{{citation needed|date=May 2024}} but it has gained some religious and academic support.<ref name="Bench 2015">{{cite web |last=Turner |first=John G. |date=8 January 2015 |title=Why Mormons Love Margaret Barker |url=https://www.patheos.com/blogs/anxiousbench/2015/01/why-mormons-love-margaret-barker/ |access-date=5 December 2020 |website=Anxious Bench}}</ref><ref name="Schäfer 2020">{{cite book |last=Schäfer |first=Peter |url=https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691181325/two-gods-in-heaven |title=Two Gods in Heaven: Jewish Concepts of God in Antiquity |date=2020 |publisher=Princeton University Press |pages=143, n. 17}}</ref>
==Sacred texts==
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===Shituf===
{{Main|Shituf}}
A minority Jewish view
==Right action==
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{{Main|Judaism and abortion|Christianity and abortion|Ensoulment#Judaism}}
{{more citations needed section|date=October 2021}}
The only statements in the Tanakh about the status of a fetus state that killing an unborn infant does not have the same status as killing a born human being, and mandates a much lesser penalty.<ref>Exodus 21: 22–25</ref><ref>Daniel Schiff, 2002, ''Abortion in Judaism'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. 9–11</ref> (
The Talmud states that the fetus is not yet a full human being until it has been born (either the head or the body is mostly outside of the woman), therefore killing a fetus is not murder, and abortion—in restricted circumstances—has always been legal under Jewish law. [[Rashi]], the great 12th century commentator on the Bible and Talmud, states clearly of the fetus ''lav nefesh hu'': "it is not a person". The Talmud contains the expression ''ubar yerech imo''—the fetus is as the thigh of its mother,' i.e., the fetus is deemed to be part and parcel of the pregnant woman's body." The Babylonian Talmud [[Yevamot]] 69b states that: "the embryo is considered to be mere water until the fortieth day." Afterwards, it is considered subhuman until it is born. Christians who agree with these views may refer to this idea as abortion before the [[quickening]] of the fetus.
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===Taboo food and drink===
{{Main|Taboo food and drink|Kashrut}}
Orthodox Jews, unlike most Christians, still practice a restrictive diet that has many rules. Most Christians believe that the kosher food laws have been [[Supersessionism|superseded]]
Some Christian denominations observe some biblical food laws, for example, the practice of [[Ital]] in [[Rastafari]]. [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] do not eat blood products and are known for their refusal to accept [[blood transfusion]]s based on not "eating blood".
==Salvation==
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In 2012, the book ''[[Kosher Jesus]]'' by [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] [[Rabbi]] [[Shmuley Boteach]] was published. In it, he takes the position that Jesus was a wise and learned [[Torah]]-observant Jewish [[rabbi]]. Boteach says he was a beloved member of the Jewish community. At the same time, Jesus is said to have despised the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] for their cruelty, and fought them courageously. The book states that the Jews had nothing whatsoever to do with the murder of Jesus, but rather that blame for his trial and killing lies with the Romans and [[Pontius Pilate]]. Boteach states clearly that he does not believe in Jesus as the Jewish [[Messiah]]. At the same time, Boteach argues that "Jews have much to learn from Jesus - and from Christianity as a whole - without accepting Jesus' divinity. There are many reasons for accepting Jesus as a man of great wisdom, beautiful ethical teachings, and profound Jewish patriotism."<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2012/04/05/jews-reclaim-jesus-as-one-of-their-own/|title=Jews reclaim Jesus as one of their own|date=April 5, 2012|website=CNN|author=Richard Allen Greene|access-date=26 February 2021|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226195211/https://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2012/04/05/jews-reclaim-jesus-as-one-of-their-own/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He concludes by writing, as to [[Judeo-Christian values]], that "the hyphen between Jewish and Christian values is Jesus himself."<ref name=more>{{Cite web|url=https://www.christianpost.com/news/koshering-jesus-more-an-evangelical-review-of-shmuley-boteachs-kosher-jesus.html|title=Koshering Jesus More: An Evangelical Review of Shmuley Boteach's 'Kosher Jesus'|author=Paul de Vries|date=March 23, 2012|website=[[Christian Post]]}}</ref>
