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The factors spurring migration from larger localities to smaller ones vary by country and region. In the case of Russia, counterurbanization has been relatively limited since jobs have not always moved to rural areas to accommodate those who want to leave the city. Rather, people find themselves having two homes, one in the city during workdays and one in rural areas for days off. There is a weak infrastructure outside of cities to accommodate people who wish to completely relocate. In 2010, it was found that two-thirds of small towns are depressed, meaning that it has a large working-age population that is unemployed, and businesses are not profitable.<ref name="Urbanization, Counterurbanization" />
Clare J.A. Mitchell believes the phenomenon of counterurbanization to be reflective of values and ideology in people's preferred living style thus taking into consideration not only distances traveled from the urban area but the motivations. Mitchell uses the term “ex-urbanization” that is used in reference to the phenomenon that people reside in the outside perimeters of an urban city but remain closely involved through their social networks and jobs, and the term "ex-urbanites" in reference to those people. Ex-urbanites typically still enjoy the benefits of modern infrastructure. Another term concerning differing motives for traveling or moving away from the city is people who are forced out of the city due to factors such as: the inability to find work, the increased cost of living, or dissatisfaction and/or conflicts with the [[culture]] of urban society. This phenomenon is “displaced-urbanization”. Finally, there are those who participate in “anti-urbanization”. Typically these people are motivated by a sort of rejection concerning the urban lifestyle and consumer culture. Anti-urbanization is an escape for those to choose to leave and forgo the lifestyle and culture of the city. The decisive decision to move away from the city for this type of Counterurbanization is usually a step toward spiritual growth and rejection of materialism.<ref name="MakingSense"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nefedova |last2=Pokrovskii |last3=Treivish |first1=T.G. |first2=N.E. |first3=A.I.|title=Urbanization, Counterurbanization, and Rural-Urban Communities Facing Growing Horizontal Mobility|journal=Sociological Research|volume=55|issue=3|pages=195–210|doi=10.1080/10610154.2016.1245570|year=2016|s2cid=152201869}}</ref> A 2004 study of 4.4 million Swedish residents found that people who live in cities have a 20% increased chance of developing depression.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rautio |first=Nina |last2=Filatova |first2=Svetlana |last3=Lehtiniemi |first3=Heli |last4=Miettunen |first4=Jouko |date=2018-02 |title=Living environment and its relationship to depressive mood: A systematic review |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0020764017744582 |journal=International Journal of Social Psychiatry |language=en |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=92–103 |doi=10.1177/0020764017744582 |issn=0020-7640}}</ref>
Political factors may also lead to anti-urbanization. In China, during the "[[Cultural Revolution]]" in 1966–1976, urbanization stagnated, and a nationwide anti-urbanization started, which was manifested by a massive "[[Down to the Countryside Movement]]". Intellectuals and officials were persecuted and removed to rural areas. It is estimated that during the peak period of "Down to the Countryside Movement" at the end of the 1960s, more than 10 million people moved from urban China to rural areas, while the total urban population in China was 168 million in 1968. This anti-urbanization process was fundamentally different from counterurbanization as seen in developed countries, as it resulted from a [[far-left politics|far-left]] communist ideology.<ref>{{Cite book |author=许学强 (Xu Xueqiang) |author2=周一星 (Zhou Yixing) |author3=宁越敏 (Ning Yuemin)|title=城市地理学|trans-title=Urban Geography|edition=2nd|year=2009|publisher=高等教育出版社 (Higher Education Press)|isbn=978-7-04-025539-3|chapter=第五章 城市化的历史进程 第三节 当代中国城市化的进程|pages=108–109|language=zh-cn}}</ref>
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