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{{short description|Process whereby people move from urban areas to rural areas}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2020}}
'''Counterurbanization''', or '''deurbanization''', is a [[demographic]] and [[social]] process
While counterurbanization manifests differently across the world, all forms revolve around the central idea of migration movement from a populated location to a less populated location. Clare J.A. Mitchell, an associate professor in the Department of Geography at the [[University of Waterloo]], argues that in Europe, counterurbanization involves a type of migration leading to deconcentration of one area to another that is beyond suburbanization or metro decentralization. Mitchell categorizes counterurbanization into three sub-types: ex-urbanization, displaced-urbanization, and anti-urbanization.<ref name="MakingSense">{{cite journal|last1=Mitchell|first1=Clare J.A|doi=10.1016/S0743-0167(03)00031-7|title=Making sense of counterurbanization|journal=Journal of Rural Studies|year=2004|volume=20|issue=1|pages=15–34}}</ref>
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The factors spurring migration from larger localities to smaller ones vary by country and region. In the case of Russia, counterurbanization has been relatively limited since jobs have not always moved to rural areas to accommodate those who want to leave the city. Rather, people find themselves having two homes, one in the city during workdays and one in rural areas for days off. There is a weak infrastructure outside of cities to accommodate people who wish to completely relocate. In 2010, it was found that two-thirds of small towns are depressed, meaning that it has a large working-age population that is unemployed, and businesses are not profitable.<ref name="Urbanization, Counterurbanization" />
Clare J.A. Mitchell believes the phenomenon of counterurbanization to be reflective of values and ideology in people's preferred living style thus taking into consideration not only distances traveled from the urban area but the motivations. Mitchell uses the term “ex-urbanization” that is used in reference to the phenomenon that people reside in the outside perimeters of an urban city but remain closely involved through their social networks and jobs, and the term "ex-urbanites" in reference to those people. Ex-urbanites typically still
Political factors may also lead to anti-urbanization. In China, during the "[[Cultural Revolution]]" in 1966–1976, urbanization stagnated, and a nationwide anti-urbanization started, which was manifested by a massive "[[Down to the Countryside Movement]]". Intellectuals and officials were persecuted and removed to rural areas. It is estimated that during the peak period of "Down to the Countryside Movement" at the end of the 1960s, more than 10 million people moved from urban China to rural areas, while the total urban population in China was 168 million in 1968. This anti-urbanization process was fundamentally different from counterurbanization as seen in developed countries, as it resulted from a [[far-left politics|far-left]] communist ideology.<ref>{{Cite book |author=许学强 (Xu Xueqiang) |author2=周一星 (Zhou Yixing) |author3=宁越敏 (Ning Yuemin)|title=城市地理学|trans-title=Urban Geography|edition=2nd|year=2009|publisher=高等教育出版社 (Higher Education Press)|isbn=978-7-04-025539-3|chapter=第五章 城市化的历史进程 第三节 当代中国城市化的进程|pages=108–109|language=zh-cn}}</ref>
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* [[Exurb]]
* [[Rural flight]]
* [[Urbicide]]▼
* [[White flight]]▼
* [[Shrinking city]]
* [[Urban decay]]
▲* [[Urbicide]]
▲* [[White flight]]
== References ==
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*[https://archive.today/20130104165548/http://eth.sagepub.com/content/11/3/331 Chinese Consumers: The Romantic Reappraisal]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Counterurbanization}}
[[Category:Urban planning]]▼
[[Category:Human migration]]▼
[[Category:Urban decay]]
▲[[Category:Urban planning]]
[[Category:Urban geography]]
▲[[Category:Human migration]]
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