On 3 December 2015, the [[Center for Jewish-Christian Understanding and Cooperation]] (CJCUC) spearheaded a petition of Orthodox rabbis from around the world calling for increased partnership between Jews and Christians.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.breakingisraelnews.com/55561/groundbreaking-petition-signed-leading-rabbis-calls-increased-partnership-between-jews-christians-biblical-zionism/|title=Groundbreaking Petition Signed by Leading Rabbis Calls for Increased Partnership Between Jews and Christians|first=Adam Eliyahu|last=Berkowitz|publisher=Breaking Israel News|date=7 December 2015|access-date=29 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420062605/https://www.breakingisraelnews.com/55561/groundbreaking-petition-signed-leading-rabbis-calls-increased-partnership-between-jews-christians-biblical-zionism/|archive-date=20 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/national/modern-orthodox-leaders-bless-interfaith-dialogue|title=Modern Orthodox Leaders Bless Interfaith Dialogue|first=Steve|last=Lipman|work=[[The Jewish Week]]|date=8 December 2015|access-date=29 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160620040507/http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/national/modern-orthodox-leaders-bless-interfaith-dialogue|archive-date=20 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/news/nation/2015/12/11/Vatican-Orthodox-rabbis-issue-interfaith-statements-affirming-each-other-s-faith/stories/201512110164|title=Vatican, Orthodox rabbis issue interfaith statements affirming each other's faith|first=Peter|last=Smith|newspaper=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]|date=11 December 2015|access-date=29 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/towards-jewish-christian-reconciliation_b_9133926 |title=Towards Jewish-Christian Reconciliation & Partnership | first=Rabbi Shmuly | last=Yanklowitz| work=[[HuffPost]] |date=3 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.jpost.com/Blogs/Intellectual-Judaism/Mutual-Judeo-Christian-spiritual-foundation-of-Judaism-and-Christianity-444183|title=Mutual Judeo-Christian spiritual foundation of Judaism and Christianity|first=Vladimir|last=Minkov|newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|date=7 February 2016|access-date=29 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="vaticanradio">{{cite web |url=http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2015/12/10/orthodox_rabbis_issue_groundbreaking_statement_on_christians/1193458|title=Orthodox Rabbis issue groundbreaking statement on Christianity|publisher=[[Vatican Radio]]|date=10 December 2015|access-date=29 October 2016}}</ref>{{
The unprecedented [[Center for Jewish-Christian Understanding and Cooperation#Orthodox Rabbinic Statement on Christianity|Orthodox Rabbinic Statement on Christianity]], entitled ''"To Do the Will of Our Father in Heaven: Toward a Partnership between Jews and Christians"'', was initially signed by over 25 prominent Orthodox rabbis in Israel, the United States, and Europe,<ref name="vaticanradio" /> and as of 2016 had over 60 signatories.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cjcuc.com/site/2015/12/03/orthodox-rabbinic-statement-on-christianity/|title=Orthodox Rabbinic Statement on Christianity – To Do the Will of Our Father in Heaven – Toward a Partnership between Jews and Christians|website=CJCUC|date=3 December 2015|access-date=29 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016174221/http://cjcuc.com/site/2015/12/03/orthodox-rabbinic-statement-on-christianity/|archive-date=16 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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==See also==
* [[Anabaptist–Jewish relations]]
* [[Antisemitism in Christianity]]
* [[Christianity and other religions]]
* [[Christian–Jewish reconciliation]]
* [[
* [[Jesus in Christianity]]
* [[Catholic Church and Judaism|Roman Catholicism and Judaism]]
* [[Judaism and Mormonism]]
* [[Protestantism and Judaism]]
==Notes==
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