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Clare J.A. Mitchell believes the phenomenon of counterurbanization to be reflective of values and ideology in people’s preferred living style thus taking into consideration not only distances traveled from the urban area but the motivations. Mitchell uses the term “ex-urbanization” that is used in reference to the phenomenon that people reside in the outside perimeters of an urban city but remain closely involved through their social networks and jobs, and the term "ex-urbanites" in reference to those people. Ex-urbanites typically still enjoy the benefits of modern infrastructure. Another term concerning differing motives for traveling or moving away from the city is people who are forced out of the city due to factors such as: the inability to find work, the increased cost of living, or dissatisfaction and/or conflicts with the [[culture]] of urban society. This phenomenon is “displaced-urbanization”. Finally, there are those who participate in “anti-urbanization”. Typically these people are motivated by a sort of rejection concerning the urban lifestyle and consumer culture. Anti-urbanization is an escape for those to choose to leave and forgo the lifestyle and culture of the city. The decisive decision to move away from the city for this type of Counterurbanization is usually a step toward spiritual growth and rejection of materialism.<ref name="MakingSense"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nefedova, Pokrovskii, Treivish|first=T.G., N.E., A.I.|title=Urbanization, Counterurbanization, and Rural-Urban Communities Facing Growing Horizontal Mobility|journal=Sociological Research|volume=55|issue=3|pages=195–210|doi=10.1080/10610154.2016.1245570|year=2016}}</ref>
Political factors may also lead to anti-urbanization. In China, during the "[[Cultural Revolution]]" in 1966-1976, urbanization stagnated, and a
== See also ==
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