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{{short description|Process whereby people move from urban areas to rural areas}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2020}}
'''Counterurbanization''', or '''deurbanization''', is a [[demographic]] and [[social]] process
While counterurbanization manifests differently across the world, all forms revolve around the central idea of migration movement from a populated location to a less populated location. Clare J.A. Mitchell, an associate professor in the Department of Geography at the [[University of Waterloo]], argues that in Europe, counterurbanization involves a type of migration leading to deconcentration of one area to another that is beyond suburbanization or metro decentralization. Mitchell categorizes counterurbanization into three sub-types: ex-urbanization, displaced-urbanization, and anti-urbanization.<ref name="MakingSense">{{cite journal|last1=Mitchell|first1=Clare J.A|doi=10.1016/S0743-0167(03)00031-7|title=Making sense of counterurbanization|journal=Journal of Rural Studies|year=2004|volume=20|issue=1|pages=15–34}}</ref>
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In past years, a multi-corporation business would use [[outsourcing]] by hiring workers in poorer countries for cheap labor. In more recent years, corporations have been using "rural sourcing" which involves using small to medium-sized town as a source of labor. This creates jobs in the country and also for rural communities so they do not need to move their entire family to a whole new setting and also reduces unnecessary expense for the companies. Most of the workers in these rural settings get paid less but have an option of either working from home or an office. If they were in an urban setting, the company would spend more money on an entirely new office for the urban-based employees to work at.<ref name="Science Daily"/>
In the past, the general migration trend in the [[United States]] has been from the east to the west. Art Hall, an executive director of the Centre for Applied Economics at the [[University of Kansas School of Business]] states "[[California]] has been losing people for at least a decade ... two patterns of migration are under way in [[California]]. People are leaving the coast and moving to the Northern interior. When they leave, they tend to go to places like [[Arizona]] and [[Nevada]]. So it's not a far move. And they also are going up north to [[Seattle]] and [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]]. Part of the answer there is that it's just very expensive to live on the California coast."<ref name="phys.org">{{Cite web | url=http://phys.org/news172991755.html | title=Study uncovers 'de-urbanization' of America (w/ Video) | publisher=Phys.org | date=2009-09-24}}</ref>
According to Hall, people have been influenced to move because of factors like climate, jobs, and tax rates. Hall also found that people who are not a part of a more stable family will tend to move more.<ref name="phys.org"/> People choosing to live in rural areas have found it more beneficial because of cleaner air, peace and quiet, and plentiful space. Smaller towns have also been proven to be convenient for the inhabitants.<ref name="Science Daily"/>
The
Clare J.A. Mitchell believes the phenomenon of counterurbanization to be reflective of values and ideology in people's preferred living style thus taking into consideration not only distances traveled from the urban area but the motivations. Mitchell uses the term “ex-urbanization” that is used in reference to the phenomenon that people reside in the outside perimeters of an urban city but remain closely involved through their social networks and jobs, and the term "ex-urbanites" in reference to those people. Ex-urbanites typically still enjoy the benefits of modern infrastructure. Another term concerning differing motives for traveling or moving away from the city is people who are forced out of the city due to factors such as: the inability to find work, the increased cost of living, or dissatisfaction and/or conflicts with the [[culture]] of urban society. This phenomenon is “displaced-urbanization”. Finally, there are those who participate in “anti-urbanization”. Typically these people are motivated by a sort of rejection concerning the urban lifestyle and consumer culture. Anti-urbanization is an escape for those to choose to leave and forgo the lifestyle and culture of the city. The decisive decision to move away from the city for this type of
▲The reasons that people are leaving cities for smaller cities is not the same across the globe. For Russia, jobs have not always moved to rural areas to accommodate those who want to leave the city. Rather, people find themselves having two homes, one in the city during workdays and one in rural areas for days off. There is a weak infrastructure outside of cities to accommodate people who wish to completely relocate. In 2010, it was found that two-thirds of small towns are depressed, meaning that it has a large working-age population that is unemployed, and businesses are not profitable.<ref name="Urbanization, Counterurbanization" />
▲Clare J.A. Mitchell believes the phenomenon of counterurbanization to be reflective of values and ideology in people's preferred living style thus taking into consideration not only distances traveled from the urban area but the motivations. Mitchell uses the term “ex-urbanization” that is used in reference to the phenomenon that people reside in the outside perimeters of an urban city but remain closely involved through their social networks and jobs, and the term "ex-urbanites" in reference to those people. Ex-urbanites typically still enjoy the benefits of modern infrastructure. Another term concerning differing motives for traveling or moving away from the city is people who are forced out of the city due to factors such as: the inability to find work, the increased cost of living, or dissatisfaction and/or conflicts with the [[culture]] of urban society. This phenomenon is “displaced-urbanization”. Finally, there are those who participate in “anti-urbanization”. Typically these people are motivated by a sort of rejection concerning the urban lifestyle and consumer culture. Anti-urbanization is an escape for those to choose to leave and forgo the lifestyle and culture of the city. The decisive decision to move away from the city for this type of Counterurbanization is usually a step toward spiritual growth and rejection of materialism.<ref name="MakingSense"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nefedova |last2=Pokrovskii |last3=Treivish |first1=T.G. |first2=N.E. |first3=A.I.|title=Urbanization, Counterurbanization, and Rural-Urban Communities Facing Growing Horizontal Mobility|journal=Sociological Research|volume=55|issue=3|pages=195–210|doi=10.1080/10610154.2016.1245570|year=2016|s2cid=152201869}}</ref>
Political factors may also lead to anti-urbanization. In China, during the "[[Cultural Revolution]]" in 1966–1976, urbanization stagnated, and a nationwide anti-urbanization started, which was manifested by a massive "[[Down to the Countryside Movement]]". Intellectuals and officials were persecuted and removed to rural areas. It is estimated that during the peak period of "Down to the Countryside Movement" at the end of the 1960s, more than 10 million people moved from urban China to rural areas, while the total urban population in China was 168 million in 1968. This anti-urbanization process was fundamentally different from counterurbanization as seen in developed countries, as it resulted from a [[far-left politics|far-left]] communist ideology.<ref>{{Cite book |author=许学强 (Xu Xueqiang) |author2=周一星 (Zhou Yixing) |author3=宁越敏 (Ning Yuemin)|title=城市地理学|trans-title=Urban Geography|edition=2nd|year=2009|publisher=高等教育出版社 (Higher Education Press)|isbn=978-7-04-025539-3|chapter=第五章 城市化的历史进程 第三节 当代中国城市化的进程|pages=108–109|language=zh-cn}}</ref>
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* [[Exurb]]
* [[Rural flight]]
* [[Shrinking city]]▼
* [[Urban decay]]▼
* [[Urbicide]]
* [[White flight]]
▲* [[Shrinking city]]
▲* [[Urban decay]]
== References ==
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*[https://archive.today/20130104165548/http://eth.sagepub.com/content/11/3/331 Chinese Consumers: The Romantic Reappraisal]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Counterurbanization}}
[[Category:Human migration]]▼
[[Category:Urban decay]]▼
[[Category:Urban planning]]
▲[[Category:Urban decay]]
[[Category:Urban geography]]
▲[[Category:Human migration]]
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