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The Kingdom of Connacht collapsed in the 1230s because of civil war within the royal dynasty, which enabled widespread [[Hiberno-Norman]] settlement under [[Richard Mór de Burgh, 1st Baron of Connaught]], and his successors. The Norman colony in Connacht shrank from c. 1300 to c. 1360, with events such as the 1307 battle of Ahascragh (see [[Donnchad Muimnech Ó Cellaigh]]), the 1316 [[Second Battle of Athenry]] and the murder in June 1333 of [[William Donn de Burgh, 3rd Earl of Ulster]], all leading to Gaelic resurgence and colonial withdrawal to towns such as [[Ballinrobe]], [[Loughrea]], [[Athenry]], and [[Galway]]. Well into the 16th century, kingdoms such as Uí Maine and [[Tír Fhíacrach Múaidhe]] remained beyond English control, while many Norman families such as de Burgh, de Bermingham, de Exeter, de Staunton, became entirely [[Gaelicised]]. Only in the late 1500s, during the [[Tudor conquest of Ireland]], was Connacht [[shire]]d into its present [[Counties of Ireland|counties]].
Connacht's population was 1,418,859 in 1841.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge, Vol IV |date=1848 |publisher=Charles Knight |location=London |page=858}}</ref> Then came the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine]] of the 1840s, which began a 120-year decline to under 400,000. The province has a population of just under 590,000 according to the preliminary results of the [[2022 census of Ireland|2022 census]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Geographic Changes |website=Central Statistics Office|date=23 June 2022 |url=https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpr/censusofpopulation2022-preliminaryresults/geographicchanges/|access-date=2023-01-03|language=en}}</ref>
British [[cultural imperialism]] was weaker in the west of Ireland, and Connacht today has the highest number of [[Irish language]] speakers among the four Irish provinces. Currently, the total percentage of people who consider themselves as Irish speakers in Connacht is 39.8% (more than 202,000 persons).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cso.ie/px/pxeirestat/Statire/SelectVarVal/saveselections.asp|title=Percentage of Irish Speakers and Non-Irish Speakers Aged 3 Years and Over 2011 to 2016 by Sex, County and City, Statistical Indicator and Census Year|website=Central Statistics Office|access-date=2018-10-31|archive-date=10 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710165025/http://www.cso.ie/px/pxeirestat/Statire/SelectVarVal/saveselections.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> There are [[Gaeltacht]] areas in Counties [[County Galway|Galway]] and [[County Mayo|Mayo]].
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